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Cfcartfet Intelligence.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . . Agricultural , like every other branch of industry , is _ ca » : wle of great improvement , from tlicar-plieatlon of well-established scientific principles . It can never claim to rank as a separate science , bat must be considers as onei of the most ancient , most usefui . and most honourable arts . Wfcen we review the numerous and wonderful discoveries of modern chemistrv , and tueir successful application to every other art of life vre cannot repress tiie hop and belief , that a-ricnlture wdl auvaiiee in the general march of " useful fcuowied-e , and not merely receive , bat reflect back , sonic rays of the light that now bca . T . 3 from so liuinv points . Impressed with this hope 2 nd belief ; the attentioa of the reader is invited to a few facts in cWal pWosopby , Wuicll fo ^ ^ ffi £ ) sfc fully established the most easy to l » coUH , re 3 iended , and the best calculated to reward inquiry bv their ap l plication to agriculture . J '" - ""^
1- Plants and animals , being endowed with life constitute what is called the " onjaniT khgj . of raturc beeause they arc furnished with orwfs or £ ton : cnts adapted to the inabtcuancc of t » a'Hfc The raieaal of which they arc eoS 4 Su £ rflStS ^ "fr l ™< s > «*«* seS of pjants—the blood , flesh , Ac , of animals—is termed organic or ojanhed matter . 2 . Physiology isthe studrof the living powers or rtlaljwicf ioiis of animals and plants . 'Iki * is a rcrv-CStcusiYC anil ihsoinating brazil * f « sei : «? , but we can only touch upon it incidentally as we proceed liicre is , However , one proposition of phvsio ! o ? v bow generally admitted , wluch we shall takeVor grouted , oiuerffise aU the inquiries of agricultural diemistrv ™ JS * 1 ^ t ^^ raaisand plaiitscan create nothing ; thatcverv thin ? pi , *™ ,, w « *!«» : *
£ dSSffi ?? % * * r CmarrelIoa 3 Powcrsoflife , Jd < wcifrom without-fro m their food orftnntJie «« « ««•• A cow , for instance , supnlii ^ ith of wjuch milk and beef arc composed from the food taken into the stomach , earned into the cim ation esposedinthelun . 's totheair , &c . Ilow tSodS flic emr « converted into beef is a question cf-Sology ; it is a vnal process , whicl . chemistry caJiUot mutate or explaui ; chemistry can dttmpofe , but omotnanquK , organic matter . The chemist ia-IfaKfl mblCS ' with flcids > aika 3 : '« . aal the ^ SKasftisfess 3 ^* - | = sfia ? iaiaf Kttf p 3 * £ itis a ^? 3 : There Is Efek the P ^^ Mcl , i . ^ S » tP »» esse 8 the living
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sssssssssssssssses , , . ? . The chemist can decompoie organised matter , and resolve it into its elementary constituents , which are few in number—admirable in their properties . 4 . Ifweputapieceof wood into a gun-barrel , or other iron tube , closed at one end and loosely plugged at the other , so as to permit the escape of smoke , and at the same time to exclude the air , we can heat the iron tube red hot , and observe smoke issuing for some time by the sides of the plugs . If we examine the contents of the tube , after it has grown cool , we shall find the wood retaining its size and shape , but lighter mm
than before , and quite black in colour . The wood is now converted into charcoal . If the heat were continued for hours or days , guarding against the admission of air , the charcoal would undergo no further change or loss of weight ; but whenever we make it red-hot in the open air , it consumes away , and in its place we only find afew ashes . Wood , therefore , consists , 1 st , of something volatile which flies off of itself , or exhales away by heat ; 2 nd , of charcoal ; which , in close vessels , is not volatile , but fixed , yet is combustible in the open air ; 3 rd , ef ashes , that the fire leaves behind .
5 . If we treat in this way seeds of wheat , or bits of carrot , beet , potato , sugar , gum , cotton , liar , flesh , hair , silk , &c ., &c , we resolve them all by fire into volatilemattcr—charcoal , ashes . C . If , instead of a gun-barrel or iron tubs , we employ a suitable glassretort and receiver , with some other apparatus easily procured , we can collect everything driven off by the fire , can separate and examine these volatile products . Chemists have collected them , and tried upon them an infinite number of experiments ; they have obtained , or produced , so many other singular matters , that their very names are enough to terrify the beholder , environed as they are with cabalistic symbols , which the present state of chemical science is found to require . Hard indeed
would be the lot of a contemplative agriculturist , if a knowledge of all these cruel names were essential to the success of his inquiries . Such , however , is not the case ; it is enough for him to learn , that the sum of all the chemist ' s knowledge thus obtained is merely this , that every material part of everything that has lived upon the earth may be resolved into a very few elements , the four principal ones being oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and charcoal , which last is termed by chemists carbon . 7 . Now , oxygen and hydrogen constitute water ; oxygen and nitrogen form the air we breathe : su that water , air , charcoal , and a few ashes , are the primary elements or materials from which have sprung every living thing ; every beast , bird , fish , and insect ; every tree and green herb , and into which they all return when bereft of life .
8 . Again : water , as we shall see , consists of two kinds ef air , oxygen and hydrogen ; charcoal , as we have just shown ( par . C , ) is easily burnt away in the open air , being dissolved into carbonic acid gas ; so that , in point of fact , plants and animals are nothing more than airandashes . A contemporary philosopher of the first rank ( M . Dumas ) goes , however , rather too far , in concludingthat" plants and animals come from the atmosphere and return into it . " Those substances which enter the juices of plants in very minute quantity , and which , constitute their ashes , are proved more clearly every day to be of vast consequence in vegetation , and of commensurate interest in the operations of agriculture . Nor must we forget the bony skeleton of animals , though the latter , consisting principally of lime and phosphorus , may be kept out of view for the present .
9 . But , in the first instance at least , we cannot apply ourselves to any subject of chemical inquiry so profitably , in every sense of the word , as to the four cardinal points—oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and carbon . These four elementary bodies are diffused above , below , and on every side ; by their unceasing influence , their actions and re-actions , their combination and decomposition , they minister to the life , growth , death , and decay of all organised beings . The study of these elements the illustrious Lavoisier appears to have selected with admirable sagacity , and tohave pursued with unremitted perseverance , inspired and supported by the conviction , that by the agency of these elements all the stupendous changes manifested on the face of the globe , and all the inscrutable operations of animal and vegetable life , have been and are accomplished .
THE , ATMOSPHERE . 10 . The atmosphere is supposed to be about fifty miles high , gradually decreasing in density or specific gravity , as it rises above the surface of the earth . At the level of the sea , the atmosphere presses with a force of 151 bs . upon every square inch of surface when the barometer stands at ' its average height . 11 . Atmospheric air consists principally of two gase ? , named oxygen and nitrogen . 12 . Besides oxygen and nitrogen , atmospheric air always contains the vapour of water , carbonic acid , and other gaseous matters ( par . 8 ) . liafc chemists ,
speaking of atmospheric air , or common air , suppose a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , free from all impurity , and in every 100 measures , containing 21 measures of oxygen and 79 of nitrogen . It is a general opinion among those who have attended to the subject , that the constitution of the atmosphere , so'far as regards the proportion of oxveon and nitrogen , is nearly uniform at all quarters of the globe , and at every point of elevation above the surface of th ; earth : tills view of the subject has been called in question by Dr . Dalton , but may be admitted at present as sufficient for all practical
purposes . 13 . There is an deiacntaty sabstaxica called yksphoru ? , in appearance not unlike wax or tallow . Like these matters , it is uwlvMiblc ; but thev can be decomposed—tiscy can be resolved into carbon and hydrogen . Phosphorous contains no carbon , no hydrogen , nothing r .: oro elementary than itself ; it is therefore deemed a simple or elementary substance . If we set a piece of phosphorus on fire , and hold a bellglass over it , the pho .-phorus bums a short time , and is then extinguishes ! . It lias the property of consuming a ; l the oxygon of the air , confined by the bellglass , cxpediticiisiy and completely . The same object may be obtained in a more quiet manner , and more instructively , without seitinsr the phosphorus on fire
at aa . Dry a stick of phosphorus on blotting paper for a minute or two , then put it into a wine-glass . Set the foot of the wine-glass in water , and invert the bell-skss over it as before . By slow decrees the water wiii rise in the inside of the bell-glass , and at the expiration of a few days , in warm weather , the phosphorus will be found , by slow combustion , to have devoured about one-fifth of the air , andtheremaiaing four-lifths will be found entirely altered , not in appearance , but in properties . It will no longer support name of any kind , and a small animal confined in it would die for-Kant « t' breatli ; hence it is sometimes called azote , or azotic gas—lifeless air . It is now , however move commonly called nitrogen , because it may be obtained frcm uitre , or saltpetre .
14 . When chemists analyse air , they mostly find it sufficient for the purpose they have in \ icw to ascertain the proportion of oxygen ; and as they consider oxygen the purer portion of air , they term the instruments by which it is measured , " Eudiometers , ' tests of purity or virtue . To effectuate this object , there are many other contrivances , which , like the experiments above described , abstract the oxysen and leave the nitrogen behind . But no ingenuity has yet accomplished the abstraction of nitrogen from atmospheric air , so as to leave the oxygen pure , Nitrogen is not merely shy , reluctant , and furtive , informing comwnations ( indeed it is often hard to say how it docs come to be combined at all ) , but it seems always on the watch for an opportunity to regain its free and independent condition , and frequently bursts away with Tioioncc . Some of the most dangerous chemical compouKds , those which explode on the slightest touch , derive their formidable character , tiicir fulminatina property , from this element .
15 . Xitwreii , combined with another element , njcrogcn , will be found worthy of deep attention av . d study in the state oi " ammonia , and its compounds . Combined with oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric acid , one constituent of the nitrates of sod ; i and potash . Lut ammonia and the nitrates must be liostnoned for tne present . 1 C . Oxygen constitutes mere than a fifth of the atmosphere in which we live , . eight-ninths ' of the vraole quaaiity of water on the surface of the earth , and , besides existing in great quantity in all animal and vegetable bodies , ifionns at least one-thim of thetotal weight of the crust of the globe . On oxygen , the processes of coinbust-on and respiration are dependent ; the functions ef animal and vegetable life arc sustained through its accat-y ; and dead organised matter , uniting again with oxygen by the process of ocranpositiou , bcceir . es tlie food of a sew race of plants .
. It It has been shown ( par . 13 ) that atmospheric air , cepmeu oi its oxygen , will no longer maintain t . ic ilame of a taper , or lh . it sort of combustion £ h . eh «; called nsi&ntioa , and is essential to animal lw . \ . e may expect , therefore , tliat purcoxvccn S - ^* ™ J"tre csMriii supportcombustion with mere tautancc than common air . Accordingly it is found , that a wax taper , a stick of phosphorus ! charcca sulphur , and even iron-wire may be burned in oxygen gas with an evolution cf much light and heat Animajs confined in oxygen gas do not , however live long ; it barns life away too last . But with this we have little to do : it is . / enough for our purpose just now to learn , that the atmosphere consists of two gases , raised together in the proportion of one part , or a little rccrc , by measure , of oxygen , to four parts of nitrogen ; and that the one , oxygen , supports combustion aad respiration ; while the other , nitrogen , extinguishes ilanicasd anim . il life .
13 . Chemists , as we have already noticed ( par . 11 , ) attach mere importance ie oxygen than to nitrogen ; but it may lie taker , as a general principle , that all articles of food ere enhanced in vahc by the proportion of nitrogen thai contain ; and that among the substances which , acting as manures , yield food to plant ? , those which contain the largest quantity of azotiscd animal or vegetable matter contribute " the most to eiirieli the soil .
WATER . 10 . Sir Isaac Jfcwton conjectured that water contained soiac inflammable ingredient . Our illustrious countrnaan , the Hon . llv . Cavendish , discovered its real composition about the . year 1766 . Water is found to consist of oxygen , ( the gas we have already considered in paragraphs 1 C , 17 , and 18 , ) and hydro-
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gen , another gaseous element , which derives its name from this property of forming : water- with oxygen ; though the latter constitutes by far the greater portion . In every nine ounces , pound 3 , or tons ot water by weight , there are- precisely eight ounces , pounds , or tons of oxygen , to one of hydrogen . This is a fact of great importance to be remembered . Chemists have taken infinite pains to ascertain the point with accuracy . One of the most recent and most precise ( M . Dumas ) burnt together oxygen and hydrogen , until he had obtained above a quart of water , in a series of very difficult and delicate experiments the
, result of which enabled , that eminent philosopher to pronounce the composition of water to be , by weight , exactly one part of hydrogen and eight parts of oxygen . Thess are termed combining proportions by one , chemical equivalents by another , atoms by a third ; —by whatever name they may be called , these simple numbers represent the constitution of pure or distilled water , from what source or whatclimate soever it may be obtained—whether at the level of the sea , or the summit of the highest mountain—thawed from an icicle—condensed from a steanvengiuc- ^ powed from a thunder-cloud—or deposited from a mist .
20 . Hydrogen ( sometimes called "inflammable air , " because it is combustible in oxygen gas or in atmospheric air ) is the lightest substance in nature . When oxygen and hydrogen are burned together in the oxy-hydrogen lamp , ono measure of oxygen is found to combine with two measures of hydrogen exactly . Whenever water is decomposed by voltaic electricity , the two gases are invariably collected in the same proportion—two to one by measure ; if these be mixed and fired by electricity , they explode together , the gases disappear , and water is produced . Now , as water consists of two measures of hydrogen to one measure of oxygen , and as this one measure of the latter weighs eight times as much as the two measures of the former , it follows that oxygen is sixteen times heavier than hydrogen . The combining equivalent of oxygen is therefore said to be sixteen .
. 21 . It would seem that , by the process of vegetation , and in many operations connected with agriculture , water is resolved into its two gaseous elements , and that sometimes the oxygen , sometimes the hydrogen , sometimes both together , produce , by composition and decomposition , effects which at first sight cohM hardly be expected from clear , bland , tasteless water acting upon nitrogen or charcoal , whether under the mysterious influence of vital power , or the no less admirable laws of chemical agency . As we proceed , we shall gradually learn to appreciate the results of this never-ceasing activity ot' the elements of water . ( To be continued . )
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TO THE CHARTIST BODY . Friends , —I last week gave you an outline of my proceedings during the preceding week , and shall now proceed to narrate to you the course of my subsequent conduct - —•
MACCLESFIELD . On Tuesday the 10 th inst ., at half-past seven in the evening , 1 attended a public meeting in this place , on the usual spot , —Park green . Mr . Allen , who presided on the former occasion , was unanimously called to the chair ; and after a few introductory remarks , introduced our old and faithful friend , Mr . John West , to the meeting . He entered into a lengthy and elaborate exposition of first principles as applied to the land ; shewed the manner by which the aristocracy became possessed of the vast estates of which they now proclaim themselves the indisputable owners ; elucidated in clear and forcible terms the necessary consequence to society of the usurpation of the great raw material by a class , particularly when
idle and vicious , such as are those from whom our governors are selected ; and concluded a most effective address by exposing the ignorance of those who adduce the state of Ireland as a proof that parcelling the land out in small allotments must necessarily be an injury to the working classes—proving that thk sub-iettiso 8 Y 3 TEM , with a want of proper tenure , and npt the email farm principle , was the great operating cause against the happiness of the people of Ireland . This fallacy is often put forth by ignorant and interested persons against the small farm system . After Mr . West had concluded , I was called upon , and explained the Land Plan of the Convention , which seemed to give much satisfaction . I took up the objections urged against the plan , and replied
tc them . This brought out a person who had mounted the hustings evidently for the purpose of opposition . He stated that he was a stranger in the town , but having read the objections put forth , and hearing of the meeting , he had resolved upon attending and hearing for himself : but Mr . Clark had anticipated Ins objections , ami replied to them , so as to leave him nothing to say . The chairman was about to dissolve the mectiu " , when a Mr . Carruther , the leading man of the League in Macclcsficld , commenced an attack on Mr . West for his opposition to the principles «; f that party ; and insinuated that the motives which prompted-such opposition could not bapure . 'lo this Mr . West replied in a good-humoured ami happy manner , announcing his readiness lo meet any
man the League could produce , and discuss the question with him . In reply to this , Mr . Carruther stated that Mr . Timothy Falvy was about visiting Matdcsfield / or ihe purpose of lecturing In opposition to J / r . Weft , when the latter would have an opportunity of testing his anti-League opinions . Mr . West at once accepted the invitation , hoping that there would be no shuffiing ; and that as Mr . Carruther was the accredited mouth-piece of the League , he might take his word that Mr . Falvy would meet him , to wjiick Mr . CaiTuther assented . ' Should this " setto come oft ; the inhabitants of Macclcsficld may expect atreat , aml the League a dressing . God help tiicm —On Monday morning 1 left Macclesfield for the Potteries , the distance being about twenty miles , parthrou
tially gh the most deli ghtful ami romantic district of Cheshire , famous for the fertility of its sou and the abundance of the crops produced from it . If any argument was wanted to convince me of the superiority of the rural over a " rattle-box" life , I had it in the enchanting scene that opened up before me . There was nature decked out in her gayest attire , compelling the enthusiastic admiration of the most callous and indifferent . The trees were bending beneath the weight of a luxurious foliage , the feathered tribe in the full enjoyment of liberty , warbling their notes of gladness , ' looking proudly down on the " Lord of the Creation , " and as it were inviting the contrast that their relative positions could not fail to provoke , nerc and there , tliouqh
vanly scattered and dotted over the scene , stood the white-washed cottage , the emblem of peace and content , surrounded by woodbine and partially covered by the " ivy green . " The corn was sending forth its nutritious shoot , and the grass wore that healthy colour which indicates the prospect of a " good crop . " Indeed , the whole face of nature presented a most promising appearance . From this enchanting and enrapturing prospect , a short time introduced me . to the smoky and murky atmosphere of the Potteries , where I had agreed to meet , for a third time , in discussion , Mr ! Evans , editor of the rotters' Examiner , on the subject of " Home Colonisation versus Emigration . " At the request of Mr . Evans , I consented to hold the discussion at Burslcm . the stroii" .
hold of the Emigration Society : though I was aware that I should necessarily have a great deal ' of prejudice to contend against , as I was not only to oppose their " pet man , " but also their darling measure , wluch , as it had been represented to them , would put them in possession of a paradise , as compared with anything that could possibly be done at home . However , I had full reliance on the superiority of my principle over that of my opponent ; in addition to which I had , on the two former occasions , fully satisfied not only the general public , but numbers of the Lmigir . tionists , that with the means it would take to transport themselves and families to America , they might be made comfortable in England . The meeting , like the two former ones , was crowded to excess .
Mr . Evans travelled over the same ground he had traversed on the previous occasions , and I . of course was compelled to follow him . The discussion ' was carried on with pretty good temper all through , and we separated with a distinct understanding that we had both been victorious . Many however observe that as a proof that Mr . Evans feels he has lost ground , he has , in last week ' s Examiner , promised his friends that if they will but attend to him . that what he failed to do in the discussion he will trv to do through the columns of the Examiner . In ' the discussion he stated that the corn to be grown bv tlic Potters' Colony would be sent through the Canadas into England and sold in our market , where it would ol course have to come in contact with our
homegrown grain , and thus the Potters , removed from the manufacturing market in Hanl y , would go to America to become a competitive power auainst our a ^ icultural labourers . That ' s " out of the frying pan into fire , " with a vengeance . In a former number of the iicamner , in reply to some observations from Mr . 0 Connor , Mr . Evans says , that the main object of the society is "to remove the surplus labour from their trade , &e ; " the plan he- proposes is to send the surplus Potters to the United States , where they could carry on the potting business . Now , when it is understood that nearly one-third of the entire pottuig trade of this country rs carried on with America , the ordinary run of mankind will be at a loss to discover I " ii ? ' 0 itei ' s wl ' ° remain at home arc likely to be benenttcd
by sending out a number of persons to America to execute those orders which thev now have the execution of at home . Certainly Mr . ' Evans and his lnends are justified in denouncing the Chartists of the Potteries as enemies of union for refusing to tolerate such trash as this . I would tell ° Mr . Evans , however , that ne may write himself black in the face ere he will be able to convince the working men of the Potteries that Yates , Bcnington , Oldham , and a host of other noble fellows ( some of -whom have shown their dovotion to union by twelve months on the treadmill ) who arc bow struggling to emancipate their country ' are at all inimical to combinations of the Trades . II they refuge to listen to the folly of emi gration , I think it is by no means a proof of a waut of sincerity
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in the cause of humanity : and from what I know of these men , IfeeYconscioufthafany of them would rather . be . ll / A ^ oad . and feed . upon ,. the . loathsome vapbuvs of a dungeon , " than stand up in the presence of a meeting of their townsmen , and eschew all their former opinions , even though they might have held the " extravant notions of the Socialists . " No , no , Mr . Evans ; not one of them would do that . And yet they are made the subject of repeated attacks from youv pen—covertly , I admit—but not a whit the more manly on that account . So much for the Potteries .
BIL 8 TON . On Thursday evening I lectured here to a large audience , on the subject of the Land . Mr . Powell presided on the occasion ; and after I had spoken , an old friend , " Daddy Richards , " addressed the meeting at length , and with considerable effect . The result was the formation of a branch of the Land Society .
BinMIKGIUM . On Sunday morning I addressed a numerous meeting ( numerous , seeing that it was a Birmingham one ) , in Duddeston-row , on the measures of the late Convention , and was listened to with much attention . Mr . Williamson also spoke on tho subject of union , severely lashing tho working classes for their callous and disgraceful apathy . BILSTO . V . I attended here again on Tuesday , for the purpose of delivering a second lecture on the Land , but on my arrival , I found the whole population of the district in a state of high ferment , in consequence of tho ruffianly conduct of a party of the "Rural Blues , " who had , as far I could leiirn , made a savage attack upon some working man . who resisted : and
several other werking men interfering on his behalf , they were all arrested , and duly committed to Stafford , to be tried at the sessions : the committing Dogberry being a tyrannical coal king . I saw a number of brave ( 1 ) policemen avmed with , cutlasses , taking the men off to Wolverhampton , amidst the most dreadful groans I ever heard . I addressed a meeting in the Chartist Room , Stanley-street , " Daddy Richards" in the chair , and he joined me in pointing out the foll y of such petty interferences as had taken place with blackguard policemen . We both recommended them to steer clear of such conduct , and the meeting separated . —Thomas Clark . Birmingham , Wednesday .
GREENWICH . The En-closuue op Commons Act and the Ciiaktisi Co-operaiive Land Society . — The assembly room of the George and Dragon Tavern , Blackheathhill , was on Monday evening last completely filled with a highly respectable audience to take into consideration the above subjects . Mr . Firth was unanimously called to the chair , and having briefly opened the proceedings , called on Mr . J . Morgan to move the adoption of a petition . Mr . Morgan read at length a petition against the Enclosure Bill of the Earl of Lincoln , also praying for the repeal of all Enclosure Acts , and the restitution of the land to the people . Ho said public meetings were called for the purpose of testing public feelins : but it unfortunately
too frequently happened that the few took upon themselves to think and act for the many . ( Hear , hear . ] Tho promoters of that meeting , however , hoped that the audience had strength of mind sufficient to think and act for themselves . Sir Robert Peel had recently . attributed our present anomalous condition—a condition which , showed the extreme of wealth and the extreme of poverty—to our high state of civilisation ( laughter ) , whilst Lord Brougham had most blasphemously attributed our miseries to Divine Providence : but let the people only persevere in their present course , and they will soon convince the most sceptical that their miseries and difficulties are the result of neither tho one nor the other , but tho sure results of class legislation . ( Loud
cheers . )—Mr . Benington cordially seconded the motion . —Mr . P . M'Gvath , in rising to support the petition , was received with much applause . He said , when we consider the grievances of the people , and the nostrums provided to alleviate their distresses—when we find people stupid enough , or wicked enough to propagate tho doctrine that this land of ours will not grow food enough to support its inhabitants ; when we find Lord John Russell telling the British House of Commons that nothing but a national system of emigration can effectually remedy our ills , it is time for us to look round and see if our own native soil will not sustain in plenty , comfort , and happiness the whole of our population . ( Cheers . ) Able men , staticians of great renown—men who do
not hold Cnartist principles—these men , whoso authority has been admitted by the Government , have given testimony that the lauds of England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales will support more than three times the amount of their present inhabitants . ( Cheers . ) Strange as it may appear , we meet here to ask the Parliament of the United Kingdom to restore tho land that has from time to time been stolen from us . Aye , my friends , it is a fact , that the land has been stolen from us ; and did you now venture to set your foot on what was once yows , in pursuit of tlic wild animals that run across it , or tho wild birdsthafc fly over it , you would subject yourselves to imprisonment , or , perchance , seven years ' transportation for " noaehin < r . " Could we only obtain
a restoration of the stolen Isnds , and " cmpluy the people thereon , it would at once relievo the labour market of its surcharge , regulate the wages in the artificial market , and surround the mass of the people with the blessings of peace , prosperity , and happiness . ( Great cheering . ) He was a " first principle man ;" and as such looked upon the earth as man ' s inheritance the gilt of the Creator to Ms creatures in common . ( Loud cheers . ) How was this precious gift lost ? Look back to the time of the Norman Invasion . Behold the "heroes" cutting the throats and murdering the inhabitants , awl then parcelling out the land to their retainers . But did murder and pillage confer a " title ? " Did it justify the descendants of the perpetrators in starving the industrious
millions to death ? ( Loud cheers . ) When a Scotch nobleman was once asked what "title" he had to his estate , he drew his sword , threw it- on the table and said , " There is my title deed . " ( Hear , hear . ) He are frequently told that we have " a glorious constitution in Church ami State ( laughter ); and that under its protection the sun never rises on the palace ot a tyrant , or sets on tke cottacro of a slave . " The only Merenpe between slavery at homo and slavery abroa d is , that the foreign slave works for one master who looks to his welfare as he would to any other piece of property ( hear , hear ) , while the slavo at home works for any master who will bo graciously pleased toallow him . ( Hear , hear . ) The life of the savage ot the desert is far preferable to tho " civilised "
"free-born" Englishman . The savage rises in the morning , takes his bow , and traverses majestically his native forest in quest of prey , without the least dread of the accursed Game Laws , and returns at night laden with tho snoils of the chaee , to enjoy it in his own wigwam , surrounded by his own free ami healthful family . 0 , how different was the lot of the poor English man or woman , stewed up in the unhealthy atmosphere of a factory , and whose only lot was-work work , work . ( Hear , kar . ) Perchance the English labourer is employed on some Government work : well , he turns out to work at six in flic morning , continuing at it until night ; and no sooner does he attem pt toleavo his employment for the uislit , than ofheers search his hat and his pocketsfor a
, man can't be poor but he must be a thief . ( Hear , hear . ) _ Well , tho free-born Briton reaches the street with Ins two shillings and sixpence . Arrived at the grocers , ho easays to spend it . Here lie is taxed fifty per cent . Ho next strolls iuto the public-house to be taxed seventy-five percent . ; and alas , while excited by the dram , and buried amid the fume ? of tobacco , he so far forgets himself as to sins " Britons neyer shall be slaves . " ( Loud cheers . ) If the people did not bestir themselves , and that quickl y , the Earl pt Lincoln and the mania for enclosing would not leave them a vestige of their common lands . ( Hear hear . ) he could not agree with the idea of the people transporting themselves , whilst there was so niucii Jaml at home in want of cultivation . —The
petition was put and carried unanimousl y . On the motion ot Messrs . Morgan and Bicsc , it was unanimously-i-esolved ,. that the petitioiv'bc stencil by the chairman on behalf of the incetinff , and that it bo forwarded to Aumiral Dundas for presentation to the House of Commons . —Mr . Stallwood moved th » following resolution . - — "That this meeting view with clciisht any attempt made to restore the soil to the keeping oi its rightful owners , the people , and hereby pledges itself , uidivuluall y and collectively , to support the Chartist Co-operative Land Plan . " Mr Charles Bolwell , m seconding it , said he thought it admirably calculated to remove the surplus hands from the labour market , and to create a o- cd home market with a steady consumption ° 1 Iq
could see no reason wh y any man should be a "Lord of tne soil . " No man had a rWit to hold another in serfdom . Thomas Paine lmd . vrcll observed , God did not create rich and poor , he only created male and female . " ( Loud cheers . ) He much feared it was to the apathy of the workers that their miseries might be traced . They had allowed others to think and act for them , and tho class legislators had first deprived them cf the franchis ? , and then despoiled them of their ri ghtful inheritancethe land . ( Loud cheers . )—Mr . Gathartl , secretary to the Lambeth District of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , begged the attention of the meeting for a few minutes . lie had seen in a certain newspaper a letter signed "William Wish-I-may-get-ifc . " Ik could not lock at- this production but asVliction .
lie unhesitatingly asserted there could not be any such person as that letter would represent . In tlie first place , instead of the society being dead , the district to which he . had the honour to be secretary had made such progress that it now numbered one hundred members ( loud cheers ); and at each mooting considerable accessions were made . Only let "William Wish-I-mny-get-it" assume a corporeal shape , and attend the next meeting of his district , and lie ( Mr . Gathard ) would . undertake to return him any sr . ni lie may have advanced on account of a share or shares—aye , if there were fifty of them . ( Loud cheers . ) . lie would however assure that meeting that no application of the sort , as represented in that letter , had been made to him as secretary . On the contrary , everything > Yent on most harmoniously
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and prosperously ; and he was very happy to find that their exertions in this borough were also crowned with success .. ( Great cheering . ) The resolution was then put and carried with acclamation . Aeongiderablc number of rules were disposed of , and several shares taken up . Mr . Abbott , in an excellent speech , moved a vote of thanks to Messrs . M'Grath , Stallwood , and Bolwell , for their able assistance . Mr . Sweetlove seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously . A like compliment was paid tho chairman , and tho meeting dissolved .
MANCHESTER . The Land ! tub Land !!—A public meeting was held in tho Carpenters' Hall , Garrett-road , " Manchester , on the evening of Sunday last , for tho purposo of hearing a lecture on the all-important question , "The Land , " by Feargus O'Connor , Esq . The hall was crowded in every part by a most respectable audience , amongst which was a goodly sprinkling of the middling classes . Mr . John Smith , a factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who said , that lie was proud to preside over so largo a meeting of his fellow-townsmen , but prouder still at seeing their old and tried friend ,. Mr . Feargus O'Connor , amongst them ( loud cheers ); moreparticularly as they had seen objections made , duringthe last
few weeks , to the plan of the Chartist Co-operativo Land Society , in Lloyd ' s Weekly Newspaper , by a man who did not give his name . Mr . O'Connor , no doubt , would reply to that gentleman , and likewise explain the principles of the plan . lie would therefore introduce that gentleman . to their notice . Mr . O'Connor , on rising , was greeted with several rounds of applause , which having subsided , Mr . O'Connor said , lie had a request to make , and that was , that they would allow Mr . Grocott to read his ( Mr . O'Connor ' s ) letter , from the Star of Saturday , as in that letter was given Mr . James Hill ' s plan of the National Land and Building Society . This would be doing more justice to Mr . Hill than that gentleman had shown towards him ( Mr . O'Connor ) . Mr .
Grocott then read tho whole of the letter , which was repeatedly cheered , after which Mr . O'Connor said , they would now be able to judge of the plan propounded by Mr . Hill ; or , as he ( Mr . O'Connor ) designated it , tho " Seventy-five Assurance Company . " Ho had to stand the whole of the opposition of the press ; of that of ambitious individuals , and that also of pct-honse coteries . Much of his time was taken up in answering them . The reading of the ' letter , which they had heard , would enable them to decide which was the " hqrse-chesnut" and which the chesnut-horse . Mr . Hill said , by £ 20 shares they might secure a room in a house for life . Why , if they would gi ye him ( Mr . O'Connor ) 2000 £ 20 shaves ho would , in six years , give every shareholder
a ivhole house and ten acres of good land , freehold for ever . But Mr . Hill said it was not necessary that the shareholder in the "National Land and Building Association" should have paid up the whole of the £ 20 . A peraon at the age of 60 , who has paid £ 1112 s ., would be entitled to ono room in a wellventilated house for life ; and a man at the age of 75 years , having paid little more than £ 5 , would be entitled to a like privilege . This was indeed the "horse-chesnut ; " for Mr . Hill was asking twenty per cent , more than any assurance company in England , lie wished to establish individual independence . This was opposed , from the petty shopkeeper to the Prime Minister : by all who lived by the labour of others . Under the present system , it is a difficult question to ascertain , " What is man ? " There
was no saying now "A man ' s a man for a * that . " Mr . Dixon , of Carlisle , had 3000 men employed under him and his partners . Every man of these 3000 was at the mercy of Dixon . So it was with the Holdsworths , the Binleys , and all the rest , whether they employed 1000 or 100 men . An individual employed by these parties could not exercise the independence o f a man . lie was bound both by the caprice of the employer and tho necessities . of his fellow-workmen . He therefore wished to place a band of them on the land , to prove Wio importance and value of individualism . This was only to be accomplished by co-operation amongst the working classes ; for neither the manufacturers nor the aristocracy would help them .
' 1 hey , therefore , must help themselves . The object of all the Hills and others was to rob him of that confidence which the people placed in him . But he thanked God the more he w . 13 attacked the more confidence they had in him . ( Loud cries of " We have , " " we have . " ) He would pass over the doubts of Mr . Hill , "that the directors might die ;" or "the treasurer might be unwilling to give up the money . " But there was not one word about Mr . Iiill , or the possibility of that gentleman ' s going to America with the funds of the National - "Seventy-five Assurance Company . " lie ( Mr . O'Connor ) had refused to become cither the treasurer or the sub-treasurer of the Co-operative Land Society . He had refused to touch a farthin »
of the funds : but whilst he did not handle the money himself , he would be like the dog in the manger , he would take care that not one farthing of it should he expended for any other purpose than that for which it was subscribed . All that he would have to do with the society would bo to take the whole of the trouble ; and when they were located on the land , he did not think they would grumble even if he did go to America , with his bag full of trouble on his back . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Hill had not mentioned the important question of raising a natural standard of wages by taking the " surplus labour" out of the artificial market . What he ( Mr . O'Connor ) meant was simply this : if it took 300 men of any trade to do the work of a particular townand if 100 more
, workmen in that trade came to the town , tho result would be that the 400 , in less than one month , would receive less in wages than the S 00 did previously . In answer to those who said , do you want to send all the people on the land ? lie said , no : but if the 100 had had the chance of going on the land , the 300 would have the chance of keeping up their wages . And if an " improvement" should take placef ? that 250 could do the work of the 300 , then he ( Mr . O'Connor ) wanted the fifty to have land to go to , by which they could support themselves , and at the same time enable their brethren to keep up the price of labour in the artificial market . Thank God , a
poor Irish demagogue had forced the land question on the press of the country , and done something towards leading Republican America to an cxamina ° - tion . of tho all-important question . In 1832 , he wrote letters to the Irish landlords on the question , and again in 18-il . Mr . O'Connor concluded an able lecture by calling on all present to consider the question . He sat down amid long , loud , and oft-repeated cheers . Several questions were asked of Mr . O'Connor which ho answered to the entire satisfaction of the inquirers and the audience . Mr . O'Connor then remained until a late hour enrolling members and disposing of cards and rules of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society .
I 1 ANLEY . Staffordsiime Potteries . —The committee of the Hanky and Shelton Working Man ' s Hall beg most respectfully to inform their friends aud the public generally that a second deposit of £ 315 s . has been made towards the Land fund ; making in all the sum of £ 50 and upwards , which lias been paid . They requcst that nil who arc friendly to tho above object will at once come forward and assist them in this laudable undertaking . A general meeting of the shareholders will take place at Mi \ J . Yates ' s , Miles Bank , Sheiton , on . Monday evening next , at seven o ' clock , for the purpose of electing olficcrs for the ensuing year .
BLACKBURN . _ Land . —Another meeting was held here on tlic 2 itli mst . ot the Chartist Co-oparativo Land Societv . Wiicn more new members took out shares aud paid their entrance money . We shall continue mcctinevery fuesday night , at eight , o ' clock , for the purl pose ot enrolling members and transacting the general business of the society . Wo have no doubt but that this town would be one of the first and best in all Lancashire if wo had some of our worthy i ' riends to give a few public lectures on the subject . We shall meet at Mr . George Nurton ' s Temperance 1 Iotel , King-street . Friends desirous of purchasing rules ot the Chartist Land Society may do so by application to tho said G . Nurton .
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Auumixg Fibe at CiAFn . ui-RisE . ~ On Sunday morning , shortly after two o ' clock , a fire was discovered by police-constable 41 V , in tho lower part of the premises occupied by Mr . John White , bread and biscuit baker , Larkhall-lanc , Clapham-Rise . Tho family , consisting of several persons , who were asleep at the time , were with difficulty aroused by the eonstables , and by the time the engines from the parish , Soutlnvark-bridgc-road , and Waterloo-road stations of the brigade and the West of England office had arrived tho fire had made rapid progress , the doors of the dwelling haying been incautiously broken open , contrary to the directions of the superintendent of the London fire-engine establishment ( Mr . Braidwood ) , who has long since issued directions to tho police not to permit any such incautious practice . When the engines were got to work it was found
impossible to save Mr . White ' s dwelling , so the attention of the firemen was directed to the preservation of the adjoining premises , which were liappilv rescued from the violence of the fire . Mr . White ' s house is not only gutted , but the front walls on Monday morning about five o ' clock fell inwards with a fearful crash , and the gable at the eastern end is so dangerous that it must be taken down . How tho fire originated has not been ascertained . The damar-e which amounts to about £ 500 , is thus stated in tlia official report of Mr . Braidwood : — " Mr . White ' s premises , burnt down ; contcntsand buildings insured m the Sun Fire-office . Mr . S . Davis , hairdresser ¦ considerable damage to contents and building ; contents not insured ; building in the Sun Fire-office Mr . S . Stroud , chandler and general dealer ; contents considerably damaged : building only insured . "
Explosion op Gunpowder . —Between six and seven o clock on Saturday an alarming explosion of gunpowder took place in tlic proot-lwusc of the Ounmakers' Company , situation thesouthside of Churchlane , near Whitcchapel Church , which blew out the whole range of windows of the workshops , and did great damage to the glass of the houses in the neighbourhood . The explosion took place while the men were loading musket barrels for the purpose of proving them , and is supposed to have been caused by something brittle in the powder with which a lad was charging one of the barrels . There were several vessels containing powder on a bench where the lad was at work , and which exploded at the same time . The men escaped unhurt , but the lad had one of his fingers blown oftj and ho is otherwise seriously iujured .
FnionTFUL Tragedy . —Constantinople , June 1—Ltst week a fearful tragedy took place on board tho Austrian commercial steamer Impcratrice , on her way from Trebisondo to this port . She touched in coming down at Samsoun and Synopc , and at the latter place received , on Thursday night , amon « st other passengers , two Candahar dervishes , brothers who had been expelled from Trebisonde and Samsoun by the local authorities , on account of their bad reputation . The day following , butween two and three o ' clock in the afternoon , after these individuals had swallowed , it is said , a copious dose ofkhashkliash , or some other maddening drug , they said their prayers and then arose , shouting in a tone of delirium , " lloo ! Hoo ! " ( the cry of dervishes in allusion to the name of
the Deity ) . One drew forth a pistol and discharged it into the back of a Greek in the cookhouse ; and both , dagger in haHd , began roaming about tho deck like demons , killing or wounding all who fell in their way . The fircr of the pistol being seized by one of the . crcw , Captain Clician , who commanded the steamer , went up to disarm him , when the brother , of the fellow made a lunge at him from behind with his dagger , which fortunately passed between his left arm and his body , cutting his clothes without touching his person . The captain on this retreated , but as arms had in the meantime been brought on deck , he seized a musket and instantly transfixed one of the dervishes through the neck , whilst the other monster was felled to the earth by a blow from a water bucket which had been snatched up by a sturd y six-feet
stoker . The crew , now armed , enme up , rind the writhing dervishes were quickly dispatched , but unfortunately rather too late , for they had already killed one man and wounded seven others , of whom two arc since dead , whilst others lie in tlic greatest danger . A Turkish imaum ( priest ) received ' a slight cut , but it maj [ have been accidental , as the men brandished their weapons in all directions . Among the victims mortally wounded was Mr . MarinoviclC agent of tlic steamers at Trebisonde , a , gentleman well known there , highly esteemed and universally regretted . lie has left behind him , unprovided for , two lovely daughters , aged twelve and fourteen , who lost their mother ( n woman of extraordinary beauty ) some seven or eight years ago , by that cruel malady the plague . The mate of tlic steamer received three very severe wounds , but it is hoped that he will
recover . Mr . Smith , the proprietor of the shooting sallei'y in Holborn , expired on Thursday morning last IVoiii an abscess caused by the wound in his back . It may be remembered ha was shot last July by the lion . Mr . Tuchet , who was tried , and acquitted on the ground ot insanity . Mcrderixoin Jest . —AvcrvsinsiiilarcircnBistance , involving a duel and death , took place at Cincinnati hst iucsday . _ An Englishman named Robert Bland kept a tavern m that ci ty . On the afternoon of Tucsday ( as we learn from the Commereiul ) Mr . Bland got to nreuins with one Sarauol Powell on the subject ot shooting at a mark , and each had been boasting of his skill . From shooting at a mark the suojecuturneu on duelling , when Bland went behind the bar m his tavern , and took up a pair of pistols .
letting Powell take Ms choice , s ^ nifvin" that thev could determine the point b y . a trial of skill . As Ihev both went out of the tavern door Mr . Bland saidlo Powell , "the pistols are loaded . " They had agreed , it appears , to fire at a distance of " twenty steps , bui after ta king their positions , in the manner ot duellists , they each walked two or three paces \ v heeled , ami kothfired ' . The result of this was , that i j i W ! ls s . llot > tlie baU Bering the right side , andthen passing through ihe region of the chest to the point of the shoulder-blade , wi : cre it lolged . He huscred till about half-past eicnt o ' clock next morning , when he died , leaving ,-f v .-ite and two cijildren . Both parties in this trasedy were natives ot Inland and what led to it is a mvstcrv . Dwhu : the night following Mr . Bland stated that "he hail not intended to kill Powell , and was glad he did not . " —JSeiv lork Paper .
A E ' piALE 1 'iF . xD . —A Mrs . Reed , under sentence otdcataaL Lawreneeville , Indiana , for the murder pt her nusband , after several iiiciik-tual attends to nan " herself , has confessed not only the woisonnw of her husband , for which she was condemned , but two other persons before , as well as the murder of a nen . iow , for ius money ; anil , as though these enormities were not enouirl ] , she has also confessed having caused the death of two children bv starvation . —& iv lork paper , Acciuest . —On Saturday a frishtnil occurrence took place in tho shiy-buikiins vam of Messrs . Wk ' -
ram iJlacltwall , by which a lino youn « mini , named George King , a » etl IS , has received such serious injuries that his life is despaired of . It appears tlait he was employed in oiling some portion of the machinery , when by some means he became entangled in the straps attached to the drum of the engine , and he was whirled round and round with fearful velocity for threo or four minutes . The poor fellow war , extricated in a dreadful condition , when it was ascertained that his left thish was completely sniKslicd , us Jot t shoulder dislocated , and his ri ^ starm broken , bcsiws haying received several cuts andcontu-ions about t ! : e head , face , and chest . —Evening I ' apsr .
Destkcctiox of Sevextbex Houses isy Fmr . —On riiui-sday evening week , about six o ' clock ' , the inhabitauisoi . Soutlimaltmi , Devonshire , were alarmed by the cry of " Five ! " which proceeded from the dwelling-house of Mr . Thomas Tout , builder , or a house contiguous to it , situate in East-street , and burnt with great fury for several hours . Notwithstanding three engines were quickly on the spot , no fewer than scyeiiteun dwelling-houses were entirclv destroyed , and others partially so , and nianv others unroofed . Awful-an- d Fatal Fire . — Em- saw , Ji'xu 14 . — On tho 9 th inst . tiic villace of Alt JSerun was almost wholly destroyed by five , only a brewery and two small houses having escaped . Two sick females and eighteen children perished . Nearly all tho houses were coastrueted of wood .
Assassixatiox . —On the 12 th inst . M . Baron Mayor ofCharnas ( Anlcclic ) , assistan t justice of the poaeo for tho canton of Serricras , a--. il Member of the Couiic . l of the AiT 0 Mli 3 senifiut , was assassinated bv a manof Picavilel , who had previously stabbed Ms own wile m three places , aud thrown her into a well . M . baron died instantly . The wife of the murderer , who was the daughter of M . Lnvon , is stiil livintr , and hopes of her recovery are entertained . No causeibr these sanguinary-acts is stated by the Courier de . m Jv'Oins , from which we derive t ! : c account , nor is it said wisctiier the assassin has been arrested .
Railway Accident . —The-down train upon the Intern Counties line which left London at a quarter past four p . jr , on Monday , \ Y ; is detained for about twent y minutes at Margaretting , under the following circumstances : —On its arrival r . ear Peacock's , Margarettmg , a horse , the property of Mr . Hardv , strayed , throu-ii a gate which had been left open at a level crossing , and at tho instant tho train came up the animal attempted to cross ever the line ; the consequence w ;; s tnat it was ei ; t to atoms by the engine and tho first carriage ,- winch , however , maintained their
position upon theraiU ; the succeeding carriage was tiirovm o .. , bat by the excellent management of the driver the train was brought to : v staml-still without the slightest injury to any individual . A noily Of plate-layovs , v . 'ho wore ibi'luuaUly at hand . sppcciilv rsplaeod the cju-waaro upon tho rails , and lockttl the wheels , when tho train proceeded in safety . I he carriages upon the train were six in number , and were- all well filled . The horse , we arc informed , hail been turned off thi-liae twice before durin" the d » y » —© sear Herald , ¦ °
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Agriculture An* £Ortttultur?«
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ agriculture an * £ ortttultur ?«
Cfcartfet Intelligence.
Cfcartfet Intelligence .
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FIELDjGARDEN OPERATIONS . lor ihe Week eonmendag Ibnday , Julg lrf , 1844 . [ Extracted fom a Duc t of ^ aUfymtimaGD five small faimsonthcestates of Mrs . Davics Gilbert , near "Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at SUitlwaite . in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Fnrnley Tyas , near Huddcrsfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on then * own jaiidi The farms selected as models arc—First Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
five screaeach , conducted by G . Cruttcnden and John HarrB . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrdl—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaith--valtc . Fourth . Scveralnrivatemodelfarmsnearthc 8 ameplace . TheconsecufiVeonerationsinthesereporU mil enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Duby is aided by "Noteaand Obser rations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
"Can yon keep a pig ! You will find a pig the best save-all that you can have about a garden ; and he will pay yon well for his keep . " —Hie See . JR . W . Kyle's Uelure . L ' oie . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , wh » ia return for three huuri teaching in the morning , g ive , three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the matter ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsitpokuxg . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of Vie school farm will be assigned tolhc boys , andone-scvtvJh to the master , who will receive the usual scltool fees , help tin boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , iu addition to reading , writing , &c ., to convert their produce into lacon , by attending to j > i g-ieeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy asumgst tltern tit proportion to their services , and hemudethnsindirectl y to reach tlicirparents in a may the mott grateful ta tlieirfeelings . ]
SUBSES . Mosdat—Willmgdon School . Soys digging , and manuring with tank li quid for white turnips after spring tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging , and planting cabbages , watering them , weeding and hoeing potatoes . Piper . Hoeing lucerne ; toe it deep . LambreU . Sowing soot aud lime on the turnips , to drive away the fly , catting np tare stubble . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boys doing the same as yesterday . Eastdean Scliool . Boys planting cabbages , manuring and watering , weeding mangel ¦ Hrurzel , cabbages , and turnips . Hper . Applying tank liquid to the lucerne . DumbreU . Catting tare stubble for litter , planting cabbages . VEDXEspix—WiUingdon School . Boys digging , and applying tank liquid for white turnips alter tares .
Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigatye tank , sowing rape and tares for green food , hoeing potatoes . Tipcr . Hoeing potatoes ; remove the bloom as yon go on . Dumbrell . Transplanting mangel wurzel , cutting np rye grass . Thursday — Willingdon School . Boys sowing white turnips and harrowing . Eastdean School . Boys hoeing potatoes , nipping the blossoms from them , weeding oats and barley . Itper . Hoeing potatoes ; do . not break or braise the haulm . ~ DumbreU Eartfeing up potatoes , transplanting parsnips . Fhiiux— Willingdon Scltool . Boys digging , and applying solid manure for white turnips after spring tares . Eastdean School . Copious rain , boys in the school or platting straw , and learning to make becrhiyes . Tiper . Digging tare ground . DumbreU Earthing np potatoes , transplanting mangel
vur-Siicapji—WiUingdon School . Boys earthing ap potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys transplanting potatoes , sowing white turnip ' seed , cleaning out jj iggery , portable pails , and school-room . Piper Ssame as before . DumbrtU . Hoeing carrots , digging np tare ground , digging up rye grass .
TOSKsninE . Slakhwaite Tenants . C . Yarley , sowing swede turnips , planting swedes , manuring far aud planting turnips , mowing grass . John Bamford , weeding and hoeing swede turnips , earthing potatoes , and planting swedes . COW-FEEDIXG . Wmhgdon School . Cows fed on tires in the stall . DumlreWs . Two cows stall-fed with tares till Fridav , afterwards witk clover . C . Yarley ' s . Stall-fed on peas and "rass .
SOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Fkchs of Field Gahdeoxg at Eastdouiwe . — [ "Providenflfe never sends mouths font it sends meat . "OM i ' wKri . ]—I have been favoured with a letter ft om Mrs . Davies Gilbert which shows , ia a most striking manner what has resulted from Belgian fannlu" on ier estates , audinspires hopes of its success elsewhere . "John Harris , " says she , "the Esstdcan schoolmaster ,-who was taken from the Eastbourne Union liouse a few years ago , with his wife and seven children , last llichaelnj ; is-day , the very day it bennne due , paid the last rent of bis land of live acres ; after which I saw hi j two cows , which arc thriviii " iu the stabler-one pig nearly ready to kill—another with
liarlccnpigsainontli oW—a stack of oats—six pits of potatoes in the field—iuruins , mansel wurz-- ! , rape and clover growing . It being Saturday , his sons m-re turasning out his wheat iu the school-room , while his si-juiars were dLjsing his laud , mucli cf ¦ which mis ready for the next crop . " Hew remarkable the contrast with what follows , contained iu tlie same letter . "I Lad a maid wLo lived with me thirteen years , and married my coachman who had lived witluuestven years . Taking a farm of , Ibe-. Levey 10 ) acres , he sunk his own moncv , and his relations say died of grief for the Joss of it , leaving ins widow with three children , who is eoine into juv louse , and I hope wiil live well as schoolmistress on £ ve acres' "
HrilBLE 17 EALTH . — £ " 3 Ian 13 the masterpiece of crestioii : he is better than money , house , orla"U . 1—I select another inslauce iu Jesse Piper . He cviceatiy with much satisfaction , at Christmas last , temg out of debt , described the treasures of his little arm , more precious to him than the rich man ' s abunoance . Irom sn acre of wheat , except two or three rods , lie had thirty-sevca bushels of grain and 1-3 'J trusses of straw : and ten strav oxen ' had destroyed him several bushels just before harvest . He lias 250 bushels of potatoes , from three-quarters of an acre ; four tora of turnips ; two teas of carrots : his lucerne lie cut five time
Las s , the worth of it S 0 i . ; onions ten bushels , worth £ 2 ; carrot seed £ 1 ; turnip seed 103 . ; barley , four bushels , 12 s . ; four bushels of peas , ¦ worth 12 s . ; hay , one and three-quarters tons , worth £ o ; one cow , worth to him quite £ 10 a-vear , and last year he boiight one for £ 4 , which * i * il calve in three weeks , and sell then for £ 8 ; and to crown all Ius riches , three hogs , each weighing twentv-sk stones !! Much better situate was this poor * but intelligent man , than if he had been in thcLVusi House ; as might have been the case , at the cost of Ms owa maintenance and that of his fanrilv broken down in spirit , discontented , aad unhappy . *
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JOIXT ILl-TORT OP THE IxSPECTOltS Ol' FaOTOUIKS . — Factory Ollico , London , June 4 . —Sir , —We , the undersigned inspectors oi" factories , appointed under the Factories Regulation Act , anil tlic Act ( 7 Vic ., c . 15 ) to amend the laws relating to labour in factories , have now tlie honour to report to you that we met here on the 2 . 7 th of May , according to previous arrangement . At this meeting , which has been continued by adjournments till this day , we have read over the * reports made hy us for the quarter , from July 1 to September 30 , 184-1 , and from that date for
seven months since tlic amending Act took effect , to 80 th of Ap ril last . No circumstances have occurred on which it seems requisite for us to make a special report ; but we have all of us pleasure in stating that , in consequence of the provisions of the air . cwU ing Act , of which we have had seven months' experience , the factory law is now much more easil y ami effectually enforced . AVe hayc the honour to be " , Sir , youv most obedient servants , Leonard Horxeh , T . Jones Howell , Robert J . Sausdebs , J . Stuart . The Right Hon . Sir James It . G . Graham , Bart ., one of her Majesty ' s Principal Secretaries of State , &c . & « . Ac .
A Man ' s Face Saved pnoit beikq Eatex away , by JHolloway ' s Fills and Oisimbst . —James Webb , residing in Robin llood-court , Leather-lane , Holborn ) had a large hole through his check , and several other ulcers eating away the flesh from different parts of Ills face . He had been an in-patient of Charing-cross Hospital for six months , under sivrgeon Partridge but met with no cure , until he cured himself bv means of { lie above extraordinary and miraculous mC ( licinC 3 which arc , when used together , a certain remedy for auy ulcer or wind , however long standing or dcBperatc . Webb-is known to hundreds of persons , bein <* a brewer ' s Jraynian , and in tlie streets of London every day *
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* THE NQRTHEBN STAft # Jura 28 , 1845 .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 28, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1321/page/6/
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