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THE SOUTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, MAY 17, 1SJ5.
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Cd fttfOm'g & Gorrwstoontont&
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^cttontss, @ffte$, $c taunts
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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0 THE MEMBERS OF THE 3 JATIOSAL CHARTER AS SOCIATION . Reacted FMENPS . -Har ingbeen for <•» AM tta » honoured will . your : confitace m an almost unanmious installation into the honourable and responsible office of Executive Committee of the National Charter Association , we d « m it our duty , at the commencement of our annual term of office , to address you upon the present position and futore prospects of the movement . We would also glar . ce hastily at the past . We were appointed to conduct the movement at a period when the exhaustion of the
public mind , induced by years of intense agitation and excitement , had produceValmost a cessation in the people ' s endeavour ? . Under such discouraging circumstances we coinnK-nccd our official labours ; and from that time so the present we have had to encounter difficulty after difficulty in our endi-avour to preserve an organised existence : it is a matter of gratulation , that , with your aid , wo have , despite tlie machinations of open foes and an « Wd / ri »^ bwn thus far successful in preserving from extinguishment the unbers of that fire of liberty which blazed with brightness and grandeur in the years 1838 asd 1839 .
Friends , —We are now entering upon another annual period of office , animated and sustained with the hope Jfcat i : s termination will exhibit * } lie cause in a much icore cheering position than it has hitherto occupied . We are determined that if such be not the case , blame s-hail not attach to u « . 15 ut the realisation of this ardeir . iy desired object will mainly depend upon you . Keffieuiber that we are but your servants . As the designatioa of our office implies , our duty is to give effect to your will—\ o carry y . juv dwiskms in ; o dpcratiun . And bear in i ! i : n < l , that to euaU us t « do Uds effectually , it is indisitiisaak' that vou aiJord us that aid which the rules of
tee Association jiruvidi- i : > r tlie snj-j-ort of the Executive . The irr * p : ! jirity < j : ikixv localities in transmitting tlnir q'Jvta (• ithr : Exoc utivciund has tended materially to cripple our t \« r : i « ins . Had they all acted in conformity witli TzHr . -vc wouM have Wen enabled to employ several * lo < : ut : i : cspouuders of democracy in difiusimj tlie light of j . wjtital truth among the people , and thereby increasing the strviunh (• : die organisation . Ilenceforth , a niurc baiiuvis-like system must be olwrrved . We must insist upon : l : c necessity of every locality being punctual in sending its quota at the expiration of every month . The locality , in future , not observing this instruction , will be rciahided of its negligeace by a letter from the general
seeretary . Fiitnds , your views in reference to the movement have been expressed by your representatives in the late Convention . These views are , in our opinion , sound , and well calculated to promote the weal of that cause for which you have sedulously struggled . The want of clear acd defined systems of action has been long felt and regretted . This want no longer exists—the Convention having planned a practical system of agitation which , if spiritedly carried out , must eventuate in success . When we talk of the attainment of the Charter , we should form a clear notion of the price at which it is to be purchased ; when we speak of our approach towards the goal of liberty , we should try to ascertain the distance intervening fcetween it and us . Freedom cannot he
secured by a sluggish , apathetic nation , for " tyranny , like hell , is hard to conquer . " The annals of the world present not a single instance of a nation gaining liberty without a struggle proportional in magnitude to the Messing accomplished . For ages was the tree of liberty , planted by the heroic Tell in Switzerland , menaced by the ruthless hand of bloody despotism ; for ages were its roots nourished by die blood of the brave—Liberty ' s Totaries ; yet democracy ultimately triumphed ! And long may Switzerland continue a bright exemplar to the world of the invaluable blessings which freedom confers on those nations in which she is made a sojonrner . America htd to wade through a sanguinary war of eight years ' duration , before the ferocity of British despotism was tamed , and American independence established . Scotland owes what little of liberty her institutions confer , to tht bravery of her sons upon die battle field . England hashed ! twice , within the last two centuries , plunged
into revolution in resistance to the despotism of the Stuans ; to die result of one of which Queen Victoria owes her claim to the British crown . Liberty mnit le won to le enjoyed ! It is the Teward of patriotism , courage , and perseverance ; and die nation thai will not exert these rirtut-s to attain it , merits , for her torper and servility , to writhe beneath die scorpion lash of lawless despotism . l * i it tujt be supposed that we advocate physical revolution as die medium for recovering our long lost rights . Uo ! heaven avers that our progress towards liberty ' s temple should be stained by a single drop of human blood . Ko idea is more hideous to die mind—no feeling more horrible to die soul of a true democrat than that of sheddinjr tie blood of his fellow creatures . life was given for tidier , for nobler purposes dian to be made the sport of man ' s destructive predilections . We want the rights of msn to establish the sacreduess of human life . We want political power to save myriads " of die human race from being sacrificed to die spirit of despotism .
O : lier media may be put into successful requisition to realise the object of OKrAssodation—the subversion of the baleful powers of tyranny and fraud , and die permanent « stabUshment of -the Teign of liberty ana justice . The revolution which we must accomplish shall bea bloodless cne . That « co ! nfion lias commenced . It has gone on triumphing over darkness , and it cannot be arrested in its course . It is progressing in millions of minds , every flay making converts to the true political faith . To those who say that " die Chartist agitation has done no good , " we reply , with pride , "look at the altered , die improved mind of the nation . " The people can no longer be fascinated oy the glare of wealth , as they used to be before the Chartistihoveinent taught them wisdom . They have
teen taught tkeJr ri ghts and their ' wrongs . They have learned to analyse the projects of politicians ; they have acquired tlie moral courage to spurn with contempt diose pitiful schemes of chicane widi which factious empires seek to delude diem . Knowled ge is every day diffusing . The odiousness of class misrule is momentarily ¦ becoming more apparent . The people ' s hatred and contempt of die oppressive and fraudulent system which torments diem are continually increasing . These aredie legitimate results of ths Chartist agitation , these are good signs of die times—signs which warrant the conclusion ikat the days of factious despotism are numbered , and ifcat zh * glorious advent of libe . ty will soon be die reward cf courage and patriotism .
Friends , we now call your undivided attention to die practical measures devised by die Convention , and -which it is our duty to carry into operation . That body strongly recommended , a ? a means of giving impulse to die movement , the immediate formation of Registration and Election Cuumrittecs in every enfranchised town in Great Britain . The business of these committees will he to see to die registration of electors : to ascertain die relative position of parties ; and to collect funds which shall , at die next general election , be used in promoting die jeturotothe House of Commons of men pledged to die support of the People ' s Charter . This work has auspiciously begun . The Convention has formed a central committee in London , of which tiiat untiring friend of man ' s rights , T . S . Duncomhe , Esq ., is president .
The value of a litde band of obstructives to die malversations , wasteful extravagance , and legislative injustice of our House of Commons , would be incalculable . ? ifteen or twenty able men , acting there in unison ; tearing away die veil of hypocrisy from die projects of die faction ?; sounding witii fervid eloquence die demands of justice on behalf of an oppressed people ; seizing every opportunity of bringing their wrongs prominently hefore die world dirongh the medium of die press ; such a body would at once become die centre , around which would rally the intelligence , integrity , and spirit of die empire . We feel assured that die efforts of such a litde hand of patriots would originate and sustain a " National movement for die Charter , " of such celerity and force , that no obstacle at die command of our enemies could impede . You will shor tly be addressed by die central committee upon this important project , when its feasibility will he made manifest , and full instructions given on the procedure to be observed in working it out .
The Convention has also matured a plan for obtaining possession of laud , to which we invite special attention . It appeared in the Xdrthern Star of last week . In tiiat plan you will find tiiis great fact clearly demonstrated that a iocieiy of two thousand members , each taking a share at £ 110 =., may . at the expiration of four years , be all located upon the land , each member possessing an allotment of two :: crts , a handsome cottage , and funds to commence operations widi ; secured on a lease in perpetuity at an annual rental of £ 5 . In addition to which advantages , die society would be in possession of an estate worth at least £ 37 , 000 . And by continuing the operations of die society , a number might be taken from the
" surplus labour market , " and rendered at once producers , consumers , and distributors of wealth . The successful prosecution of this project will prove beneficial in more tiian one point of view . It will promote the social welfare of the inenirers while struggling for their rights ; it will diminish the " surplus workers * iu the artificial labour market , leaving the residue iu a position to obtain a better reniunera :: o : > for their labour ; while , by demonstrating die value of the laud , it would act as a powerful stimulus to the people to exert themselves for those rights which would enable tliem , without injury to any class , to destroy the monstrous monopoly of the soil , and secure die blessings of peace and plenty .
The establishment of co-operative stores , is another practical measure recommended for your adoption by the Convention . By acting on tiiis principle in die expenditure of your earnings , benefits must accrue to you . You will save diose profits , which , tin-ough your present isolated system of action , you fluw into die coffers of die middle class profit-monger . Act upon die co-operative principle withontdelay . Itwillleavemoneyinyourpo cketstosupport die movement , to purchase shares in die Land Society , or to apply in any other way yon may dunk beneficial . The benefits of co-operation require no demonstration . Thev » rc evident to every man capable of thinking . The securing of diem is not dependent on die will of any otiier class . The consent of authority is not required ; the only essentials to success being die perseverance and cordiality of die members of fee Association . Other recommendations have emanated from the Convention , which wm in future addlesses he brought before you .
Friends , in conclusion , we feel tiiat it is unnecessary to callInpon you for increased exertion in the holy cause of freedom ^ Your devotion has been tested and found ^ S ^ ZtJ ?* StUC k t 0 the * bi P >™ ben the tornado * E ^ T IT T ^ iDg : 5 OU haTe not deserted h « * orie ^ £ j ^ ^ «* Prosecution . Whigs , 3 « tK ! £ ? £ ? ** haTe . « n 5 tedin their hatred of le Ks mt ^ eTeCrT ' ** abort 3 on hasbee * « w efforts . We can feUcitate ourselves
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—i ^—^——^———w—^ i ^^ m ^ mmmm w ^ b upon die preservation of our organisation , despite die malice of tiiose who would gloat over its extinction : and tiiough tiiat organisation is circumscribed within narrow limits , it is consolatory to reflect that it is -sound and healthy ; tiiat it is composed of that sterling material , alike impervious to die denunciation of die deserter , the frown of die open foe , and die fears of the timid friend . Be sober ; be energetic ; be faithful . Cultivate feelings of fraternity one with another . Discourage dissension , — tiiat wittering curse of our movement . Be sedulous in die acquirement and dissemination of knowledge , and fear not . Our cause has within it the elements of
durability . It is indestructible . It is as eternal as man . It will not long remain prostrate . It will soon absorb die other despicable isms of political empirics . Torpidity cannot much longer fetter and freeze a nation ' s energies . That gleam of " prosperity" which we now enjoy will be but of short duration . Like the hectic flush upon the debilitated cheek of consumption , it indicates that a state of lassitude and feebleness is about to supervene . And when die whirlwind of national " PANIC , "—which will infallibly come , —shall again curl the foaming billows of agitation , one bark alone will he seen to float proudly upon their bosom , and her name the People ' s Chakteb .
Pamp M'Gkath , President . Thomas Clare , Christopher Doxle , Feargcs O'Connor , Thomas Maktin Wheeler , Secretary . P . S . —The new cards of membership and the handbooks , containing the rules of the Association , are now ready for transmission to the localities . It is expected that every locality in the kingdom will send their order for cards early next week , when it will be punctually attended to .
The Southern Star. Saturday, May 17, 1sj5.
THE SOUTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , MAY 17 , 1 SJ 5 .
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LABOUR'S EFFORT FOR ITS OWN REDEMPTION . The Central Committee , appointed at the late National Trades' Conference , is steadily pursuing t 3 ie usiosientatious and business-like course , which we recently commended in our notice of its first circular to the Trades . We Lave been favoured with a copy of another document , just issued , which is equally creditable to the Committee , and gives ample proof of tlie sense its members entertain as to the responsibilities of their psition—of their anxiety to perform their duties properly—and of the judgment exercised by them in the course pursued to acquire the requisite information .
In looking back on the history of the Helot class of society , it is impossible to hel p being struck with the number of ineffectual struggles it hasmade for . emancipation . An instinctive sense of right and wrong has ever impelled its members to efforts for freeing themselves from the shackles which society had loaded them with . Hence , the retrospect-presents an incessant war between the mister and the slave
class ; into which—disguise the fact as we may by n « m £ s—the population of all countries have always been divided . It issaddeningtoadd , thathowevergreat the justice of the claims of the slave class—however obvious the unmerited wrongs to wliich they were subjected , the battle has always gone against them . The form of the slavery may have been altered in the struggle ; but the slavery itself has remained unchanged in essence and fact .
Why is this ? What is the reason , that , at this time of Jay , we should have to repeat so obvious and so trite a truism ? It cannot surely be because the labour class is destitute of the means to achieve the emancipation it has so earnestly longed for , so incessantly struggled to attain . The axiom , that" labour is the source of all wealth , " lias become one of the common-places of the age x and the deduction that , therefore , its producers should fairly and justly participate in the products of their labour , is , so far as
we know , equally indisputable . But both statements , common as they may be , and generally as they may be assented to , have hitherto been singularly unfruitful in results . The ri ght and the fact are the antipodes of each other . Labour does not participate fully and fairly in its own products : and , as "fine words butter no parsnips , " it is naturally discontented . It will as naturally continue discontented , and , in its own way , constantly rebel against a system which is so clearly unjust and oppressive .
rhe very ingenious logic of such newspapers as the Weekly Chronicle fails to satisfy the industrious classes of this country that they are justly dealt with . For many years the . writers who have taken in hand the exposition of that peculiar philosophy of national economy , of which George Hesry Gassing Ward is so eminent an advocate , have , by their volumes , essays , and speeches , in and out of Parliament , tried to convince the workers that their complaints were very unreasonable , and that everything was just as it ought to be , or so very nearly so , that amendment could be effected but to a very small extent . Their labours have so far been attended with miserabl y little effect among the classes they were meant to silence , or renddr contented . At first the operatives
did not understand the jargon of the Economists , and could not therefore answer them in their own lingo , or detect the fallacies which lurked in their propo . sitions : but that stage has been travelled over , and Mr ; Wabd has personally received , from the workingclass population of the borough he represents in Par . liament , such lessons in political economy as should have convinced him , at . least , that they were considerable adepts in its theory . It is true , their study of the subject has led them to very different conclusions to those propounded by the member of Parliament and newspaper editor ; but the reason for this is not far to seek . The system works well for Mr . Ward and his class—ill for the operatives ; hence the discrepancy of their views .
The Weekly Chronicle-, in its commentary on the proceedings of the late Conference , compliments its members for their " aptitude for business , " " coolness " "love of order , " " willing submission to authority decorum and method in what they had to do ; " and adds that "it is quite sure" tlie Conference " will disappoint those who may be disposed to look with anything like slight upon the Working Classes , or to fancy that they have not the capacity to manage their own affairs with very little more prejudice or error than we may see daily among those who have been long accustomed to the task . " This is a high testimony to the advance of intelligence
among the productive classes , coming from the quarter it does ; and though the Chronicle immediately afterwards repents of its liberal admissions in respect to the workers , and indemnifies itself by an attack upon Mr . Duxcombe , for what it chooses to call Ms " encouragement of their errors , " we record it here as a proof that t ! ieuua > of the hitherto antagonistic classes , in the warfare we have alluded to , is rapidly coming more upon a par , so far as intelligence and effective modes of conducting business are concerned . When their equalisation shall be complete they will not change places , but achieve that social equality which it is the inevitable tendency of modern productive inventions to confer on society .
To this view of the matter , however , the Weekly Chronicle , and writers of the same school , seem utterly blind . They repeat , like so many parrots , the terms — " Foreign competitors in neutral markets "—" exports and imports "—" wages "—" profits "— "labour market "— " restrictive laws , " && , as if these were the Alpha and Omega of human knowledge , and the extension of the present system of employing labour , and distribution of its products , the ultimatum of civilisation . After stringing together the usual plausibilitiesabout these matters , the Chronicle proceedsto say , speaking of the Conference : — " They recognise the true principle , when they sav , in the report of
their committee , 'that the great cause of the continuous decline of the Wages of Labour is a redundance of Workers compared with the demand for their Labour . '" " Xo doubtof it , " adds the critic ; " the difficulty is to find theremedyforan evil clearly seen ; and ivc kxow no other than a continued extension of our trade ly sound commercial Ugitlatim , " Upon this point the Conference and its promoters join issue with the Chronicle . They say that " extension of trade" has hitherto been concomitantwithdiminished wages and comforts to the working classes ; and that , herefore , they have no faith in future " extensions " producing any different result . They see as clearly as the Chronicle , where " the shoe pinches . " They
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have laid down their postulates clearly—argued from them fairly ; and their investigations have led them to the conclusion that the application of the surplus funds of the Trades to the purchase of land for the employment of " surplus hands , "—the erection of machines that will work for , and not against them , — and the direction of their united capital and labour to the production of real wealth and profitable results for THEMSELVES , are the best modes of solving the problem which has so long puzzled the Chronicle and other sapient economists .
HFor our part , we hold with the Conference and the latter view of the subject . It has a dash of common sense about it , which the theorising of the opposite party is very much in v ; antof : and we think that Smith , Ricardo , and M'Culloch , having been tried so long , with so few satisfactory results , there can be no harm in giving the other system a trial also . It cannot , at all events , leave us much ivorse off than we are . The Land will have been none the worse for having been well tilled . The national capital will not have been reduced by the addition of the factories and machinery of the Associated
Trades ; and the industry , skill , and experience of the working classes—those veins and sinews of the nation—will not have boen impaired by their exercise in an attempt to rescue themselves from the thraldom of commercial feudalism . But—and here we come back to the difficulty that lies at the very threshold of this important- movement—how is the work to be set about ? What are the pre-requisites—the materials—necessary to success ? Shall this attempt , like its predecessors , fail , and be added to the already too long and dreary catalogue of past unsuccessful efforts ? or shall it be begun and carried out with that full knowledge of the difficulties to be surmounted , the objects to be attained , and the materials at the command of the projected Association , which are the only guarantees of its ultimate triumphant accomplishment ?
We think we perceive evidence that this is the way in which the subject presents itself to the Central Committee in every step it has taken since its appointment . The principal duty confided to the com mittee was the preparation of apian , to be submitted to anot / icr Conference in July , next .. This duty they are taking the best possible measures for discharging effectually , by first gathering , or at least soliciting , information of a practical nature from those only who can give it , namely , the Trades Unions of Great Britain . The manner in which this is done will be best seen by our inserting , entire , the document which has induced us to offer these remarks : — TO THE TRADES UNIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN .
Friends , —The Central Committee , appointed at the National Trades Conference , have already communicated the objects for which they were appointed , and have also solicited that information which is essential to the performance of their duties . At subsequent meetings of the Committee the want of such information has been strongly felt ; and it has occurred to the Committee that they might assist those trades favourable to the objects of the Conference , by submitting a list of questions embodying the principal points on which the Committee need specific information . The subjoined table is forwarded wifli this view , and all trades are respectfully requested , after filling it up , to lose no time in returning it as directed .
Hitherto , almost all measures intended for the improvement of the condition of the industrious classes have failed , because in a great degree they were based on partial and insufficient data . The Centra ] Committee are anxious that the National Association should at least , a \ oid this eiTor , and that its plans should be founded upon the largest amount of correct statistical information . The short time assigned to the Committee for the performance of their onerous task , will , it is hoped , incite the Trades to respond immediately to this appeal .
QUESTIONS . 1 . Has your trade a code of laws for the regulation of its business !—and will you favour the Central Committee with a copy of them ? 2 . Are your rules strictly adhered to ? 3 . Are you enrolled under the Friendly Societies' Act ? —and if so , has such enrolment been beneficial or otiierwise ? 4 . What is the nature of the machinery by which your society attempts to carry out its objects , and do you find it work well or die contrary ? 5 . What are the average wages in your trade * C . What is the average time of employment in the year ? ' '
7 . What is the average number out of employment ? 8 . What are the subscriptions to the funds of your Union , the times of payment , and mode of collecting them ? 9 . How are your funds invested % 10 . By what officers are they disbursed , find what security do you require of them ? 11 . How far have Savings Banks been beneficial to you , and what amounts have you invested in them ? 12 . Have you any printed or manuscript balance sheets of your expenditure on strikes , tramps , and management , andean you favour the Central Committee with copies ? 13 . Has your trade struck , or been turned out , during the last ten years ?
14 . What sum was expended on each strike or turnout , and what was die result ? 15 . What are the regulations of labour in your trade ! 16 . Are you favourable to the introduction of a uniform system of ten hours per day , and in what manner would such a system operate on your particular occupaturn ? 17 . What effect has ycur occupation on healtii and longevity ? 18 . Have you any allotments of land , or , if any , what is the average rent ? or would allotments be serviceable to you ? . 19 . Are your wages paid weekly , or how » 20 . Are they paid at the counting-house of the master , or in a public-house ? If the latter , what is the effect of such a practice ?
21 . Is die system of truck practised by employers in your trade ?—if any , what are their names , and what is the result ? . 22 . Do you work at home , or in workshops provided by your employers ! 23 . Have you any suggestion to offer on tiiis subject ? ¦ 24 . To what extent are you favourable to the establishment of workshops and factories for the employment of the surplus hands in your trade ? 25 . - In what way could you carry out any plans for location on land ? 201 Are you prepared to join a General Union of Trades for the ' regulation of trade matters and strikes , and to contribute to the general funds of such Union , supposing a'discretional ? power were vested in its Central Com . mittee for the support of strikes ?
27 . Have you any general suggestions or plans to offer by which the objects of the late Conference can be carried out ? Signed iu behalf of the Central Committee , T . S . Duncombe , President , May 1 , 1845 . T . Bakratt , Secretary . We trust the Trades will promptly supply the Committee with the important information thus solicited . That is the duty which devolves upon them ; and it ought to be performed
immediatelyfrankly—fully . The indirect beneficial consequences which would flow from the aggregation of statistical and practical information of so valuable a description as that indicated above , will be evident at ' once to ever } - man of business . It will enable the friends of Labour to prepare and direct a more comprehensive and efficient association for its protection than has ever yet been organised in this or any other country : and it will do away with one grand cause of past failures , namely , the partial and limited data upon which proceedings were taken .
Our advice , then , to the Trades is , " Up , and be doing ' . " There isnotamomenttolose . Whether the Central Committee shall be enabled to acquit themselves intheofficientandbusiness-likemannerthey evidently desire to do , or not , depends entirel y on the promptitude and frankness with which the Trades respond to this appeal . If they do so in the right spirit , the Committee will , on , laying down the powers they have been provisionally appointed to wield , have the satisfaction of thinking they have done the cause of Labour sound , if not showy , service -. —and laid a foundation for an amelioration in the condition of the producer of wealth , which is absolutely necessary to place him in harmony with the advance recognisable in every other direction .
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^ 0 ** m ^—mtmmam ^ ¦ — im ^ —m ^ m alas ! how woefully deceived ! The agitators , loth to lose the advantages to be derived from such a Trinity , turn upon the giver , and say , no—we will take what suits us , and reject what would destroy us . We will have no education except that which is mixed up with spiritual instruction . We will not have your Academical grindstone without your Theological cheese . We repudiate the notion of Irish youth receiving , secular knowledge , debarred of those blessings which should flow from the spiritual fountain . For ourselves , while we are advocates for the diffusion of knowledge , under all circumstances , we do not altogether regret this rejection of the secular grindstone unaccompanied by the spiritual cheese .
It gives us faint hope that the Irish priesthood , if purchaseable , will demand a price too high for the British Minister to offer ; and although Mr . O'Coxxell ' s opposition , to be transferred to the Episcopal Synod , is based upon the absence of pcitron age yatlicv than upon the godless system of education , yet the agitation upon the subject will enforce consideration upon the three questions as a whole . Through the ministerial attempt to subject the government of the Catholic Colleges to ministerial
patronage , the Irish Catholic people will smell a rat . For ourselves , we feel convinced that if peg-top , hand-ball , foot-ball , teetotum , cup and ball , prick in the loop , thimble-rig , and five cards , constituted the course of secular education to be taught at the new seminaries , with the patronage vested in thc , Episeopal Synod , that Mr . O'Conwkh . would have lauded the measure as declaratory of ministerial good intent ion , and as an instalment of " Justice to Ireland , " while the amusements taught would have been designated as highly necessary accomplishments .
Meantime , while the battle of the Churches goes bravely on , we find that Mr . O'Coxnell , with an acuteness peculiarly his own , finds it necessary to amuse the Irish people with solemn and imposing pageants . On the 30 th of this month , the anniversary of his illegal incarceration , he is to hold a levee at tlie Rotunda , and , in regal state , to receive deputations as well from the several corporations in the kingdom as from the Associated Trades of Dublin . This is the first step towards the acceptance of the sceptre ; and though Casar thrice refused the crown
yetwould he have gladly accepted it . Mr . O'Connell has a better national mind to support him than Cresar had . The Romans were slaves to many who led them sectionally for class purposes . The Irish are but slaves to one man , and for one purposethey are slaves to the man who lias promised them Ireland , governed by the Irish ; and the moment that the Irish people shall see fit to constitute Mr . O'CoNNELii as their monarch , we should recognise his title to reign as superior to that [ of any " crowned head" in Europe . But then he must bear in mind
that the Irish people will demand of him the realisation of their every hope—the fulfilment of his every promise . In faith , we live in queer times . Ireland refuses allegiance , or even respect to the House of Commons . The English people have weaned themselves altogether from any thought of the House of Commons , and yet that same House of Commons goes on legislating for both countries with as much composure as if they were the recognised of all , and as though their laws ,- however carried , were sure to
be accepted ? Does Sir . Robert Peel suppose that Mr . O'CosmLis going to give up the certainty of £ 400 or £ 500 a week for the uncertainty of what may spring from Ministerial gratitude ? Does he for one moment imagine that the Irish people , trained as they have been to the pursuit of national aggrandisement , and in the hope of one day possessing the land of the country and the government of the country , will abandon that pursuit , and hope for the mere possession of a divided interest in the State Church conferred upon their priesthood ?
r lhe fact is , that the evils of a surplus in the hands of a Minister , so powerfully described by Mr . Ex-President Tyler , has been the rum of Sir ReBEni Peel . Surplus , brisk trade , good employment , party hobgoblinism , good harvests , railway bubbles , and a large stock of gold , together with a pliant House of Commons , have done much for Sir Robebt Peel . They have enabled him to build up as a magician
with superhuman rapidity , but in proportion to the astounding elevation will be the astounding crash . Pormer panics have led to violent results , and yet they have been apparently . confined to single interests , but Sir Robert has so managed to conglomerate and hash up all existing interests in one common hotch-pot of agitation , that each now has become dependent : upon the other , and none can suffer damage without communicating the contagion to all .
This Mr . O'Coxxell sees , and wisely wiitches the Minister ' s weakness , while he bides his time to make profit of his folly for his own individual gain . This we gee , and bide our time to make profit for our national principle . The weather is cold , while the -wheat-crop , requires genial heat to restore it from the effects of a long and chilling winter . The railway bubble has nearly reached its height . The foreign markets are nearly stocked . The landed interest ia nearly tired of its subserviency . The manufacturing interest is feasting upon the miniature of Free Trade , presented in its profitable bazaar . The old
State Church is clucking after its departing brood and its threatened revenues . The Catholic Church is in high feather at the terms they have extracted . The bankers ,, merchants , shopkeepers , innkeepers , bagmen , and publicans , reap their fair share of the national harvest . The soldier spends , and no one cares to ask from whence his means come . The police have an easy life . Those who are at work are satisfied with their comparative condition , and one in every ten ( the parson ' s share of tithe ) is kept . quiet in the bastile , Ms growings confined to the narrow limits of his dungeon .
This is all but a gleam ; the cloud is hanging ovei us , and when it docs burst , the crash will be tre mendous . Let us be prepared for it .
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J . Wilkinson , rmjocru . —The work was never published separately . W . D ., Manchester . —Address , " Mr . Margarit , 3 , Sutton-place , Soho-square , London . " Jons Frost , —Tlw following appeared in the Times of Wednesday , copied from the Newautlc Journal : "A letter received in South Shields last week from S ydney , states that Frost , the Chartist convict , is in comfortable circumstances there , being on a ticket of leave , and tlie manager of a large mercantile store . The writer states he looks healthy and happy . " Douglas J £ rholi > presided at the annual meeting of the
Birmingham Polytechnic Institution on Thursday evening , May 8 th . Previous to the meeting , the working jewellers of the town presented him with an elegant gold ring , having in the centre a fine onyx-stone , set in an eccentric shaped shield , and on the inner side the following inscription : — " Presented to Douglas Jerrold , Esq ., froin the Operative Committee of tha Fancy Trades of Birmingham . May 8 th , 1845 . " This was accom . panied by an address , expressing admiration of liis character and writings . In the hall of the institution his reception was most enthusiastic , and he acknowledged the compliment in a brief speech , the first ever delivered by him in public .
Chartist Co-operative Land Society . — Having received numerous inquiries relative to the above subject , on points which are not fully developed in the rules , we deem it necessary to give the following explanatiQn : — " Any person , whether a member , or not a member of the National Charter Association , is eligible to become a shareholder of this society . A shareholder may possess any number of shares , but will only be entitled to one vote in the transaction of any of the . business of the society ; shareholders not desirous of immediately occupying the prize falling to their share , may let their allotment , with its contingent advantages , 'to a tenant at the original rent of £ 5 per annum . The improvements made by the tenantto bean enuivalentfor the interest of the capital of tlie proprietorand six morith
, s' notice to be given to the tenant by the proprietor of his intention to resume his holding' It is not the intei'ition of the present board of directors to endeavour to procure the enrolment of the society from circumstances which have recently come to their knowledge , they are convinced that the attempt would be futile , and , in their opinion , an unenrolled sooiefunder good management , is equally as safe asanenl ' ° ^ w ? . ne > fa is free fro « n many disadvantages to which the other , s subjected . In an unenrblled society the rules can at any time be altered and amended , according as circumstances may render necessary , or increased experience dictate . In an enrolled society , every particular movement is known to the Government ; no alteration can be effected in any rule with-
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out the express sanction of the revising barrister , Tidd Pratt , who , in his recent decisions relative to the United Patriots , and other benefit societies , has clearly proved that his decision to-day is liable to be reversed to-morrow—all being left to his whim and caprice . The money being in the hands of a rcsponsible treasurer , and invested by him in the bank in the names of trustees , which trustees must be Imna fide members of the society , elected by the choice of their brother shareholders , is thus rendered perfectly secure . Any rules or alterations in the plan can be amended or made by the general meeting of shareholders , which will be hereafter called for the election of a permanent board of directors , trustees , &c . Any further information can be obtained of the Secretary , 243 J , Strand . By order of the Board of Directors , T . M . Wheeler , Secretary . Several Communications ( including the address of the
Metropolitan Delegate Council ) we are compelled to postpone till next week . Other favours await the return of the Editor to London , he being at present absent from town . Aberdeen . —We are requested to state that those of our readers in Aberdeen who wish to have their papers on Sunday mornings , can be accommodated by giving their orders to Mr . Robert Zindlay , Hairdresser , 154 , Gallowgatc . A Voice from Ireland . — "We take the liberty of transferring to our columns tlie following from a letter received this week from our excellent friend , Mr . 1 'atrick O'HiCGiNS : — " I never read any thing more triumphant than Mr . O'Connor ' s vindication . What a set of scoundrels his assailants are . They are , as far as I can judge , mangy rascals . I must take him to task for having sent Lowery to me in 1 S 3 P . I expected to have met a wan of decent manners . Yours , Patrick O'Higgi . ns .
Mns . Ellis . —We have this week received the following letter from the wife of the noble bnt unfortunate cxilo Ellis : —" Mr . Editor , —Having in vain struggled to surmount the difficulties 1 have had to encounter in London , I now contemplate quitting the metropolis to reside with my revered father in the lotteries , but am at present undecided as to what course I shall adopt , in consequence of my dear child ( Robert Emmett ) being so seriously afflicted that thcmedicalattendantgivcs little hopes of his recovery . Sir , I beg to tender my most heartfelt thanks to those kind friends who have so generously assisted sue : and sorry I am that the assistance ( so well msant ) has proved unavailing as regards my establishment in London . I am constrained by my present position to earnestly request the immediate transmission of any monies that have been collected lor my use ; at the same time I beg to acknowledge with gratitude the receipt of 19 s . Sd ., from Mrs . Cooper
which she states was subscribed by Leicester working men , for Mr . Cooper , but not accepted by that gentleman . 1 am also authorised to state that nothing would afford Mr . Cooper greater pleasure than to learn that the sums he has declined receiving were devoted to the relief of the suffering wife and family of his former fellow-prisoner , William Ellis . If you , sir , can nft ' urd space for the foregoing you will confer an obligation on yours truly , Emma Ellis . " We must add to the above , that we have reason for believing that several persons are indebted to Mrs . Ellis trifling sums in the way of business , which debts , though trifling in amount , are of greatimportance to the bereavedjwidow . Mrs . Eilis having been unfortunate in business , having a child dangerously illand being compelled to contemplate a return to the country , justice demands that the persons alluded to should at once pay to Mrs . E . whatever they way owe . We shall be glad to hear that this hint has been taken and attended to .
Mrs . Ellis . —A correspondent sends us the following : — Will you have the goodness to inform Mr . W . llamev , of the Temperance Coffee-house , Oldham , that Mrs . Ellis , the Whig-made widow , having failed in business , is at present unfortunately without any settled residence , but any communication addressed to her , in care of Mr . T . Jones , No . 52 , High-street , Shadwell , London , will come safe to hand .
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<» MOKIES RECEIVED BY MR . O'CONNOR . FOR THE EXECUTIVE . £ S . A . Fvom Burnley ( le \ j ) 0 10 0 Ditto 0 C 2 From Bacup 0 3 C FromColne 0 4 1 £ From Wheatley-lane .. .. « 0 10 From Hagg ' ate 0 12 From Haslingden 0 1 4 i From Alarsden 0 1 5 * MNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . From J . Saunders , Radford 2 5 0 From James Fraser , Aberdeen 8 16 7 An Operative , Devizes , Wilts .. .. .. .. 010 RECEIPTS PER GENERAL SECRETARY . SUBSCRIPTIONS . s- d . s . d . Mavylebone .. .. 3 O lAttletovm .. .. 1 C Bradford C 1 Lower Warley .. .. l 10 Hebderi-bridge .. .. 8 01 Mansfield .. .. 5 0 Dewsbury .. .. 1 8 "
LEVT . Whittington and Cat , Mr . Han-is o B Ditto , Mr . Hawkins o C Ditto , Mr . Tov ' el .. .. o (; Ditto , a Friend of the Oppressed , .. 10 CARDS . Marylebone .. .. 5 !) Trowbridge .. .. 3 3 Lewisham .. .. 3 0 Southampton .. .. 3 3 Clock-house , West- W . Salmon „ .. 0 3 minster .. .. 5 0 T . Salmon .. .. 0 5 DONATIONS . Three admirers of Mr , O'Connor , Rotherhithe .. 30 Mr . Dale , Merton 0 0 Mr . Rogers , Cloekhouse .. .. J c MRS , ELLIS . Harmonic meeting at the Feathers , per Mr . Farrer 7 l
DUXCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . Littletown 0 < S THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER , Secretary ,
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Murder in the Countt MBATH . — 'Phe br * Arqus contains . the following account of a mi committed within a few milea of that ' town " murder was perpetrated on last Saturday ' nTfi neighbourhood of Drumconr « v-the victim was -i named Clark : the cause was that fruitful ' soul , * crime in this country , the taking of laud . r iv i ceased man and his brother had a dispute abn i field , when a labourer in the employment ' ofi - brother killed him with a spade in tlie presen his brother . The homicide has escaped iVom i » I The remains of the deceased were intend i e > Tuesday . eilei 1 !«* Another Brutal Attempt at Muudfr m Chester , Saturday . —Yesterday the neieh ' linmi of . Henry-street , Great Ancoats , in this town d thrown into the greatest possible state of alan *' ?* thb discovery of a most brutal and premedititpi y tempt at murder . The perpetrator of tke deed ? ' * in every sense of the word , as far as the intent n 0 ' the murder was concerned , it was a mnvdw nfii deepest dye—is a man about 26 years of a » P „„ "'? William Brooks . This morning he was brJii amed
ociore tne magistrate oy Mr . superintendent s- i ' of the A division , charged with cutting Uio tiir r '• Mary Ann Leeming . It appeared from the <> vii oi produced that the prisoner and his victim had r c together as man and wife for some time , but \ n \ cently been separated . The female lived at a h re of ill-fame in llenry-strect , and on Friday morn " Brooks came to the house to see her . HavuV jn .,,. \ that she was there in bed , he forced his way * ,., 'J . ' 7 to her room , where lie found her and a ' "ill 0 . ' i name of Taylor . The latter left the roonu ami I prisoner after some time expressed a wish t 0 \ K ! 'f toneiled to the young woman . In the course of w , vcrsation she asked him to buy her a striiiu „) ,. necklaces ; whereupon he put his arm vomul h " '
neck to iccl , as lie said , whether she was witiw Whilst in this position he drew a razor am ^ u ' neck , and inflicted a wound several inches hijj . r " Vl poor girl staggered out of the room , and called Om " murder ! " and on one of the inmates oi' the li on ™ going up stairs , she threw herself into her arms 1 ^ fectly saturated with blood . Medical aid was h , ] stantly procured and the wound sewed up . after wlu \ . she was conveyed to the Royal Infirmarviu a . state oi insensibility . Brooks never attempted to escape but , on being charged with the offence , said . " Yes \ have done the deed ; I have murdered Mary Ann and can now die in peace . " The prisoner , on his « xl animation , Manifested perfect indifference , and never attempted to deny the charge . He was remanded till Wednesday , or till the fate of his victim w ™ known . ™ Sunday Night . —On enquiry at the Infirmary j learn that the poor girl is suffering verv , sev » ivlv " l . ' .. f
still alive , with a slight prospect of rccovwv . '' The late Execution at Brecon . —/•'»„ ' „ ' (] lc formation given by Thomas Thomas ( latelv executpil at Breeoii . for murder anil robbery ) to the " Ilev ' M Jones , the chaplain of the gaol , that jj entleuviii nm ! cocded last week to search for the poeket-bool ' oftlw murdered man ( David Lewis ) in a hed « e nowtn * convict ' s father ' s house . After a lon » Vircli in which the Rev . Mr . Jones was assisted " bv several persons , the pocket-book was found under an ash tree ; there was no cash in it , but there were scvcril memoranda of importance respecting the deceased ' , business transactions . —Globe .
Spafiki . ds Burial Ground . —Since the recent ex citcment on the subject of these grounds the number of interments has decreased every Sunday , i ! - eaver age number not . exceeding three , whilst previously they were twenty , and olten approached to forty I he grounds , which were previously open im Sunday afternoons for the admission of visitor ? , are knit carefully closed , except on the entrance of burials Much interest is attached to the coming trial at tlic Court of Queen ' s Bench , which will come 011 tini-in * the present sittings after term . °
Malicious Burning . —On Tuesday night last a fine- house , two stories high , slated , and very well furnished , valued at about £ 400 or £ "> 00 , the m-cperty of Andrew Johnstone , Esq ., situate at Corbov tour miles from Longford , and two from U « t worthstown , on the Dublin road , was maliciously burned to the ground . It was first noticed by the passengers on the Dublin down-mail , at four o clock 111 the morning , at which time it was in flames It was evidentl y the work of some incendiarv , as the police found under the stairs furze , tow dipped in turpentine , and other inflammable combustibles
some of which were also placed in other parts of the house . It has been vacant for some time , Mr Johnstone residing' on a farm of his in the county Dublin , and the key held by a care-taker , but he did not reside or sleep on the premises . It is a portion ot the estate of Sir George Fetherstone , Bart \ n investigation was held next day before Fr . incis B Ldgeworth Esq ., J . P ., and Edward E . Kill , Esq . " , \ M ., which ended in the committal of the herd and another man for further examination . —Lonaford Journal .
Imtal Collision ox- the River . —At a quarter before two o ' clock on Tuesday afternoon , as the Waterman steamer No . 5 , was conveying from 300 to 400 passengers from London to Greenwich , s \ vc m < A , with a serious accident by a billyboy , from Goo \ e , Yorkshire , running her bowsprit across the how ot the steamer , knocking all the passengers within her sweep flat on the deck . Unfortunately , a gentleman oi the name of Williams , fringe-manufactuver , residing in Wilksstreet , Spitalfidda , accompanied by hit sim and daughter , was amongst the greatest sufferers . Air . VV . had his collar-bone and one arm broken , and ^ . te ™ ??* . ^ ' l » s son , agcd ten yean ,. killed the
was on spot ; his daughter , aged fourteen was much injured about the head and had one finger broken Wilham Kent , ofSeckfbrd-street . Clerkenwell clerk to Mr . Wallis , of Carey-street , Lincoln ' * 11111-neIds , received severe contusions ; and two gentlemen , who refused to give their names , were knocked overboard , but were fortunately saved by the crew of thettatermanNo . fi . The captain of the steamer immediately proceeded with the sufferers to the Dreadnought Seamen ' s Hospital ship , and nut the unfortunate persons on board that vessel , where even attention . was instantly paid by the captain ami medical gentlemen in attendance . The accident took place on Limehouae .
Desperate Suicide on Southwark Bridge ( bj biiooiiMG ) . —On Tuesday afternoon a gentleman named John James Gogerley , aged 51 vears , expired in b . uy , s llospital , from the effects of a wound which he had inflicted upon himself by firing a loaded pistol into his body on the night of Thursday hist . It appears that between 12 and 1 o ' clock on that night , as tity police-constable No . H 8 was on duty on Southwark iron-bridge , his attention was directed to the flash and report of fire-arms which proceeded from the centre of the brid ge . On hastening to the spot ne iouud the deceased man lying on the ground , Weeding profusely from a wound on the left side , which had evidently been caused by a pistol , the stock oi which he grasped tightly in his hand , the barrel Having been blown to pieces . A neighbouriiiir surgeon , was immediately sent for , and deceased was ultimatel y conveyed to the hospital . Mr . Mar *
me nou . se surgeon , administered to him the proper restoratives , and deceased was some time afterwards restored to consciousness . He at first vefuseii to aivc any account of himself , but subsequently statedlis name and where his relatives resided . ' The latter having been apprised of the occurrence visited him in the hospital , and it was ascertained that he had borrowed a pistol from a person named Pearce , a night-watchman in the employ of Messrs . Boyd , warehousemen . Hc then loaded it with four bullets , statin '' he wanted itto shoot a mad dog at his sister ? . Uu subsequently proceeded to the bridge , and there committed the act . Two of the balls were afterwards extracted , but deceased lingered until Tuesday , when he died . He had formerly been in comfortable circumstances , and filled the office of clerk to liis brother , a solicitor in Mark-lane , but lately having become reduced in his circumstances , he has been m a very desponding wav .
Distuessixc Fire . — On Tuesday night , shortly before eleven o ' clock , a fire occurred under circumstances of a most distressing character , and nearly attended with the most serious consequences to a mother and hev child not more than a . few hours old . it broke out in a bed-room of the house occupied by Mr . James Ileily , bread and biscuit baker , PO , Bunhill-row , Moorficlds . An elderly female , actin" in the capacity of nurse during the confinement of Sirs Keily , was about assisting the babe to its mother ' s breast , when , by accident , the light of a candle caught the drapery of the French bed upon which the female was lying . In an instant the bed-curtain * ami furniture were in a blaze . The nurse tore down the hangings , which were all on fire all round the unfortunate mother and her child . In doin <* this the
nurse burned her hands most severely ; but happily her efforts had the effect of arresting the progress oi the fire . The next moment thepoor old woman called out ¦ " Fire , " as loud as she possibly could , which brought up Mr . Reily , who at the moment was standing at the door talking to a friend . Meantime the poor mother , clasping the baby to her bosom , anil regardless of immediate consequences , leaped ever the framework of the bed , and rushed out of the room into another apartment , where she was instantly attended to by the inmates . Informa tion having been sent to the neighbouring station of the hre brigade , the Whitecross-strcet engine , with M » ' " lctt , the principal engineer there , were soon up ° the spot , and the fire was fortunately extin guished . On Wednesday morning both mother and child were doing well .
f iiii-NDBR Storm . —Bristol , Sunday Evenin g . - " were yesterday visited by one of the heaviest than * - ' storms we have experienced for many years pi ' ' Several trees in the villages adjacent to the city tffl * struck by the electric fluid , and a vessel called tlie Joseph , of Kinsale , which was lying on the tii" ) ' ' near the Swivel Bridge , waiting to discharge a w ? of potatoes , had her mast split in two . Sonic seamen who were on deck at the time narrowly escaped f ; struction . We have not heard of any loss of if : but there can be little doubt that much damage «» been done , of which the intelligence has not a * )« v reached us .
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MAYNOOTH . THE TWO STATE CHURCHES . So then , easy as Sir Robert ' s progress appeared to be rendered by the subserviency of his spaniels upon the question of the Catholic Church Endowment , a change has " come o ' er the spirit of his dream . " We predicted very early in the contest that the Irish leaders would reap a profitable harvestTrom ministerial weakness . Poor Sir Robert vainl y hoped that the Catholic Charitable Bequests Act would be received as one whole measure-the , permanent Maynooth Endowment as another whole measure—and the Academical Bill as a third whole measure-but ,
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Mysterious Disappearance op a Gentleman . — The family of a gentleman named Stoddart , of Lambeth-road , Southwark , have been greatly distressed by the mysterious disappearance of Mr . W . Stoddart , 30 years of age . It appears that Mr . Stoddart ' s brother went on the 7 th inst . to the Paddington terminus of the Great Western Railroad , and proceeded by railway to Berkshire . When Mr . William Stoddart took leave of his brother , he stated to him that he should immediately return home ; but he has not since been heard of " . Information lias been sent to all the police-stations in the metropolis , givin <* a description of his person and dress . , °
Dreadful Railway Accident . —Vienna , May 3 . As one of the trains on the Vienna and Glognitz Railway was proceeding yesterday to the former place the locomotive suddenly got off the rails , andprouiiced a concussion , which caused the instantaneous death of the head conductor , and at a later period of two other persons . About twelve others were injured but not dangerously . The accident is attributed by the Augshmjh Gazette to the speed at which the train was going , from nine to ten German miles per hour . The above paper adils thathad the passengers' carriage been four-wheel instead of eight-wheel ones , a greater loss of life would have ensued .
Attacking a House for Arms . —On Sunday last the dwelling-house of Mr . P . O'Keefc , miller , at Ballyartclla , within three miles of this town , was attempted to be entered by a party of six men aimed , for the purpose of obtaining arms . The care-taker ' , who was left in charge of the house , had firmly fastened the door , which precluded their entrance . They then fired in through the windows and retired . Mr . O'Keefc ami family were at the time at chapel . — Ibid . Convicts for Van Diemen ' s Land and Norfolk Island . — On Friday last the Naiad and Nymph
, steam-packets , of the Woolwich Company , brought down the river upwards of two hundred convicts from Millbank Penitentiary , to be put on board the David Malcolm , hired convict ship , lying off the Royal Arsenal . Burgess , who was sentenced to transportation for his connection with the Bank robbery of . about £ 8000 , the greater part of which was recovered , when taken in America ; Dalmas , for the murder of a woman on ISattersea-bridge ; and Tolzer , for a murder in Ratcliff-highway , . are among the unfortunates , amhvill have to pass the remainder of their lives on Norfolk Island , one of tlie severest penal settlements in New South Wales .
l'ATAL Accident . —Dublin , Sunday . —I am deeply concerned to have to communicate the particulars of au awful , and it is to be feared fatal , accident to the colonel of the 44 th Regiment , which occurred yesterday evening in the square of Richmond Barracks , lhe regiment had been ordered for an evenin " parade at four o ' clock , at which Colonel Shelton ex * pressed his intention of being present , and at two o clock went out to ride on Adjutant l'hilips ' s horse , his own not been in good health . On going vouml one of the squares of the barracks , which are very extensive , the horse shyed , and ran away , and on passing through an archway struck the cook-house of the Oth Foot , which te also quartered there , when the colonel was thrown' and the horse fell heavil y upon him . On being raised up the colonel was found to
be badly wounded in the hack of the head and over the temples . He was quite insensible , and , notwithstanding the immediate medical assistance of the surgeons of the Mth , and also the Cth , the sufferer has never recovered consciousness since . At three o ' clock to-day he was in a very debilitated state , and his dissolution was hourly apprehended—all hope of recovery being entirely abandoned . Colonel Shelton was with the 44 th all through the disastrous campaign in Afghanistan , and was one of the Cabul captives He was at the battles of Rolaia , Vhniera , and Corl runna , and several of the most icmarkable engagements in the Peninsula ; he sewed in the campaign in Canada in 1814 , and was afterwards upwards of 20 years in India , where he was distinguished for valour and high military attainments . Colonel Shelton lost his right arm at the capture of St . Sebastian . —Five o ' clock : Colonel Shelton is dead .
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4 THE NORTHERN STAR May 17 , I 845
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 17, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1315/page/4/
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