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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( 'Continued from oiirl-at . ) CAKSOX . 22 . The charcoal of wood is a substance famitfar to every one . AY lieu banicd away it leaves behind a snail quasfcty of ashes ( par . 1 ) . Could wo deprive the charcoal of these ashes , it would bapflrc carbon Carbon , therefore , is the elementary part of charcoal —its coaibinins portion , as it exists iu the carbonic aaa of roarble . &c . Pure carbon , like pure iron is jtarelj- if ever , separately obtained . The diamond exposed to a strong heat in oxygen gas , or even couaaiu" air , buna away , auU the result of its conili'jstKia k tlic * a » -, o as i !« t of flie combustion of charcoal , lfearcoiid was long supposed to be pure CJthon . liat rm : ;? pl ! ileEO' ; l : crs have latolv obiaired
a * . u » v « : « ai : ; o ihajsca .: , wMeh , inallprukbili ; v , lias no iuora cb . ua than the soot of a gas-lamp to be coBsideiwl as pure carbon . Be this as it inav , the carjan derived from sur source is very ready to form compounds , and to leave all impurities k-hiad . n oca we speak of the charcoal as a chemical compound , the term carbon is more appropriate . 23 . Ordinary wood , as that of the oak or beech " consists principally of charcoal and water ?/ , c , carbon water , ashes ) . Water enters into the composition of most w-au . i .-db / . ii ^ ¦ ,. i , va separate foi-uw , which must be cleany distinguished , and which it isremiirftc lolvarinnaai WsMnnay cor . stiti : te aa it * -: iti < d clement of a substance , as of wood iu its driest state or water may cons : itate an ac-idoital ingredient as ' of green or undried wood , Sow wood , and most other orpaisd bodies , contain water In 1-oth the-e forms . If v . e bake the wood for some time in an oven weexj-el all the water which itmav couta u as an accidaiid ingrcJieni : and if we cxmse ilu >
tvojk ! sd baked to sK ! sir . re , it rjl ! sirah aWs-b mo ™ cr lea , whicli saay ts r . ph baked out . liut tie verv tne y ashcu linen , when exposed io stronc heat , turns fifctbjwn aaithen black , by the loss of that water Trterfs forassaa as ^ titd in gredient of the wwd . -. . iisc ' . vuaaedaii , } bleached thread cf cotton or liaea jspursTroo ^ or wcoiv fibre : cLca&U call it lipw . ri : e enr t trnrf . the ^ = t Benin , riffi Tonicsn « , ? y expel tVi ^' wa terWaviclcrtIlcat-a J catwh : eh » t ™* 7 < = *<* t& rate , faiiw po >? s it : then , each client ofwat-rfpar . li » «• x-i . ' .: - -: u- tu ~ - . - . niv , tarriesr . k-s w :: h it a ( iv ^ ' ^ 'V | sssss ? S £ ; s = a : ! S sas s ^ s ^ - ^ -gfe ;^
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charcoal may well be found tob ^ vcry light . T ^ c arr wood—the ugn ' m—loses wji merely thfi caemicalfv combined water which /^ ustltuted . aS . iuts weight , but all the carbon that t&e elements of water could earry ofi in the form Ot smoke and gas . 25 . A great deal has been written , in books of agriculture and chemistry upon humus , humic aeid , uhnine , and nlmic acid , the geic acid , the humates ulmates , gcates , and other inventions , rather than discoveries of ingenious men , who gave each other the ehanse in words instead of facts . All that tho agriculturist requires to be told is , that these arc merely new names for carbonaceous matter in certain states of combination and decomposition , which , for every practical , ay , and every scientific purpose , can be studied to more advantage bv confining the
attention to the most striking among the chemical properties of carbon and charcoal . Iu fact , to pursue , successfully , the Proteus carbon through all its changes of form , would be to fathom tho profoundest depths of animal and vegetable physiology , and to establish at once the true-theory—which must roveal the true practice—of agriculture . 26 . A piece of charcoal , recently prepared , was weighed and set aside for a week ; it was then weighed again , and was found to have absorbed both water and atmospheric air ; and these could not be driven off without a red heat . It has also been observed , that when charcoal , recently burnt , was confined in ajar of atmospheric air , the air was not only much diminished in quantity , but was also deprived cf a larger proportion of its oxygen than cf its nitrogen . Atmospherie air , as we know ( par .
IS ) , contains 21 percent , of oxygen ; but the air remaining after this experiment , contained onlyS per cent . It you take a piece of charcoal out of the &e& , when it is red hot , and plunge it into water , you may then conllue it under a moderate quantity of air aud it will soon consume all the oxygen , and leave the nitrogen pare . These are very plain experiments , establishing facts that are capable of conveying information of the highest value . 27 . An elaborate set of experiments were made upon box-wood charcoal , by one of the Saussuro family . Saussuro heated the charcoal red hot , and quenched " it in mercury ( quicksilver ); he exposed it , when cool , to about a dozen different gases , for 24 hours , and found that it absorbed of hydrogen not quite twice its bulk , of nitrogen 7 " 5 , of oxygen nearly 10 , of eaibonic acid gas 33 . and of ammonia 90 times its bulk .
28 . "We shall find , hereafter , that certain kinds of clay , and other inorganic or earthy matters of the soil , especially some of those that contain iron , possess the property of absorbing , retaining , and giving off water , " aumionia , and carbonic acid , though not to the same extent as carbonaceous matter or charcoal . We shall find that this property ( of absorbing from the air and other sources , of storing up for a time , and of again giving out on demand , that which is universally admitted to furnish tho principal food of plants ) is possessed only by the best ingredients , of the best soils , when subjected by the care aud industry of mail to favourable circumstances . We shall find the best practical husbandry to be that sygtom which most sedulously avails itself of this property , and that . istudy of the various circumstances attending it will abundantly repay a patient , perhaps tedious iuquirv .
29 . Charcoal , wrapped np inarticles of clothing , has the property of correcting the musty smell which v ; carir . g-aT >}> nrel is apt to contract when laid by for a tims . Water , preserved in casks that have beeu charred on the inside , is less apt to acquire an unpleasant taint . Meat that has begun to change may be restored by being sprinkled ' with charcoal powder . The numerous uses of this substance in correcting offensive effluvia have been long known to persons of various professions and callings , whose olgeet was to destroy what offended their senses or endangered their health . Such matters are highly valuable to the agriculturist , whose labours , at once useful and salutary , tend to the production of wholesome food for man and the lower auiaials , out of substances ¦ which , neglected and wasted , are productive of annoyance aud disease
3 U . Now , peat-inoss is carbonaceous matter in a state that has long been a problem , perhaps an opprobrium , to the agriculturist . Sir Humphrey iMvy says emphatically , " a soil covered with peat , is a soil covered not only with fuel , but likewise with manure . " LordMeadowbaukaudothers haveshown its value , but somehow or other this copious source of carbon and huunis , and acids with many namesthis peat-moss , which is stated in hooks to be like FalstifTs wit , not merely fertile , but a cause of fertility , is , like that , too often unprofitable to the possessor . Yet , whenever the farmer shall investigate tins matter with the diligence and sagacity of a sugar refiner , ho will arrive at results equally as valuable . 31 . Wooil charcoal generally contains one fiftieth of its weight of alkaline and earthy sails or ashes ; tlie quantity or quality of this ash varies in different plants . Whether charcoal bo burnt in atmospheric
a ; r or in oxygen gas ( par . i ) , the air undergoes a remarkable change ; its bulk or volume remains the same , but the oxygen has consumed , dissolved the carbon , and is found to have acquired an increase of weight exactly corresponding to that of the carbon for the purpose of experiment , in apparatus the most costly ; they have heated diamonds red-hot in crucibles of gold or on trays of platinum , throwing upon them the light of the glorious sun concentrated by a glass lens ; they have resorted to many other contrivances , and have made laborious calculations toascertainexactlythequantity of carbon that unites with a definite quantity of oxygen . They have not yet quite a-jrccd on the point , but the best authority seems to lie that of Dr . Prout , that one part of hydrogen by weight , or eight parts of oxygen , combine with six parts of carbon . The combining number or chemical equivalent of carbon , therefore , is 6 .
CARBONIC ACID . 52 . Whenever charcoal is burned in the open air or in oxygen gas , an acid is produced called carbonic acid ; and if carbon be the most important , indeed peculiar element of organic bcing 3 ( par . 25 ) , carbonic acid is , beyond all other compounds of carbon , most deserving the study of the agriculturist . 53 . Carbonic acid was first described by Dr . Black , who called it "fixed air . " Lavoisier ascertained that it consisted of oxygen and carbon , and possessed acid properties ; ho gave it the name of Carbonic Aeid . This gas is very easily procured for tho purpose of experiment , by pouring an acid on marble , or on the carbonate of soda or of potash . When marble is employed , the muriatic ( or hydrochloric ) acidis the best for the purpose .
3 i . We can always detect carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere . Although much heavier than common air , it makes its way , notwithstanding , to the loftiest mountain tops . Saussurc found it on the summit of Mount Llanc . The precise quantity contained in the air has been variously estimated . The latest and best authorities give the average quantity much less than -was formerly supposed—about one ' measure in 50 U 0 . The quantity , however , is variable , and it is enough for our purpose to know that it exists constantly in atmospheric air . 3 u . Carbonic acid gas is considerably heavier than atmospheric air ; a measure holding 100 grains of common air will hold 150 of carbonic acid gas . Ileuce this gas remains near the surface of the ground , in places where it is exhaled aliHndanrtv * 5 lm niwt + r .
del Cani , in Italy , is so named because dogs are suffocated by breathing the air , near the ground ; men escape , their heads being raised above the stratum of noxious gas . Persons lying down and falling asleep in the neighbourhood of LunekUns , sometimes meet their death by the carbonic acid gas issuing from the burning limestone . Notwithstanding the great specific gravity of carbonic acid , some persons believe it to be even more abundant on mountains than in plains below , which they attribute to the influence of vegetation in the lower and warmer regions . Some philosophers think that the carbonic acid discharged by volcanoes willaccountforthe presence of this gas in the upper regions of the atmosphere . Practically however , there is no doubt but the stagnant air of low
damp situations does contain a large portion of this heavy gas . It is of frequent occurrence in wells and mines , when it is termed " choke damp . " 30 . Water dissolves its volume of carbonic acid under every pressure . Some salts , especially soda fliul potash , enable water to hold in solution an adtutioniil quantity ; and it would seem that the beneficial effects of carbonic acid in vegetation is materially ir . iSuenced by the presence in soils of substances which have an affinity for it ( par . 2 S ) . The hardness of spring water is owing in a tircat measure—and its jw skiicis entirely—to this acid . Where springs issue from calcareous rocks , carbonic acid enables the water to dissolve lime , as will appear hereafter . The earthy concretion in tea-kettles originates , for the most part , in lime dissolved by means of carbonic acid .
37 . The respiration of animals is a sort of combustion , and a source of animal heat . This is a physiological process ( par . 9 ) , upon which it is not necessary to enlarge . Whether the combustion of carbonaceous matter by warm-blooded animals takes piaco in the langs or in the course of circulation , it is not importait to our inquiries . It dees take place , beyond all doubt , and the resulting carbonic acid is thrown off by the lungs in the act of expiration ; the expired air contains , on an average . 8 per cent , of carbonic acid . 3 S . The fermentation of wine and beer is attended with a large evolution or carbonic acid , which gives the sharp agreeable taste and sparkling appearanco to champagne , ie . It is generated also by the fermentation of bread , m the process oi mailing , in the
fermentation , _ of new Lay , aa « in Hie process of decomposition of all animal and vegetable substances , more or less of heat being always evolved at th e same time . SO . Thus we find that there is a constant burning oJ carbon going on over the face of tho globe , and a corresponding consumption of oxygen gas is effected ' y procures of every liiad , tViiTeviv . gsrcr . tly in their 2 « . trrc ami the nhcuomoaa they exhibit , luialicsseutinlJ y agreeing in their results with those that ensuo from the burning of wood or of charcoal in tho open nre . Carbon disappears , the oxygen of tho air disasipca :-. ? , carbonic acid aud other ytses deleterious to animal life are generated , and mixed with the atmosphere . We know of no other process than vegetation inMviiiea the vood , tbo charcoal , the ashes can bo ??; ¦ !¦ ¦ •'?;? r '^\ r < ^ rjr ie frvr . fi- ? fi ?;' fOpvO « H ll \;
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water , some from the earth and unburncd , to use the right word—deacidified or reduced , in the language of chemistry—the oxygen gas being unchained from carbonic acid to revivify the . air , and tho carbon convorted into organic and organised matter , to replenish the earth with herbs , trees , and fruits , for the use of man , again to bo consumed , and again to be returned through the atmosphere to the soil in the form of carbonic acid .
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TO THE IDITOS OF THE XORTUEEN STAR . Sib , —On reading the article in your paper of the 1-Uh iast ., taken from the Pttilow Chronicle , headed " The Truck system , " a Lancashire workman will be apt to exclaim , " Is it possible that practices so notorious as tho case here detailed , can be unknown to any one V And yet , when we reflect n little theroon , the wonder ceases : for what workman will have the hardihood to maUo them known . Either in ono way or other punishment is sure to follow , and that of a most exemplary kind , perhaps involving oil his family aud connections . Our liberal divines tell us , that the power belongs alone to God of visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children ; but our cnlighteuoa disponsers of law , who are liere principally millocrate , would not merely do this , hut make theiv punishmonts still more terrible , by punishing t jo fathers
for tlicir clnldrens' sins ; and , what is even more to be dreaded , make that a sin which should , in any degree , militate against their interests—good or evil , being based on their own selfish avarice . The following very recent case will bear out this assertion : —A pauper in one of our union workhouses , diesatisfied with tho conduct of the governor , ventured to Oppress liis dissatisfaction through the medium of a letter to the Somerset Commissioners . The three pauper Icings thought lit , however , to rofer the eaBe for decision to the Preston Guardians , who acquitted the governor of all blame . For this offence of complaining and placing the governor under the necessity of clearing liimself from certain charges , the complainant was driven from the workliouso . The poor fellow , in this dilemma , once more applied to the guardians for an order into some other workhouse in the union , but this was refused ,
unless the father of the applicant , a working man , earning by his labour only eleven shillings n-week , would consent to give three shillings weekly for his son ' s support 1 This sum the father considered too much : ho was willing to give one shilling , but says he cannot aS ' ord three . To induce tho guardians to reduce the charge , he applied to several members of the board for the purpose of gaining their influence in his behalf , among whom is a inillowner ' s son—a most ranting " Liberal "—especially during the elections . Here the old man was to ' . dthat Ms son was a restless , discontented person , whose agitating propensities he ( the father ) ought to allay , and that the most effectual way to do this would be to give his son a good horsewhipping— " aye , and" ( chimed in tho bluft ; coarse oldmiHowner himself , who was then present , "send him , after flogging him well , for six months to the House of
Correction . " Yes , whip and imprison his son—a man thirty years of age—one who had been brought up to the trade of spinner , but who , owing to a paralytic stroke , which deprived him of the use of one arm , was incapacitated from following his employment , and had no resource but to betake himself to a bastile . This same millowner pursues the very same system of letting houses to his hands complained of in the account you extracted from the I ' rcsUm CAronide . Many of his " hands" have had to take houses under him , which they have had to rent off in the best way they could . When I came to this towu three years ago , I got . work for my family in his mill , and had to take a house from him , rented at 2 s . I'd . per week . If I had rented it off , instead of going to it myself , I should not have got , in the state iu which the house was , more than Is . Cd . for it .
Ah , sir ! tho poor are here finely used . They are worked to death in the mills , ami forced , while life remains , with strength to follow their employment , to give both soul and body to the millowner . Sls&ukl death not kindly snatch them away at once , as soon as that strength is gone , the more horrid bastile yawns to receive them . Hero lift ig , indeed , a burden . Dogs ate more kindl y treated . Bead what I here extract from the 2 ' mtosi Guardian , Sib , —Knowing your kindness in sparing a small place sometimes in your widely-circulated paper , 1 beg leave to say a few words , as I cousidor that I have been a sufferer from those who ought to have protected and succoured me in my forlorn state and old age . I have been iu Woodpluinptou Workhouse upwards of thirteen mouths , and during that time I have never had perfect health . I have
been under the doctor of that establishment . About three weeks or a month ago , the doctor ordered me to walk out now and then for a little fresh air , but the air was too keen for me on the canal side , so I thought I would keep in the road . On the 30 th of May I went out iu the morning and stayed out until three o ' clock iu the afternoon ; then I returned home , when tho governor accosted me ; he said he would not take me in without an order . I then said—Whatirmst I do , for I know no person ; and ho made answer and said I mi ght do as I could . I was not able to go to Preston in my present state , being poorly off myself and my legs being twice as thick as they ought ; and if it had not been for the kindness of Mr . John 1 Inywood , who toolc me up in his cart , I might have lain ill the lanes ( ill
night . After 1 got to Preston , what with being ; unwell and stiff with riding , I fell nnd bruised myself very much . At Prestou I found a friend who was kind enough to give me a bed , or I do not know what I might have done . On Tuesday last I attended the Board , and they gave me an order to Kibchester , but which way I am to get there I do not know , being 73 years of age , and poorly as well . I think there is very little thought about poor or aged persons . I kavc every reason to believe that my sickness has been worse since I went to "Woodplumpton , because I was very ill starved all the last winter . And now , Sir , I think that the rate-payers generally do not know what poor peeplo suffer in those places , or they would bo very ill dissatisfied . Hoping you will give this a place in your widely extended journal , I subscribe myself , yours truly ,
Prestou , June 11 . . Robert Metcalf . The governor says , in reply , that the old man went away without asking leave ; that be went to a public-Uouso tw « miles distant , where he got so drunk as to fall , and hurt both his face , nrm , and ancle , and that he did not return till after being absent seven hours . Now , it would not take much to make a poor old man , borne down by years , poverty , and the bastile , to stumble , and hurt himself by his faU ; and as to asking leave to walk bejond tho pi'GDiucts of the place , however necessary such submission may be , when , imposed upon the young , surely a relaxation of the rule mi ght be afforded in favour of the old . How galling must it be to an aged person , conscious of having never committed any criminal offence ,
to have to ask another , young enough to be his son , or perhaps even his grandson , liberty to walk beyond a certain , narrow bound . In the whole vast empire of China , with a population probably more than double that of all Europe , a single instance of cruelty like this to the aged could not be found . They call us " barbarians , " and we think ourselves grossl y insulted thereby , though we call them heathens—a name , at which , if applied to us , we should feel vastly offended . Iu civilisation we fancy ourselves greatly superior- , but -what real virtues flo we posiess , in which these heathens do not immeasurably surpass us ? Poor Christianit y ! If judged of by tho moral worth of its votaries , its profession would degrado the intellect of a baboon .
At Bamberbridge , three mile 3 from Preston , Hie houses were rented , when I lived there , at two shillings per week . A millowner now rents many of them , mid relets them at three shillings , compelling his hands to take them . I am told that he himself gives little more than £ 4 a year for each . How true this report may be I know not , but it is certain that he will clear at least a shilling a week by Mklllns , having , besides , the advantage of receiving from the earnings of liis workmen three shillings a week for three , or perhaps six months , beforeheoccupicsthe house . Another millowner , near Loyland , five miles from Preston , has upwards of 200 cottages adjoining his mill , of his own . Had he no mill to employ Ms tenants in , he would have to thiRk well of lialf-a-crown a week for them , but he now lets them at from three to four shillings , and is
thug besides doubly Bure of his rent , whilst the cottagm aro not permitted to keep even a cliigkcn . If they keep a pig he claims the dung , as well as all the manure which can He scraped , up near their cottages , to enrich his own land . Here is fortune-making for you ! What fools the aratocracy are not to repeal the Corn Laws , and commenco building factories through all the agricultural districts . They are losing thousands a year by their pride , just to preserve thoir •¦ titles" from disqraee , though every one tat Uiansalves can see that in their present degraded condition , their estates mort gaged—beliolden for evorv comfort to tho mercy of plundering Jews , and dependent upon the charity of Sir Robert Peel for places for their sons—the title of " pauper" is far more honourable than theirs . Tours , respectfull y , Eicuaud Mabsbeh
Ubefcl Hinis 70 Nbwapeh Corresfoxbents . - Ino editor of theiVew lork Tribune diseourseth to his correspondents in the following language :-. 2 b Corretpondtnts . —Do oblige us by onnttino all such flourishes as " your interesting and Valuable paper , " your able and patriotic course , " &c . Our subscribers know all about that sort of thing , and we have also a tolerable opiniou of our own merits . H you think by this to improve your chances of insertion , you mistake ruinously . When you have written what you have to say , run it over and see if there are not some sentences that could be spared without serious injury . If there are out with them ! "We are often compelled to decline good articles , becwiHe \ re cannot make room for them A half column lias ten chances , where two columus hato ono , and three columns nonn .
Try to discourage as little as possible , and , where you must condemn , let your facts ho stvongcv than your words . "When you assail any cause or person , always give us your real name , which we shall give up to -ffho-Gvci- has a . right to demand it . Ho is a sneak and a coward who could ask us to bear the responsibility of his attacks on others . If you send us word that you " have no time to con-cot , and have written iu great liastc , " we shrill put your manuscript into tho tire . "Why should you throw upon us the task of collecting your scrawl when we are obliged to slight our own work for want of tune ?
Give us facts , incidentg , o ^ cuweficos , at the earliest moment , and we shall be grateful tho' you wroio with a pudding sbek ; but if yen attempt Win or senti-
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BRIGHTON . The Lajjd . —A public lecture was delivered by Mr . M'Grnth , in the largo room of the Town-hall , on Thursday evening week , on the above subject , Mr . John Good in the chair . The worthy lecturer handled tho subject in a masterly manner , aud evidently gave satisfaction to all present . Discussion was courted , but no one even asked v , single question . Mr . " age proposed the following resolution , which being seconded by Mr . Lashford , was carried unanimously : •—'' That the thanks of this meeting ave eminently due , and aro hereby given , to Mr . M / Grath , for his able and eloquent lecture delivered this evening ; and this meeting expresses its opinion that the subject of the Land demands tho serious attention of
tho industrious classes of this kingdom . " A vote of thanks was given to the chairman , aad tho meeting then separated . A Public Meettco was again held at the Artichoke Inn , William-street , on the following evening ( Friday ) , to form a branch of tlic Land Society , Mr . Henry Mitchell in the chair . Mr . M'Grath , in a lucid speech , explained the rules and objects of the society , which gave great satisfaction . On the motion of Mr . Giles and Mr . Tullett , Mv . Flower was appointed sub-treasurer , and Mr . Page subsecretary , pro ton . A vote of thanks was again given to the lecturer , when several persons took out shares , and others promised to do so at our next meeting . A vote of thanks was then giveu to the chairman , and the meeting broke up .
HOWICK . LECrUttE . —On Thursday evening week Mr . Andrew Wardrop delivered an address in tho Marketplace here . He commenced by showing , from the way that the members of tho House of Commons were generally elected , and their conduct in tho house , that they had no claim to bo called the people ' s representatives ; that the people—tho too conliding people—had been basely deceived by the middle classes during the Kcforni Bill agitation , when their constant cry was , "Help us to get our vote , and wo will soon get you yours ; help , help , help ! " Lord John ' s famous declaration that the Reform Bill was a final measure was the first thing that opened the eyes of the people , and from that moment the 'Whig Ministry were doomed . Mr . W . adduced many convincing arguments to prove that the people had been greatly bencfittcd by the expulsion of the Whigs from
Downing-street . Ho then adverted to tho proceedings of the "League , " ai \ d to tl \ ck manuiactuving of mushroom voters , Ac , &c ., and showed very clearly that a total repeal of the Corn Laws , without a corresponding reduction of the customs and excise duties , would be an act of injustice ; and that even allowing that trade would increase , and-wages rhe to the full extent predicted by Cobtlcn and Co ., it would only last till the hummer ' and file had produced so much machinery as would onable the capitalist to do without manual labour . Mr . W . then brought forward the People ' s Charters the means to remedy the evils under which the country labours , and went over the six points in a clear and concise manner , showing the justice and reasonableness of each of them in rotation . "Mr . W . spoke upwards of an hour and a half , and was listened to attentively by tho largest meeting that lias been held iu Howick for a very long time .
SOUTH LANCASHIRE . Progress of tub Lksd Plas . —Mr . Doyle -writes as follows : — " Our Land Plan is going a-hcad gloriously throughout the whole of this district . For instance , no less titan thirty persons took out shares yesterday in Ashton , and the sub-treasurer received £ 2-1 . Eleven took out shares last night in the Hall , and two of the eleven paid the full amount , viz ., £ 3 -Is . Orders come upon me thick and fast for cards and rules , and I assure you I am kept very busy . Of course the labour p leases me right well , and I fervently hopo that it may toe so great , so heavy , that I shall not be able to bear it upon mv shoulders . "
South Lancashire Deixgatb Mbetiso . — The South Lancashire delegates held their usual monthly meeting on Sunday last , June 29 th , 1815 , in the Chartist Assoeiation-room , Hartley-street , neywood . Delegates from Manchester , Oltlham , llochdale , Ileywood , A-c , were present . Mr . John Neill was called on to preside . The minutes of the last meeting having been read and confirmed , the following sums were paid to the secretary for the Executive : — Oldham , 7 s . 7 d . ; llochdale , 5 s . 7 * d . ; Ileywood , Is . lOcl . The following resolutions wero passed unanimously : — " That a committee be appointed to get out the . local lecturers' plan . " "That Messrs . Donovan and Radford be the plan committee . " " That the hymn book committee report at the next
delegate meeting , and the report of the committee be cither the money or books . ' * " That Mr . Doyle ' s route for the ensuing week be , Sunday , July 6 th , llochdale ; Tuesday , 8 th , Ileywood ; Thursday , 10 th , Bolton ; and Friday , 12 th , Katcliffc . " " That the secretary insert a notice in the " Star" io the various localities in South Lancashire , calling upon them to state when they will be prepared to have the services of Mr . Doyle alter the 12 th inst . The delegates have to request that those places that can make it convenient to have lectures on the week nights will make their arrangmaents , and communicate the same to the sectctacy . Address , Richard Radford , No . S , Violet-street , Welcome-street , Hulme , Manchester . " " That the secretary bo empowered to make such inquiry as will enable him to report at the next meeting relative to the Victim
bund . " " That wo , the delegates , recommend the Land plan laid down by the late Convention ; hoping the people will take it up with determination , in order tomakeit whatit ought tobe , asuccessful movement . " " That Mr . Donovan and Mr . Murray do audit the South Lancashire books , that the same may be laid before the next meeting . " " That the next delegatemecting be held at Middleton on the last Sunuay in July ;; we , the delegates , therefore , request each locality to have their representative present , in order that they may discuss the propriety of holding a camp meeting in this division of the country ; the time and place to be determined at the next delegate meeting . " _ The thanks of the delegates wero given to the chairman , and the meeting adjourned until the last Sunday in July , at ten o ' clock in the morning .
LEICESTER . Mr . Cooper ' s Relibf . —Agreeably to the notification in the Star of last week , Mr . Smart , from Marklicld , attended at this place on Sunday last and delivered two lectures on behalf of the funds which it is tho object of the committee to raise for the purpose of enabling Mr . Cooper to satisfy the demands of his creditors , it being a well-known fact , that the cause of such debts is through relieving his fellowmen and their families , while in a state of misery and starvation . To the honour of the operatives of Leicester be it recorded , that , notwithstanding the wretched state of trade in that place , and the miserable pittance which they are able to obtain even with their long continued hours of labour , both tho
lectures were well attended , and not only the best sympathies of the people were roused by tlic detail of tho sufferings and the poverty of their old tried friend and leader , but a subscriptien was obtained , which , considering their very limited means , exceeded tho expectations of the committee . That body , however are well aware that the sums thus obtained will be utterly insufficient to fulfil the design which thev have in view without further and more powerful assistance , and to accomplish this , they feel it to be their duty to appeal to the Chartist body at large , lhe name of Cooper is well known through the length and breadth of the empire , his services to the cause of Chartism are appreciated by thousands , and his persecutions and sufferings are yet fresh in the minds of all our brethren ; and the committee hope and behove
that Chartists will not suffer a man , of whose sterling integrity and honesty of purpose there can be no reasonable doubts , whose abilities aro of a superior cast , and whose untiring energies are known to all who have overseen or known him , to perish for the lack of that which they unitedly can supply Assistusthen , brethren and fellow labourers , to accomplish this good , this laudable , this charitable desigu , and let us i escuc our friend and advocate from the pit iuto which the malice of his enemies has plunged him . All monies for this purpose must be addressed for the treasurer , Mr . Crow , grocer Bedford-street , Lelgravo Gate , Leicester ; or Mr ' White , at the Committee-room , 65 , Bedford-street Leicester . Signed , on behalf of Mr . Cooper ' s Relief Committee , V . Woollev , secretary ; W . Crow , treasurer .
OLDHAM . Farewell SrJrPKR . ~ -On Saturday evening , June 23 th , upwards of fifty membera of the Phconix and Gauntlet Association , together with their frionds » ave a farewell supper to Mr . Wm . Jackson , at the house of Mr Peter M'Donalu , Bricklayers' Arms , lioardman Ground , Oldham , he being a member of the above association , previous to leaving England tor tho United States of America . Tho supper consistcl of the delicacies of tho season and the substantial fare of our ancestors , to which tho company did ample justice , proving to the wthj host that i" ! ,. escrt . " > n 9 were duly appreciated . Mr . John Mills , spuincv , was after supper , called to the chair lhe cloth having been , removed , the room was thrown open to the fair sex , a number of wlumi attended . After wkcli Mr . O'Connor ' s work on Small Farms was presented b y Mr . T . Hague to Mr . Win . Jackson , m behalf of the above society , with a suitable address M r . Wm . Jackson briefly returned thanks for the compliment paid to him . The even ing was spent in a convivial manner , songs , toasts and recitations beguiling the fleeting hours awav Amongst the songs , recitations , Ac , were tho foil , ™ - " Jiig iT-bons , " Henry Hunt , " by II . Bardsloy . Hecitation , Brandreth ' s Soliloquy in Prison , " B Volstencroft . loast , " The Trades—the source of all wealth : may they succeed bv their organisation in causing a fair distribution of the same ! " T . Hawic Song , « British Reformers , " John Mills . Toast Iloalth and prosperity long life and tranquillity to Mr Vnu . Jackson . " Toast , " Prosperity to the rhcais Ktf OrsirlV . Awnciation , " W , ilU ^ i
Untitled Article
GALILEO AND HIS PERSECUTORS . O ' COSSELl / S JESUITISM . It may well be supposed that no conclave , whether spiritual or secular , will have it in its power to condemn scientific discoveries , liko those of Galileo . But really , when we hear that coudemmtiou extenuated , ' it is time to keep some look out . Mr . O'Connell said , in his recent notable reference to this camejugce : — I have half a mind to detain the house for a few minutes on th « subject of Galileo . ( Laughter . ) The right honourable baronet himself introduced it . The general idea is that Galileo was imprisoned for supporting the Copernican system , and that he was for a length of tiino in the inquisition . In point of fact he was in the
inquisition three days only . Three days constituted the entire length of time which Galileo spent in the in <] uisition * , and so far from his being sent to gaol for promulgating the Copernicau system , the Pope , who was the cotemporary of the philosopher , was the very man who enabled Copernicus to publish his discoveries . ( Hear , hear . ) Galileo was imprisoned for quite a different tiling . He asserted tllO eontl'ftHsatiOtt flf tll& sun and the movements of the planets could he proved out of Scripture . He was forbidden to publish that doctrine ; he broke the prohibition , and was se : tt to gaol for three dnys for a oreach of the injunctiou ; and that was the history of the matter . A morning contemporary prints , in correction of this statement , the dogmatical declaration actually made by the tribunal which sentenced Galileo : —
" That the sun is the centre of the world , and immovcable in respect to local motion , is an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , and formally heretical ^ seeing it is expressly contrary to Holy Scripture . " That the earth is not the centre of tho world , nor immovcaule , but moves even with a diurnal motion , is also an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , and , considered theologically , is at least au error in faith . " Having referred to this old story ( chiefly to put on record the treatment of known facts possible , even in this age , and in the presence of educated listeners ) , we may add a few particulars , in farther correction of that treatment , from Sir D . Brcwster ' s little vo lume , entitled "Martyrs of Science , " which acquires additional interest at this moment , when it seems its
author is about to bo made a Martyr of Science himself , and to have his professorial utility sacrificed to theological orthodoxy—not indeed as understood at Rome , but at Edinburgh . It is not accurate ( indeed there is not an accurate word in the statement ) that Galileo attempted to prove the centralisation of the sun , and tho movements of the planets , out of Scripture . His" language on that point was exactly the language of rational men ever since . "Galileo addressed a letter , in 1 C 13 , to his friend and pupil , the Abbe Castelli , the object of which was to prove that the Scriptures wero not intended to teach us science and philosophy . Hence ho inferred , that the language employed In the sacred volume in reference to such sub j ects should
be interpreted only in its common acceptation ; and that it was in reality as difficult to reconcile the Ptlolemaic as the Copernican system to the expressions which occur in the Bible . " That Galileo was only three or four days in the immediate custody of the Holy Office is literally true —but suggestively false , if meant to convey that this was all the Inquisition inflicted on him . To say nothing of being compelled to fall on Iiis knees before tllO assembled Cardinals , " abjuring , detesting , and vowing never again to teach , the doctrine of the earth ' s motion and tho sun ' s stability "—to say nothing of the imposed penance , " that , in the course of the next three years , he should recite once a week the seven penitential psalms ( a labour eagerly assumed , in his stead , by the filial devotion ot' his daughter , who , however , died only a month after joining her persecuted parent)—to say nothing of
these humiliations and penances—Galileo remained for five years the close prisoner of the Inquisition , not indeed in their house , but in Ms own , at Arcetri . lie was neiher allowed to see his friends , nor to go to Florence for medical assistance , in the maladies which oppressed him . At the end of that period , the Popo transmitted , through the Inquisitor Fariano his permission that he might remove to Florence for the recovery of his health , hut he was still prohibited from leaving his houso or admitting his friends ; and so sternly was this system pursued , that ho required a special order for attending mass during Passion Week . He was again remanded to what he justly called his " prison at Arcetri ; " but , after lie had lost the use of his eyes , the Inquisition relaxed its seventy . It is only justice to spiritual inquisitors , to admit that they seldom show severity to those who will but shut their eyes , or do but lose them . —The Globe .
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DEATH OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL . Sir William Follktt , the Attorney-General , died on Saturday last . He had passed a very restless night ; in the morning he was delirious ; and in that state he continued till three o ' clock in the afternoon when he expired . There were present at " the last scene of all , " Lady Follett , Sir William ' s three brothers , Dr . Bright , Mrs . Bright ( Lady Follett ' s sister ) , several members of the family of Mr . Pennell ( at whoso houso in Cumberland-terrace , Regent ' Park , the deceased had been staying for the benefit of pure air ) . The bar thus loses one of its brightest ornaments , and her Majesty is deprived of the as sistance of a Crown officer whose talents and attainments were , perhaps , never surpassed , and whns *
personal character was without a blemish . By common consent the highest offices within the reach of the legal profession have for years past been considered as open to liiin , and there cannot be a doubt that , had he lived , ho would have attained the woolsack and a peerage . Sir William had not quite attained liis 47 th rear He was the eldest surviving son of Benjamin FoW Lsq ., of Topgham near Exeter , by his wife , the daughter of John Webb , Esq ., of Kinsale , in Ireland In early life Mr . Follett wm a captain in tho 13 th loot . On leaving the army he embarked in com-™ « g l , P « ucnttte at Topsham , near Exeter , where sir William was born on 2 d of December l'ros Having received the rudiments of a liberal and sound education
, he was sent to Trinity College , Cambridce where betook the degrees of ! & . in 18 8 , andE ' m 1821 , and haying been called to the bar and given unequivocal indication of those brilliant talents and acquirements which distinguished him in tho earliest stages of his career , waa chosen one of tkostandine counsel for the universit y . Iu 1830 , ho maiS Jane Mary the eldest daughtor of the late Sir Ambrose Harding Giffard , Chief Justice of Ceylon " vl Z he now leaves a widow , with two daughters , aud C S T- ' tl » youngest only thirteen months old . Sir William ' s politics were ahvayB decidedly Contfflft , S , ft "P ^ P olit i lifc * W not take place until 1832 , when he stood Canditato for the representation of the city of Exeter . ;„!„„ .
tip * wttn Mr . Buller and Mr . Divett , and though he did not succeed m his immediate object , he laid tho foundation of success in 1 S 35 , when ho was returned at the head of the poll , tho respective numbers $ the three candidates standing thus : —Follett two - SivS atU 0 al ) ' 1103 ; L ° « nefcl In November , 1834 , on Sir Robert Peel ' s first accession to place as Prime Minister , SirWilUam Follett tos appointed Solicitor-Gonoral , and resigned that post m April , 1836 > ken Sir Robcr Peel retired from offic ? In the same year he received tho honour of knighthood , from the hands of S William the Fourth . On Sir Robert Peel ' s rcsump . turn of the ofhco of Prime Minister , Sir William ? £ s again appointed Solicitor-General . On Si ,- v . p « i
lock ' s elevation m Chief Baron , in April , l&li the hon . and learned gentleman succeeded him as At toruey-General . Having by this promotion vacated his scat for Exoter , Sir William ' s re-election was opposed by Major-Goneral Briggs , who , however was most signally defeated , he having polled onlv S ? vi ? i ° - ' F Miam 8 1 ? ' wPHsenta ion oi Lxeter is , of course , again vacant . wsir J x ^ M y ? « ° ? i fomal estimate of Sir Wlham Webb FoBetfs character as a lawyer cI £ ! r ^ T - l ^ ?^ T ? P ortunities for ti » at . but it may be justly said of him , that ho will . ™ down to posterity as ono of England ' grStes and best ; asa man whoso wonderfufeapacitf as aTiwver oi
™ i « w «» wn Tvnicn , whilst it exa ted him ? n tho opuuouo tho public on tho one hand , ontheotW justly endeared him to the domestio circle " and to Sol \ ° ? k' v S 0011 / 0 *™ of anintimatc a ^ aint . anco w rth him . And let it not bo formtten th-it h , s emmenco was achieved amidst aJmoRnSnS 1 health . His constitution was unequal to the beavy calls made upon it by his extensive practice So early ns 1824 his health gave way . Ho ? Sn £ London awhile for relaxation , and recovered SSi ? o as to be enabled to roturn to professional < uIf mtto latter part of lS 2 o . In'XqTe nt ^ S Z had repeated attacks of illnces , and took the advice of Ins medical attendants to abstain from £ « hausting mental and bodilv Inhnn ™ . l . _ " ?•>
ambition pointed to tho road to fortune Z T natural tLt one so young , so U ? g 3 y \ SvJ 7 f r * eStwS c t ^^ ^ za ^ jtiae Ste he remained for some months nnd ™ ' £ h T somewhat restored . n ? C ' deSmlf * W «* Mj to tho advice of his fri ^ to ^^ t ' v' ^ V foadly Hoping that his iudSu ? d st ^ wuAlftut Ss ^ . ^ . ^ Bm
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" ¦ ' ,. " ¦ ' """ I- riV .. .. ¦ T , ..... l . im ^ returned , certainly recruited , but a slight devotion to m ^ 'ness pneo more brought forth his old complaint and he sank bj degrees till Tuesday last , when a most decided change frr the worse took place . Dra . Bright and Chambers , iD 3 medical advisers , imraQ _ diately said that all future exertions on their part would be futile . They , however , continued their visits up to the last . — Morning Herald .
Untitled Article
BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , June 27 . ; Samuel May and I ' rj-ee Mottram , Shrewsbury , drapers —llicliard Cair , Fove-street , Cvivpk-gate , cljcusenionger—William Grceuwcll , Kcdcross-straot , SoulUwsirfe , whe 8 lwii S Ut-James Forrester , llampstead , baker-Charlotte 1 W , Lewes , plumber nnd glazier-Rohwt Westmore , Vest Derby , near Liverpool , joiner—William Mav , Liver poo , draper—Fonwick Lwaine , Newcastle-iipoii-Tyue bookseller—Edward Thomas , Br istol , grocer .
BANKRUrTS . . ( From Tuesday ' * Oazelte , July 1 st , ISiS . J Thornton Bcntnll , Copthall-chainbovs , stockbroker—Uionias Clarkson , jun ., Charles-street , Middlesex Hospital , upholsterers' wuvehouseman—William George Fljun Lower Thames-street , merchant-Christopher Waheiield , Humpton-wiek , Middlesex , victualler-James Consent npi ton , Ilalsted , Essex , ironmonger-Thomas Brown . Kilhter-street . City , manufacturer of gi-jlls \ Yhclp-Joseph Haycock , jun ., AY ells , Norfolk , cora-factor-Williara Cole , man , Crediton , Devonshire , victualler-John liindlcy , Athmtone , WawiclttliirC , nosier-Henry James VitcheD Carnarvon , bookseller . ' DEOI , ABAT 10 XS OP DIVIDENDS .
G . A . Cator , Leeds , wool-merchant , third and fmal dividend ot Id mid ll . lCths of a penny in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Hope , Leeds . ^ J . O . Johnson , Lawrence Pouutney-hill , Cannon-street merchant , second dividend of 4 d iu the pound , « i v ¦ Wef ^ rn *^ , ! ' or after Nov " « ' " » oto » of Jlr . l ' cunell , UasinghaH-strcet . i . i ' . i ? " ? ' S f- strwt , draper , first dividend of 8 « l k m , t Z ' Jp ^ , , , ? ay bc . , rc Au 5 ust L <* « ft <* A ' ov . \ v r ^ £ ^ - , " » . BasinghsUl-street . W . bishton , Tarkfield , Scdgley , ironmaster , first dividend of Cd and y-icths of a penny in the pound anv Thursday at the office of '
, Mrrdifc ^ B&sha . u . divided ^ fT ' M * ? 5 * f ™ - l ! rae > Vlccnsca victualler , first nftwifw v ? 1 m n tlie P ° ' . «> y Saturday , at the ° * , M' -Bihvnraj . Predcrick ' a . ptaSe , Old Jc » -rv . » . jnu i . * Jackson , Bennoudsey-street , woolstnplers ESttX iw SaJurdi *' nAi ^ 'T * ' IM ; er-st « «*» upholsterer , final dividend d « £ its- «;» i'to-K : ' " ' " *
Sgp&STuWx ^ SSsTO'S . VSi ilSSBi ^ p 'LhS ^' ul ^ Xil ^ ^ jSAstTuSswr " * ^ # iaiiiHss
i ^ sssasi
Jiiia ^ iSsriasss siili ^^ iiia S # f ll || pp Vfnilor , Manchester , bank 2 ^ 5 * 4 "Vi ^ " * »• £ innkeeper-Jul y 22 , J . E . Warden and ' V V ? \ ^ Liverpool , merchants-July "' w r " , J- ««« cstrocht , i i i f&Si pool , J'urhain , butcher— Julv" 3 W r ? i \ , . " , ' HarU » - uuitierland , currier J ' 'G lub ' Allwiek ,
North-2 S , J . Y . lfct ' tg , CnrdiT G& ^™ ^ mordlaut -W tms ^^^ July 24 , j . Thackrey , Leeds ! aJ ; fctOOl-lmiI ! Uftlcturt ; i > J n V TC « rAETNEB BniP 8 DIBfiOT . VET > . tataih tai&s ? p- Vr * "H ** " * a * Xsu' -is-i ^ Sv ^ sssJ ' .
fSiin'S ¦ ° " eslllre >«> 'tt > Mp ! n . ' .-.-n : mbrS felsgSSggS Churchyard , City , hop-mereh ^ ts-S ! YerLury td' ? Stiule , Woinc Sehvood , Somersetshire , p } amh « r , A ) p * ata saci ^ ^ 'iSSST ^^ iT ^^^^ - \ brk-lane , City , U « hdi { M u \ ^ ^ as&ss&S ^ ** » ra ^ T ^?^^ a whol « alu oo ^ tioners-J ^ nd ^ S' ^ ' !^ ^
Agriculture Anft Gortfrtiltttre.
Agriculture anft gortfrtiltttre .
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IIIXTS ON MANURES . Lie fid ' owing general principles necessary to ba attained and understood , are applicable to all vceiabie jirciicctions : — 1 st . That plants , like animals , require food to nonn-h them , and are furnished with numerous Siouus to receive the necessary sustenance ; but as tucy canwit , like animals , move about in searcli of It , it must be placed within their reach . 2 ud . That the mouths of plants aro placed at thc extremities of the root fibres , aud consist of suckers ; y hidi imbibe the food from the soil , and from these Jt is earned u ] i throu 2 * u the plauU to thc leaves . 3 rd . That the food of all plants consists of ncarlv tncs ^ ic dements , namely , common air , water , and a suhstacee composed of charcoal and hydrogen "as , muck chemists have denominated htamn .
iia . fliat ihe fund imbibed from thc soil through iiie suckers at the extremities cf thc roats , and drawn up to the leaves , is spread out on their surface and . wnea exposed to air aud liglit , parts mtU iwol tiiirds of its water , consequently becomes thicker . - and descends tkrou-h tac various psrts of the plant - to snaply materials for growth ; just as the Wood parr ied m the lan ^ s of animals is distributed through lhe body for thc sascc end . a Cth . That when plants suck up more food from tlic soil than can bs duly exposed Jo light and air on the surface of thc leaves , they become dropsical and lurid , iwilc if they have too Hide food , thev become vellow th A ' ia cIthcr casc bcill S ilifittcdto p ' crfect
GiL lhat as the perfectin ! : of the seed depends on the anther-dust ( pdkii ) falling npon the moist summit of the pistil , wiieu the anther-dust cf one Tavicty orsprcks is made to fall , bv art , or by thc . aociuental passing , of iusccts ou the summit of the pistil of aaotber variety or species , tlic seed is said to bo crossed , or liyMdizeil , and will produce t « - neties uificrcntfrom either of the parent plants . This is the only known origin of all varieties , soil and otuer circumstances laving bat small influence . __ « Ul . That svs swiunals do not appropriate to nou-. rislunent all the food taken into their stomachs , but reject the refuse in the form of excrement , plants in the same way have been proved to exhale substances Bncuaficark'uic acid gas , into the air around them ' , aswcll as to throw iuto the soil a sort of excreiuentmouss . ime , verriujariousto the growth of plants discharging it , iio Jess fuaa to their congeners , but not always hurtful to ethers of different genera , llonee the benefit apparent from a judicious rotation of crops .
flic above postulates may bs summed up as follows : —Plants absorb their nutriment by the roots ; tlus nutriment is then conveyed through the stem into the leaves ; there it is subjected to a process bv tr iue ' i a large proportion of water is discharged : the lest 13 submitted to the action of thc atuio 3 phcrc , and carbonic acid is first generated , av . d then decomposed by the action of lidit ; carbon is now fixed Tinder the form of a nutritive material , which is eon-Teyedback into thc system ; and this material is furuier elaborated for the development of all parts of the Structure , and for the preparation of secreted matter ? , which are either lviahitd within , or rejected from the plant .
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FIELD-GABDEN OPERATIONS . For the Wok commencing Mond ay , July Sth , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diaby cf Actual Operations on five small fanes on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms or . thc estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwajte , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Faroley Tyas , near HuddenSeld , in order to guide t > ir = er possessors of field gar-lens , by showing them W'Juit . LW . r-s ouglii io be undertaken on . their Own ! snili =. The faruH selected as models are—Firs ! 1 Vi > school farms at TVillinsjuon and Eastdean , of
• five acres each , conduct *! by ( jr . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six Atros : one worked by Je « se l'iper , the Gthcr by John Dambrelt—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevingtoa—all of them within a few miles of Eastboan-c . Third . Aa industrial school farm at Siaithwaitf . Feiu-tu . Several private modeliarms near the sameplacc . Thcconsccutive operationsinthcscreports will cn « U ! e ibc curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural va ' . ue of Uie south with the north of Endana . flie Bunv is aided br "Xutcsand Observations " from the pea of iir . Lowell , calculated for the time and sea-: ou , which we subjoin .
* ' \ Vi : li Ijealth of boilv , innocence or win J , and habits of ia'iostry . a jioor ciaifs child ought to hare nothing to be afraid of , nor his lather or aiotutr a : ivtb 5 ng to 1 ) D afraid ofiW hbn . "—I . 'r . I'dcy . Xfssz . —Tr . z school jama are cultivated lyl-ovs , ivfo m ntiim for turn lovn' Uaclaag in lite morning , f licc tltret hours of t ' mjr labour in the afenioonfor « - ' . s mciitfcr ' a bcntft j wttc ' t Wius Ha Schools SEIFficrronirsfi . ire tcSne that at Famhi Tyas sixitvcntiis < . f the prmvxi of thc school farm will be tusigntd to l ' . ic « i « . < , ntxl mic-tevenVi to Vie master , wlio will rcaivc the usual zckool ft& , help the loys to cufiivatc t ! : ( ir land , and teach than , in addition to raiding , writing , d-c , to convert iitir produce into Zacon , ly etttndhp to pig-ktnitig , whidt at Christ c ; e ;« kwv be divided , vfitr piying rent and kvn , amongst them in pn . po ' nkm to their services , and itr . Miktiusht'Hrcci ! :, tonack their parents in a way lhe tuoit sretijei to V ' lCirjctlitijsA
SUSSEX . SiOxpat— MJUingl / a School Biggin ? , aB j manuring ivith liquid fw white turnips after sprhi ^ tares ' Zatt-JoMi School . Ui ? gii ! ffui » tare £ tBbl » le , planting , jiiKSurifig , and watering cabbages , l ' qxr . Taking up vninss . Dximbrdl . Hoeing carrots , cutting up rye grass . Tceskjt— Willing Jen School . The same as yesterday . £ ustdian Hth . < d . Buys digging up tare stub-Lie , catting up potatoes , weedics ; caWots , bringing weeds for the pigs , l'iper . Taking up onions , rcauoviagthein , aud digging up the ground immediately . Uumlrdl . Uocins carrots , dibbling mangel wurzel , planting cabbages . SVedxesiut— ttWiiijdon Scie-l . Coys < Jirang , working among thc potato ;? . ZTosafiwn S /« w ! . Boys di "' 2 i « i £ , and aii ; . lyLi S tank litpid , planting more caiiaiges , nosing up potatoes . J'h-cr . T ) v' < nxi' where the onion '
s came off . buubrdl . Uoeing ca ^ rots , digging t-p tare ground . jLOcnsuxs—WUU nsdea . & . ' . « . ? . Thasame as yesterday . jM ^ ian School . "Weedinglucerne , w ; Iteri : )! . ' , . it , sowing white turnips , tranr ^ iantusg sianll or . cC ¦ t'i )* T . Uoshigcarrots . Ihtsilreli . 1 / kgiag up tare Sixiund . TniiHz—WUli / irdon ScTtooh Boys doing the same as k-forc . Ean-kan Stlaa . ]> nv = in school .-i ! ;! av ran ihid noihing whatever for " tJica to do . J'ipc ' r Jioi-mg e . irrots , am qaitc particular in reraovin ail rabbi .= h from them . Dumlrett . Vriiccling manure , and snwiujf tuniijis on tlia tare ground . Satcukav— Williasdon Sci-. col . Boys hoeing turnips . £ ashk < m 8 : &oo ! . lioyji cleaning jiicgery , portable pails , fc ' ioulrtom , and cutting tares fo ' r Snndnv . J'ij-er . lWin ^ potatoes . lHnnbrell . Uceine potatoes , spreading fcink liquid ou the new - mown
clover-. . Vosnsnna ; . ¦ : SlaMtvaile Tenants . C . VarUv , l : av making , di " - . - guig up tare ground for wheat . * 3 _ . C 0 W-TEEI > 130 . WiUmgdon School . Cows fed in the stall with the secoud cut clover . Dumlrdl ' t . Two caws stall-fed with tares till Fridav aRenrards with clover , f . 1 arleg ' t . Cows stall-fed on grass .
Ccntsponunut.
CcntsponUnut .
'"' ***^~ ' ^V In— Waist Jtamlfetnte.
'"' ***^~ ' ^ V In— waist JtaMlfetnte .
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HULL . The Lakd . —A public meeting was held at tho White Hart , Salthouse-lano , on the 21 st ult , to hear a lecture on the Land , by Mr . S . livid , of Glasgow . After the lecture the following resolution was agreed to : — " That a committee bo formed forthwith , to carry out thc objects of thc Co-operativo Land Society . " The following persons were appointed , with power to add to their numbers : —Messrs . Barnett , Eastwood , Leach , Withington , Jaueson , and Stephenson ,
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~~~ ,. w * ft . "l » •* " - ¦ Justices' Justice . — -A fashionably dressed gentfe . man is charged with stealing two knockers . The offence is proved , and the magistrate , Mr . llardwick , doo 3 not commit thc prisoner for trial , but fines him . Ds . What takes knocker-stealing out of thc category of felony ? If a man may get off with a fine for stealing a knocker , why not fine another oa . for stealing a kg of mutton ? The difference between the cases that makes the difference in tho punishment h that the man who steals the leg of mutton lias pro bably not 5 * . to pay for his knavery . But thc knocker , stealing is in sport ; and is it quite of good example to make a sport of stealing ? Persons addicted to such pleasantries should have thc fun completed by a turn at thc treadmill . Felony in sport should his punishment in earnest . Our vrcll-drcascd gentfo . man , lined os , for stealing a knocker , treated the mock punishment as follows : — " The defendant pulled out a £ 10 note and handed it to tho policeconstable . When he was asked for his address to place on the note , the defendant replied , "Don't you wish you may get it ? " At the same office throe gentlemenwhose addresses showed that they belon *
, to the class which magistrates delight to favour , were charged with assaulting * police officer in the OSCCU * lion of lm duly , the man having been thrown down , and when down beaten by al ^ three , They were not sent to thc Houso of Correction , but fined £ 5 each which they paid forthwith and walked off . At the Thames Police-office a low ruffian for the same offence was sent by Mr . Broderip to the House of Correction , for a month . Mr . Broderip did his duty ; what tho Marlljovough-street justicedid , we need not say . The Commissioners of Police should interfere to protect the force from the effects of the bad example presented at Marlborough-street . The law directs si special punishment for assaults on thc police , and what right has the magistrate to set it aside to indulge aristocratic ruffianism ?—Examiner .
Usited Patriots Bf . sefit asd Fnovn > EST Society-. —Thc Coggeshall branch of this flourishing institution held tlicir second anniversary at tiie Chapel Inn , on Tuesday week . The general secretary , Mr . llufl ' cy , was present , and laid before tho members a full and satisfactory statement of the condition of the society . It appears there arc nineteen branches , consisting of above TOO members ; and that othop branches arc immediately to be added , which ( being an enrolled society ) bids fair to rival all institutions of the kind in the kingdom . This society 1 ms been established but two years , and has a good run oti jwuig and healthful members , which , if continued tin a few years , will give them a capital , the interest of which will go far towards maintaining' its sick
members , and thus place this institution in a condition which can neither dissolve nor decay it . The sub-secretary laid before th * members the affairs of the branch , by which it appeared that a considerable number had been relieved in sickness—that £ ' 22 had . been paid for funerals , and £ U 10 s . for births . The members expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their position , and one and all secmc ' i ! resolved to make an effort to sustain thc societ y in its present position . The numbers here arc 102 , ' besides thoEO who have left the town but not the society ; and there is every prospect of numbering 150 by Michaelmas . The dinner , at which Mr . Thomas Rowland presided , consisted of thc good old English fare , plum mtduimr
and roast beef—supplied by Messrs . Browning and Hilly ; and too much praise cannot be bestowed on Mr . and Mrs . Clark , the host and hostess , for the superior stylo in which everything came to the table , Tho first toast was " The People , " which was responded to by John Burrows , suV-sccretary . Tlic next toast was " Prosperity to our society , " to which Mr . llulfey did Justice , by laying before the members their true position , aud stirring them up to future exertions . Tho other toasts consisted of healths of different members , who addressed the meeting . We must not pass over tho singing , which was of thc best style . Thc proceedings closed in the same orderl y manner in which they commenced . — Mcieekffield 2 > aper .
i ,. ' i i ^ msftCRGn Obskrveii , " a newspaper established nearly a , quarter of a century ago , published , for many years , twice a-weck , but latterly only once a-weci \ , closed its existence on Tuesday , Juno 24 th .
Banlmijjts;, Set.
Banlmijjts ; , set .
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* THE NORTBES& STAB *" " « , ™* & .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 5, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1322/page/6/
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