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• SM ^ gM ?™" ^ H ^»^*^ ? iS ?^ TflOUAS BAKES . . ( Ccncl » aedfromth 6 "Star » ofNov . 8 ih ) TTaTine now described what I believe i » be the ^ fKif the cheapest method of turning eTery eaaesfc ^ t"LS ^ « p to the best advantage , J *** ft ?« nS lhatare the probable causes of E fceSeTSSiat arethe b « Lethod 8 of pre-Te iSdS ™ "" t <> ðatftepresent « j ;«^ e ° is altogether new , but that opinion is by no Ss supports bj facts . Ab 9 ut three years ago , a K 3 lrSj the same nature existed in many
? t Many of the crops at that time were found , When taken up , to be half decayed , and large quanti-*;« of DOtatoes , which were sound when taken up , ™ ttJ inttepiS . I believe that the wider extent of the destruction this year is owing to the circumstance of the season haying been one of the wettest and oddest ever known , and therefore one of the most unfavourable to vegetation of all kinds , except thatof mere green herbage . The members of the Society ¦ w ill remember that the winter and spring were intensely severe , and that frost continued until the end of March . After it had left H 9 , we had a pe riod of extremely dry and cold weather , during which vegetation made no progress . Then rain commenced , « id continued almost without intermission , through
themonthsof July and August , suddenly throwing up an immense vegetation . This vegetation was checked in the midst of its growth by unusually cold weather jn the month of July at the time when the ground was full of moisture . "With one short interval , we lave had a prevalence of rain ever since , and on the light of the 23 rd and 24 th of September , the frost traa so severe in many parts of England and Ireland as to kill the tops of the potatoe , and thus to put a sudden stop to their growth . A more unfavourable season for the growth of the potatoe than the present cannot be conceived , and the ™ is sot the slightest reason to wonder that the continued cold and wet , and the sudden checks given to the plant in the vigor of its growth , should have left itin a very feeble state , and even have destroyed its tubers , on wet er partially drainedlands . The above opinion is strongly confirmed by the facts stated on this subject bythe Connt Deisaux Devillesur-Arche , formerly manager of the royal parks and
gardens in Prance , whoha 3 published an interesting account of the growth of his own potatoe crops , during the present season , for a copy of which I am indebted to my friend and fellow-cultivator Mr . Johnstone , the Belgium Consul in this port . The Count , after tracing the progress both of bis early and late crops , says : — " It is evident , from these facts , that the first symptoms of the malady did not show themselves ( in France ) until after the very hot days and the very cold nights of June . The extreme heat of the day , accompanied by an ardent sun , produced a very rapid ascent of the sap of the plant and to this movement succeeded the cold of an icy night , which precipitated the sapwith violence to the root of the plant . These sudden changes , " he adds , " produced the same effects on the stems and leaves of the potatoes , which the last days of October produce on the maturity of the plants , which they hasten in some cases , force in others , or disorganise even in the midst of totally active vegetation . "
At the same time , however , that I believe the un-Javonrable weather ol the present season to have been one principal cause of the existing disease of the potatoe crop , I feel strongly persuaded that it is not the only one , and though 1 entertain confident hopes that the disease will be much less next year , if the season should be better , and if it should be found possible to preserve the seed in a healthy state until next spring , I yet fear that the cultivation of the potatoe will never be free from serious casualties unless much greater pains are taken than at present in raising and obtaining from the native country of ike potatoe new varieties to supply the place of those which are wearing out , in storing the seed with greater care during the winter months , and , above
all , in more thoroughly draining all lands on which the potatoe is grown . Even after all these precau tions have been adopted , it is possible that the crop may ' occasionally fail in unfavourable seasons and unsuitable soils , but still I believe , from my own experience and that of others , that by proper precautions the evil may be greatly diminished . In the animal kingdom we have seen many of the most frightful diseases either banished from the more civilised countries of Europe , or rendered comparatively harmless by the adoption of improved habits on tie part of the people , and vegetable life may alse be fieenredfrom many evils by proper precautions . As the leprosy is unknown in Western Europe at the present day ; as theseurvy which formerly annihilated the crews of whole fleets , is hardly heard of ; as the "Englishman ' s disease , " the sweating sickness , the
terror of our ancestors , is forgotten ; as the remembrance of the Oriental plague , as it once existed in this country , is only preserved in the vivid pages of Defoe ; and as the cholera , thedesolator of whole realms , has , within our own recollection passed over this country , striking down fewer victims in its course than many of our ^ ordinary diseases , so we may confidently antici p ate , if equal pains are taken to protect vegetable life from the causes of disease , that it will triumph over many of the maladies which at present sweep away the food of nations , and spread famine over the earth . In adopting precautions for the attainment of that object , we shall be much assisted b ^ considering what are the habits of the plants which we cultivate for the purposes of food , both in their natural and artificial state , and by looking out diligently for the causes of the different diseases to which they are subject .
Whether the potatoe is a Dative of Virginia , as is generally supposed , or whether it was obtained from the Spaniards settled in South America , ( possibly by way of Virginia , ) it is certain that it exists at the present day In a state of nature on the west coast of SouthAmeriea from thelatitude of Valparaiso to the Chunos Islands , lying to the south of the great Island of Chilee . The best observations on the wild potatoe with which I am acquainted , are those of Mr . Darwin , tlje naturalist cf tire Exp edition , round the World , made in the surveying ship j ? eaele , Jjx the years ' 1833 ^ 5 . In Mr . Darwin ' s account of tne Manas CI the Chunos Arehipeligo , which he visited in the month of January , ( the midsummer of those latitudes ) , of 1835 , after describing the climate of the
¦ whole group as excessively bad , and stating that the rain falls there " every day in winter and almost every day in summer , " lie gives the following account of tic wild ipotatoe j Tfhicfa appears t 9 Sourish on ( he san 4 y ooiis of that ungenial climate : — "The wild potatoe grows in these islands in great abundance , on the sandy , shelly soil near the seabeach . The tallest plant was four feet in height . The tubers were generally small , bat I found one of an oval shape , two Inches in diameter ; they resem bled in every respect and had the same smell as English potatoes ; but when boiled they shrunk much , and were watery and insipid , without anvbitter taste .
They are undoubtedly here indigenous : they grow as far south , according to Mr . Low , as latitude 50 deg and are called Aquinas by the wild Indians of that part ; the Ghilotan Indians have a different name for them . Professor flenslow , who has examined the dried specimens which I brought home , says that they are the same rath those described by Mr . Sabine , from Valparaiso , bat that they form a variety which by some botanists has been considered as specifically distinct . It is remarkable that the same plant should be found on the sterile mountains of central Chiloe , where a drop of rain does not fall for more than six months , and within the damp forests ol these southern islands . "
The chief points which result from tie above acconntseem io be the following—First , that the potatoe , in a natural state , is capable of enduring almost any degree of wetness or dryness , when growing on a suitable , that is to say , on a sandy or open soil . Second , that its natural habitat h in a sandy light ground . And third , that its tubers , when in a state of nature , are exceedingl y small , their enlargement being the result of cultivation . In its cultivated state , the potatoe seems to retain many of its original characteristics , andespecially to like a sandy or otherwise open soil , and a moist climate . It seems , indeed , to be rather bonefitted than injured by an abundant supply of moisture , provided it is not allowed to stagnate in the ground , as is proved by the great success with which it has been cultivated on the generally light soils of Ireland , on the decomposed red rock of South Lancashire , and on the arenaceous *» sands of the Lancashire coast , and of East and WestFlanders .
The objectofthe present culture of the potatoe in turope is to improve the tuber as much as possible bothinsj 2 eand qoaliiy , and the effect of that culture lasbeen to increase that part of the plant to eight or ten tunes its original size . The consequence of this lasDeentothrowthegreaterpart ofthestrengthofthe plant into the tubera ; in many instances to reduce leaves and stems to less than half the size of the wild potatoe described by Mr . Darwin ; and in some to prevent the formation of potatoe apples , which are the proper seed of the plant . In the fine mealj potatoe so well known in Lancashire as the pink eye and which the late Mr . London described as the * best
potatoe ever eaten by him , the foliage has become so small that it has for several years been known by the Bame of thedkorttop , whilst the apples have disappeared altogether . Contemporaneously with , these « aanges , there has been constantly increasing diffiwL ^ fec * is evident from this circumstance *«* of ino ™? P ^ vating the potatoe for the pur-2 * J » 83 u La - ? £ TCnder its « " »•*•» m cultivated L , l ? y belies of potatoes ibr-¦ <** . and I SfejSi ^* ** have thuabeen wora «¦*¦» * t ^^ » ^* P * . « nm * 3 E are not glYlng unequivocal
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' ' — proofs of weakness by sewing toprodape ^ apples or ^ baMniTtliir ^ ndMtein -Wbich- . ttte ) r proceed thtm formerly . EV -J - / -r - un / - ^ J : I mention these facts for ttro purposes—first , for that of showing that the potato © , as now cultivated , is not in a natural ' state , and therefore that like all highly-fed plants or animals , it is subject to a variety of diseases to which it is not subject in its natural state , and second ,- for the purpose of showing the necessity of continually raising new varieties from seed at home , and of introducing others from abroad . I see that at the meeting of the York Agricultural Society , held last week , Mr . Faxton strongly urged the necessity of raising new varieties on the ground that the older varieties were suffering more from the disease than the new ones , and it will be seen that Baron Humboldt , in a passage of the admirable Essay from which I have quoted above , not only recommends that , but also the importation of new varieties from South America , the native country of the
potatoe : — t On this subject , Baron HumbeWt , in the passage which immediately follows that which I have quoted above , on the formation of chuw , says : — " It would be still of greater importance to procure the seed of the potatoes cultivated at Quito and on the plain of Santa Fe . I have seen them of a spherical form of more than three decimetres ( from 12 to 13 inches ) in diameter , and of a much better taste than any in our continent . We know that certain herbaceous plants which have been long multiplied from the roots degenerate in the end , especially when the bad custom is followed of cutting the roots into several pieces . It has been proved by experience in several parts of . Germany , thatof all the potatoes , those which grow from the seed are the most savoury . We may ameliorate the species by collecting the seed in its native country , and by choosing , on the Cordillera of the Andes , the varieties which are most recommendable from their volume and the savour of
their roots . We have long possessed in Europe a potatoe which is known by agricultural writers under the name of red potatoe of Bedfordshire , and of which the tubercles weigh more than a killogramme but this variety ( conglomerated potatoe ) is of an insipid taste , and can almost be applied only to feed cattle , while the papa ebogota , which contains less water is very farinaceous , contains very little sugar , and is of an extremely agreeable taste . " At the time when the whole of the west coast of South America was under the jealous government of Spain , and when . the only means of intercourse with Europe was round Cape Horn , these suggestions might have been difficult to carry into effect , but no such difficulty exists now when all the ports on the
west coast of South America are not only open , but are visited by the steamers of the Pacific Company which ply in connection with the West India Mail Packets . In the spring of the present year the steamers of the latter line brought many tons of potatoes from Bermuda , in excellent condition , in the ordinary course of trade . There can surely , therefore , be no difficulty in obtaining a supply of seed potatoes from countries not much more distant . The varieties grown on the plain of Santa Fg de Bogota , ofwhichBaronHumboldt speaks bo highly , might possibly be shipped in some of the ports of the Republic of New Granada , in the Gulf of Mexico , and those grown in the plain of Quito , might be brought by the Peruvian steamers to Panama , and be carried
across the Isthmus to Chagres , where the West India steamers communicate with the Pacific line . The climate of the plain of Quito greatly resembles thatof the finest parts of Europe , and there is every reason to think that potatoe seed brought from there would grow at least as well as that raisen in the gardens of the Horticultural Society from the plants forwarded by Mr . Caldcleugh from the arid valleys of Central Chili . There will now be from five to six months before the new seed will be required , and if the influence of the Governmentwas used , through its consular agents at Bogota and Quito , asufficientsupplyofseed might easily be obtained before thattime , to try theexperunentsuggestedbv Baron Humboldt . Thepotatoes of Santa F 6 land Quito are described by that most accurate observer as both larger and better than any of the varieties which we have in this country , and
they would probably be very valuable in themselves , independent of the security which they would give us for a complete change of seed . Another great cause of disease in the potatoe crop is the careless manner in which the seed potatoes are kept . From too great warmth in the heaps , they generally vegetate too soon , and when this is the case , the sprouts are usually rubbed off . This produces a . double evil . First , it deprives the plant of the central sprout , which is the strongest , and therefore comes out the first ; and second , it wastes and exhausts the saccharine and farinaceous substance of the seed , which is the sole support of the young plant in the early part of its growth . The mischief done by carelessness in this respect is incalculable . When seed potatoes are kept in the manner which I have described above , this seldom occurs .
But neither these nor any other means will prevent the frequent recurrence of diseaseamongst the potatoe so long as the land remains so imperfectly drained as it is at present . One chief cause of the failure of this crop , both in the British Islands and on the continent , I believe to be the want of efficient drainage , greatly aggravated ^ this season , by excessive and unusual wet and cold weather . In ordinary seasons draining is not so essential ( on the continent as it is in England , Scotland , and Ireland , owing to the comparative dryness of the climate , but this year the Jforth of France , the ^ Netherlands , Germany , and Poland , have been as heavily deluged with rain as the British Islands , and as their natural drainage from streams and rivers is less rapid than ours , and
their artificial drainage greatly interior to it , except in some small districts of Holland and Flanders , the potatoe crops on the continent have been more weakened by the excessive wetness and coldness of the season than ours , and the destruction has been more complete . In the British Islands , the drainage though still miserably deficient , is superior to that of the greater part of the continent , and in some cases it is perfect , the drains being sufficient for their great purpose of . causing the rain as It ialls , and ike waters of the springs as tliev rise , to pass away immediately , without ever remaining to chill and sodden the ground . Without asserting that the circumstances of land being thus drained will , in every instance , have saved the crop , I confidently state
that it has done it in many . On the three farms with which I am connected , which have been so thoroughly drainedfor many years , the water is never seen to remain upon them in the wettest , weather , upward f fort ? ? W of potatoes have been jjrown this year with perfect sL cesg , They are all quite * sound , with the exception of three drills , grown in a natural hollow in the middle of one field . This we have never yet succeeded in laying quite dry . Before it was broken . Tlptheiie was aline olrushes along the nollow , though there was not another fusti io be found iQ the field , and about the first week in September , this year , the tops ofthese three drills withered away , although on both sides of them , and throughout the
whole of the fourteen acres ofwhich the field consists , there was not anothar spot where the tops of the potatoes did not continue to grow in the most luxuriant manner until the night of the 25 th September , when they were cut down by the frost , along with the tops of nearly the whole of the potatoes then growing in South Lancashire . The treatment of the drills of potatoes which thus withered away three weeks before the others was in every respect the same as that of the rest of the field , and I neither know nor can conceive any reason , except the wetness of the ground , why they did not continue to grow as long and prove as good as the others . The facts above mentioned arenot solitary cases of the beneficial results of clear draining .
At the last meeting of the Poor-law Guardians of the Fermoy TJnion , in the county of Cork , a report was read by the Earl of Mountcashel , drawn up by bis steward , showing the extent to which the disease exists on the different soils on his Lordship ' s land , from which it appears that one-third of the crop is diseased on the mountain land , with a stiff , wet subsoil ; one-fourth on the mountain land , with a gravelly subsoil ; and , only one-fiftieth part " on the sound dry soil between the new and old Mitchelstown-road . " In the latter case the disease had only gone one-eighth of an inch into the potatoes , whilst in the other it had gone one-fourth . It would be difficult to find any where a stonger proof of the effect which the dryness of the soil has in checking the
disease than is presented by these facts . Mr . Harold Littledale informs me that the potq . toes grown on his farm at Liscard , near this town , are perfectly sound this year , although some of them are grown on land which is naturally very stiff , but which , from having ^ been drained some years . ago , and having always been worked skilfully , now seems to answer almost as well for growing potatoes even as the sandy soils in the same neighbourhood . I have also heard of an instance of an unusually large crop of perfectly sound potatoes grown at Litherland this year , after subsoil ploughing , aui I believe that
about Wallasey , in Cheshire , and Southport , in Lancashire , where the ground is open , sandy , and drained by nature , there is no failure or disease in the crops . Therefore , though I would not venture to assert that potatoes will always grow well in extremely wet seasons in stiff soil , even after thorough draining , yet the facts which I have stated appear to me to prove clearly , that thorough draining , in this , as in most other cases , had an immense influence , having enabled the potatoe plant , in many instances , not only to resist the unusual wet and cold , but to do well in what has probably been the worst season for their growth that has occurred during the last thirty
years . THE POTATOE DISTEMPER IN IRELAND . Third Report of ihb Commissioners . —The indefatigable trio of Potatoe Commissioners have preseated a third report to the Lord Lieutenant upon the subject of their inquiries into the state of the crop . This document , as well as its predecessor , is somewhat prolix and not remarkable for the novelty of its suggestions , many ofwhich have been already laid before the public , unencumbered with the multiplicity of directions which overload the present report , and , therefore , being less complex , . better adapted to the tastes of a people who are now by an
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unexpected calamity caUed . upon , f 6 f tfie . fiut fame fo ; fiu 7 ow '' tfc ^ uYsffofTO cherished customs . —Subjoined is the report t— . ¦ " jmviCE : CONCERNING . THB POTAIOB CHOP IO IHB FARMERS AND TO THE ¦ PBASAMIRTOF'IRELAND . " . U "The dreadful disease that has attacked : ; your potatoes is one , the effectsof which you can . only stop by strict attention to the advice of those interested in your welfare . ; Many plans have been proposed , and , after examining them all , we recommend the following asthebest . "All competent persons are of opinion that the first things to bear in mind are the following directions : — ' ¦¦ , ' ¦ , , - ' ""' ¦ " 1 . Dig your potatoes in dry weather , if you can ; and if you cannot , get them dry somehow as fast as
you can . .. ¦ - ¦ :: ' •• " 2 . Keep them dry and coel . 'P '"''^ " 3 . Keep the bad potatoes separate'from the good . :,- ¦ ¦ . ::. ^ :- ^ ,. " 4 . Do not pit your potatoes , aa , you have been accustomed to do in former years . , " 5 . Recollect that if they get damp nothing . ' can make them keep ; and do not consider them dry unless the mould which sticks to them is like dust . . " 6 . Do not take them into your houses , unless you want them for immediate use . ,. , 11 Digging and Drying . —As you dig the potatoes , leave them in the sun all day , and , if you can , throw them upon straw , turning them over twe or three times . At night you may gather them together and
cover them with straw , so as to keep on trost . Next day take off the straw , spread them out , and give them the sun again . Do this for three days running , if the weather permit . If you put straw enough upon them at night , they will not suffer . "If the weather be unfavourable , and you have a dry loft or outhouse large enough to hold them , you may spread them thinly on the floor , allowing a free circulation of air , so as to dry them there . 11 They must be got dry . " Sorting the Potatoes . — Ab soon as they are dry you must sort them . Pick them one by one , and put m one heap the very bad ones , in another those which are not so bad , and in a third those that are sound . Treat the bad potatoes ag shall afterwards
be directed , and store the sound ; ones aocordingto the directions given in the next paragraph . You will know the very bad potatoes by their unpleasant smell , and the second set by their skin looking brown , or dull , and not bright , as it generally does . A very little practice will teach you how to distinguish them easily from each other . ; . " Storing . ~ When the potatoes are quite dry , and well sorted , proceed to store them thus : —Mark but on the ground a space six feet wide , and as long as you please . Dig a shallow trench two feet wide all round , and throw the mould upon the space , then level it aiid cover it over with a floor of turf-sods , set on their edges . On this sift or spread , very ¦ thinly , the dry mixtures , or any of the dry materials
described below , and which you may call ; packinj stuff . Also , get some dry slacked lime , and dust all the potatoes with it as well as you can . Then put one row of turf-sods , laid flat , on the top of the floor , all round the sides , so as to form a broad edge , and within this spread the dry potatoes , mixed weU with packing stuff , so as not to touch one another . When you have covered the floor in this manner up to the top of the sods , lay another row . of sods all round thefirst , so that half of each sod may . rest on the bed of potatoes , and the other , half . on- the firs layer of sods ; this wilTmake another edge one sot deep , whieh must be filled up with dry potatoes , aha ' dry packing stuff , as before . Then lay another edg *' sf sods in the same way , fill it again , and'go on till oi mis is
the heap is made . When tne ouuaing pit finished , it may be covered with sods at the top , anc wiU be ready for thatching . If rig htly made , it will loek like the roof of a cottage cut into steps . "If you do not understand this , ask ypur landlord or your clergyman to explain its meaning , and we are Bure that they will give you every assistance ; also recollect that the recommendation applies only to sound potatoes , after being well dried . ; ¦ ' ' "You will lose nothing by applying these materials in storing , for the turf can be burnt-as you use'inp the potatoes , and the mixture of lime with dry clay or ashes , which you are afterwards directed to employ ; will form a good manure after having saved the potatoes . The only difference is , that you must get what you want now , instead of waiting till another time . ¦ ¦" '¦' - ¦ ¦
"Afteryou have completed the heap , thatch it so as to throw off the waters into the ditch and keep out the frost . ¦ "In districts where they may not be spare . turf sufficient to form the pits in the above way , make them as follows : —Mark out the spot , and make the trench as before . Lay on the ground a floorof stones , about as large as apples , and oyer them as much heath , brushwood , or twigs as will just cover the —I * . — — _ ' i ~ l » H . rl . i ] fl A « fnH * w' ^ 1 iA liAn ' nii APnntqtniia ami utll jrviravvu !
SUmtJS , VII I / UIS UUUl lUllU mo »> o v >* ««* -. packing stuff , just as described , for the turfpit . Cover the sides of the potatoes with more of the packing stuff , and thatch in the usual way . " We must again impress upon you . that to pit potatoes in your usual way is certain destruction to them . ¦ "Packing Stuff . —This , which is of the greatest consequence , may be prepared in either of the following ways—some of you may prefer the one , some the other : — ¦ _ .. . :
"First Way . —Mix a barrel of freshly burnt utislacked lime , with two barrels of Band or earth , as dry as you possibly can get it ; The lumps of liihe should be broken into pieces as large as marbles , and the mixture should be left twenty-four hours ; at the endof that time turn the heap well over , mixing the lime and sand ( or other dry materials ) till no lumps of lime can be found . ' .. ' " Second Way . —Mix well equal quantities of earth and turf , or dry sawdust ; put a few sodso lighted turf on the ground , place the mixture On them by degrees tilla large heap is made ; in a few hours the fire will have s pread through the heap , which is then to be covered with earth bo as to put out the fire . In fact , this is to be managed just as if you were burning land . This burnt mixture forms
a very good kind of packing stuff , perhaps as good as the mixture of lime with dry materials . " What to do with Bad Potatoes . —When potatoes are only slightly diseased , that is , when the disease shows itself only under the skin in small dark spots , or , at most , spreading into the substance ol the potatoe for about a quarter of an inch deep , with a yellow or light brown , or blackish colour , and without any smell , they may be eaten by the family without danger . They , should be peeled and the diseased part ? pared off before they are boiled ; the . parts cut offsbHlA bokeptforjJakingstarc ^ Potatoeith u ^ treated are wholesome and palatable , but shouia u ' e used for food as quickly aa possible , as it ia not quite certain ^ hat they will keep long with the Srsatestcare ' : ' • • • ¦ . ;
. . > , ., - - * " It is a pity to destroy potatoes for starch if they will otherwise keep . Cut out tfcs diseased parts , if it can easily be pone , and dust over the cut parts with lime ana the potetoe also . Get them dry as soon as you possibly can , and if you have outhouses or sheds you should keep the potatoes in them also , using the packing materials . In such cases ypu should allow the air to circulate freely m the sheda , and frequently examine your potatoes , which should not be laid in layers above two or three feet in height . If you turn them frequently during the farat two or three weeks , and'keep thenijvery dry in this way , they will probably keep . Although shads or outhouses are to be preferred ; if you have them not and cannot construct them out of cheap materials , you should store the diseased potatoes by themselves , just as we
have recommended you to store the sound ones . 11 , with all your care , the diseased potatoes still get worse , dry them thoroughly in kilns , or on hurdles placed over low turf fires , after having cut the potatoes into two or three slices . It is only very bad potatoes that you should break up into starch . "flow to save the value of very bad potatoes : — Although nobody knows how to make bad potatoes into good ones , or to prevent many of them from becoming worse , yet it is possible to extract from bad potatoes , or from bad parts of them / a great deal whichisgood . Forthispurposeproceedasfouowa ;—Provide yourselves with the following things , —a rasp or grater , which may be made of * sheet of tin , or even of sheet iron bent round , and punched full of
holes with a nail—a common coarse linen cloth , or hair sieve , hand sieve , or common cloth strainer—and a pail , or tub or two , to hold . water . "To make the bad potatoes useful , wash them clean , and then rasp them into one of the tubs of water ; the finer they are rasped the more food you will produce from them . Having raspeda good many , take the cloth and place it on another tub , then put the pulp on the cloth , and pour water on it , allowing the water to run through . You have now two things to attend to , the pulp and the starch . " First attend to the pulp ; sqaeere out as much water as yon can from what remains in the cloth . You should wash it , however , till no smell remains . After you have squeezed it pretty dry , complete the drying on a griddle , over a slack fire , and when it is dry put it aside for use . "Next look to the milky water ; it will then become clear , and the milkiness , which is starch , will have settled to the bottom . Pour off the water
gently , till the starch is tolerably well drained , then add more water , stir the whole well up , and let it settle again . As soon as it is again clear , pour off the water , and when you have got rid of as much as you can , put the wet lumps of starch oa a shelf or other place to dry . In a few days it will be lit to pack up . . " Good wholesome bread may be made by mixing the starch with the dried pulp , peaameal , beanmeal , oatmeal , or flour . You must bear in mind that starch is not food by itself . " There will be , of course , a good deal of trouble in dobg all that we have recommended , and perhaps you will not succeed very well at first ; but we are . confident that all true Irishmen will exert themselves , and never let it be said that in Ireland the inha bitants wanted courage to meet difficulties against which other nations are successfully ' struggling . "Robjebt Kane . "John Lindlet . " Li'ON PLAYFAIRi " Board Room , Royal Dublin Society . "
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~ ~~~*'" ¦ ¦ ' LONDON . "'' " Lecture bt F . O'Connob , ^ - " ^ J ^ fiSi *!" *^^ an absence of two months from England , ^ served io attract avery full , highly respectable , and most enthusiastic meeting , at the South London Chartist Hall , Blackfriars-road , on Wednesday evening , November the 5 th . At eight o'clock Mr . * - eargus O'Connor entered the hall , and was greeted with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of welcome , Mr . Eobson was unanimously called to the chair , and briefly introduced Mr . O'Connor , who ; on rising , was again greeted with loud and long continued applauss , which , having subsided , he said , he was most haDDV to lindihat that imDortant subject , the Land ,
had not been forgotten during his absence , and on meeting theai again , for the first time since his ^ return from tke continent , he thought he could not nm a better subject for discussion than " The Land abroatVand the land at home . " The working classes , although they possess an intimate knowledge of the art of making shoes , hats , clothes , and many other useful articles , had not attained the science ol making the Land bring forth in that abundance it was so capable of under scientific and preper culture . ( Hear , hear . ) Why ? Because they were kept continually from hand to mouth . The last time he had thepleasure of addressing them , previous to his continental tour , was in that very hall . Since then , he had visited many countries , including Belgium ,
France , Italy , Germany , Austria , and Prussia ; and although the people of those countries di « t not possess so many liberties as the English , yet did they appear much more contented and much happier ; and why ? because in those countries each possessed more or less of the Land . ( Hear . hear . ) They were not kept merely . from hand to mouth . ( Hear , hear . ) f in England he looked for one of the greatest calamities that could possibly befal man—famine ! The potatoe crop , having proved a total failure in Ireland , the oligarchy had recommended the people to turn what few potatoes they had into stai'eh , andlive On that . Now , to this he should have no objection , provided , at the same time , the Queen and aristocracy lived on soed and blue . ( Roars of laughter , and great
applause . ) But he had no notion of dukes , lords , and other aristocrats , faring sumptuously every day , while the poor wealth-producers were compelled to stiffen on starch , and he hoped they never would consent to do it . ( Immense applause . ) It was quite true the people of other nations had not the power o meeting in public to discuss their grievances , and some might exclaim , " No more have we , " without running the risk of being prosecuted for sedition . Aye , but he ( Mr . O'Connor ) would ' say , far better was it that even ten per cent , suffer prosecution and imprisonment than lose so important a right . He would , in illustration of this , relate to them a circumstance : —While walking with his interpreter in the Grand-square of Milan , he remarked what a fine
place that would be for holding of public meetings , when the interpreter smiled and said : —'' Such things were not allowed there . " " Well , " but I said , " suppose that I could speak your language with sufficient fluency to address the people , and were to do so , what then ? " "Well , then , " replied he , " before your peroration could be concluded you would be shot dead by the Austrian troops , now occupying that barracks , " pointing to a fine building at the back of the Grand-sauare . And thus was it that continental desDotism was perpetuated . ( Hear , hear . ) In travelling through Belgium he found the people had the iwst constitution of any continental nation , and they were decidedly happier than they were in any other country . Why ? because there was not that wide
distinction of claBB that prevailed m other nations , neither were there those great overgrown mansions we had here ; ' and further , the people were in possession of plots of land which they industriously cultivated for their own advantage , ( hear , hear ) , which naturally gave them an interest in the preservation of " peace , law , and order . " ( Hear , hear . ) It had taken him ( Mr . O'Connor ) thirteen years to beat a little knowledge into their heads relative to the Land , and lie now had the consolation to know that even the devil himself could not dme it out again , ( Loud cheers . ) We all know that the agriculturists are generally believed to be as ignorant as the beasts of the field , and , therefore , we coald not expect to learn from them . ( Hear , hear . ) No , the few who
had commenced cultivation according to approved scientific rules were now teaching the farmers important lessons . ( CheerB . ) The law of primogeniture had created a race of idlers , throwing as it did the youngest sons as paupers and pensioners on industry . ( Hear , hear . ) He should much like to see us imitate the French in this respect , and abolish the law of primogeniture altogether . He agreed with Junius " that public meetings were a safety-valve , " and he trusted they might prove the means of saving England from a bloody revolution . ( Cheers . ) He would now shqw them the effects of the law of primogeniture . It prevented the Land from being sold in small quantities , and makes the Land a touchstone of the franchise . They could buy . £ 100 worth of
Land here as -ttfc' might in many other countries ; but they could elub their pence and shillings together and buy it in the wholesale market , and having thus purchased it , retail it in small quantities , and thus practically break , up the law of primogeniture . ( Loud cheer 3 . ) If he was asked what law next to the Chavter he woulu have passed , he would say a law prohibiting newsp ^ persfrom inserting advertisements , which would prevent in a great measure class distinctions , ( hear , hear ); and next the separation of the Church from the State ( loud cheers ); and thirdly , the abolition of the law of primogeniture . ( Continued cheering . ) He had the satisfaction of knowingthat his letters to the Landlords of Ireland , and his work
on Small Farms had not been without their results , la May last he had the felicity of banding the people together for the obtainment of the Land , and during the last eight weeks he had received £ 891 4 s . -2 d . for that purpose , which he placed to their account at the London and Westminster Bank , on the first day of the current month . ( Great cheering . ) - He might be asked ,,.-wLai -was 0 , 000 members , and be told they were merely the needle in the bundle of hay ; but just allow him to be enabled to point to 200 persons comfortably located on the Land , and that little fact would speak louder , and plead more eloquently , than the best orator who ever stood on the public platform . For , if 200 could do it , two millions might also do it , and thus would
hey proceed from out of the House of bondage to the Land of Liberty . ( Immense cheering . ) He J < id done his duty , and if they neglected to do theirs they deserved to groan under all the oppressions the law of primogeniture Lad entailed on tiTem , and remain slaves for ever . ( Hear , hear . ) He had just returned from Surrey , in which eounty he had visited BeVera ! large farms , and he found the potatoes were in general gone . He had planted an acre as an experiment to show the superiority of his mode of culture over that in common use , and although the potatoes were stronger , they were gone too . ( Hear , hear . ) This waB bad enough , where potatoes are a luxury , but what must be its effect where potatoes are the national diet ? If famine came , lie would
hold the Minister - responsible for- this reason : —if tho land of England was properly cultivated , instead of starving thirteen millions it would more than feed twenty-six millions , and thus might years of dearth and scarcity be provided for by the years when the earth brought forth abundantly . Was he not right then , in holding the Minister responsible . ( Loud cheers . ) A rumour prevailed , that the ports were to be opened for the admission of foreign grain , duty free ; suppose they were , were there no Jews in foreign countries , as well as in England , and would not these heartless money changers take advantage of a starving peoples' demand , and charge accordingly for their grain . ( Hear , hear . ) He had been a prophet as to the result of the tariff ; his letter on
the subject was read m the House cf Commons by Mr . Wakley ; but those Volscians turned up their aristocratic noses and asked , who was Feargus O'Connor ? well he would let them know who he wag before he died . ( Loud cheers . ) Well , the bull fro * farmers became panic-struck at the tariff , they dreamed they saw cattle swimming in from all countries , and the result was , they sent in their cattle and completely glutted the market , and the prices fell accordingly . Meal did not bring half its former price ; and so it would be for a time with grain were the ports thrown open . But the potatoes which the Irish seemed to regard as their favourite diet had failed ; and continental nations , as ho could vouch for from his own experience , were not a whit
better . ( Hear , hear . ) It would appear that a generalblast had come over the land . In Sardinia the silk merchant had destroyed one-half their silk worms in consequence of the mulberry trees being affected with a similar blight to that which had det stroyed the potatoe .. A fortnight ago , in Belgium potatoes were sixteen francs a sack , the price at this season generally being only five or six francs , which was tolerably good evidence that the disease was but too general , and , should it increase , a decree must be issued forbidding their use , or disease , desolation , and death Would follow . ( Hear heav ) The Duke of Hamilton was the first person to introduce potatoes into Scotland , and insistedjon his tenantry planting them , to which they were opposed ; but as thev were a Inval nennlft . and bin omna Of ; n : « : * :-.
„„ they consented ; but they took the wise precaution of boiling them first ( roars of laughter ) when nf course , they did not germinate . ( Hear , hear ) Well his grace , during the season , finding no potatoes growing , enquired had they planted them ? BeS answered m the . affirmative , he looked for himself and Io ! the seedlings weveboiled . ( Great laughter } Hehcartdy w , shed the people of England aid Ire land had acted with equal wisdom , for it was a fl % that this system of " course food" ' kept th ^ eoplet a state of indigence . ( Hear , hear ) He was Z alarmist , yet never did England witness such a state of agitation as would ensue some three months henc 7 ior come it must-, nothing could prevent it Manv railway speculators , and cats-meat-barrow directors were now ivingin a state of luxurious wastefulness which no legitimate state of society would tiprm ? + ( Hear , hni . ) Welive i * fictiUou / iKS * ;
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^ ^^ Ml ^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^*^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ *^^*^^—B ^^^^^^^ N ^ but the bubble is tfbdu ' t / to bunt . Th » rTinu . hm givwitiendSBS ^^ M ^ f ^^^^^^ harder one ;* nd .. w > n it , duf go , . then ,, qne outol every seven of those speculators , would be beggars ( hear ; hear ); but they : wouldmakegood . tools in . oui hands ; and won't they fchout out lustily . ' / Long live Feargus O'Coanor , and may my right arm be severed from my body if ever I desert the glorious principles of the People ' s Charter ;"; ( Mr . O'Connor ' s inimitable mimicry of a popular middle class orator , while delivering the above quotation , drew down peala oi lau ghter ) . But to every man who shall henceforth address you , shout in his ear , "The Land , the Land . " Our Chartist Co-operative Land Society wjJl ^^
hold a Conference at Manchester on the 1 st dayot December next , when its members will be duly re * presented by their brother shareholders of their own selection . The rules would be revised , and all necessary alterations made , by which time he hoped to have subscribed the sum necessary ior commencing operations . ( Loud cheers . ) When the time of peril andidanger did arrive , he trusted he should , as here-, tofore , be found firmly at his post . In times of eminent peril and great danger he had always stood firm and true by his countrymen . ( A voice , in a rich . Cork brogue , " I know that . " ) ( Immense applause . ) . And neither Lancaster , or the brutal threats of transportation issued by an Abinger , should frighten , him from his duty to the people . ( Tremendous ana
long-continued cheering . ) Jiven on tne continent he had found that his name was the terror of tyrants , lie had been kept three weeks at the Italian Barrier , and Was at last sent 350 miles round to get hia passport re-signed , before he was allowed to pass . ; out he had the consolation to find one man , even in the midst of despotism , to declare his name a glorious name , and worthy of all respect . ( Loud cheers . ) He longed , with all the fervour with which a bridelonged foJ her wedding night , to see the people or the Land surrounded by peace , contentment , and happiness . Then should he be content to retire to the . silent tomb , in the happy consolation that this was the work of his hands . Mr . O ' Connor resumed his seat amid the most tremendous cheering . A person in the body of the meeting asked what would be the use of possessing two acres of Land if they , did not know how to cultivate jt when they had it . Mr . O'Connor , in reply , said it took seven years to learn
to make a shoe ; but they might learn to stick a cabbage in less than seven minutes—( hear , hear)—and the plant would not stop to ask whether it was planted by a legitimate or an illegitimate gardener . ( Roars of laughter . ) But he thought there could not be a doubt that , amongst the numbers locating , that some scientific gardeners would be found who would be but too happy to impart their knowledge to their fellow-men . ( Loud cheers . ) But they should not even be left to that chance , lie was acknowledged to be a good practical fanner himself , and he should have much pleasure in superintending thefirst colony himself , and see that not a single potatoe was treated disrespectfully . ( Roars of laughter , and great applausc . ) A vote of thanks was then given to the lecturer and the chairman , and suitably acknowledged . Several shares were taken up . The meeting then dispersed , evidently well pleased with the triumphant success of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society .
Chamist Co-opeiuiive Land Societt , West-MissiEn Branch . —The adjourned meeting for the discustion of the rules was resumed and completed at the Parthanium club-rooms , 72 , St . Mavtiii ' s-iane , on Sunday evening , November 9 th ; Mr . MDler was unanimously called to the chair , when the following alterations and additions were adopted for the consideration of Conference . The 18 th rule to stand as follows : —" Time allowed for paying up shares , subscribers at Is . per week , one year ; ditto , 6 ( 1 . per week , two years ; ditto , 3 d . per week , four years . Members not having paid up their shares within the time specified shall be allowed a period of six months to pay up their arrears , and any member neglecting or refusing to comply with this rule , shall forfeit to
the society any or all sums he may have contributed , unless he can show satisfactory reasons for non-com- ; pliance . "— " That no member under any consideration , be allowed to hold more than two shares in his own right . "— " That the society be enrolled according to Act' of Parliament provided for benefit societies , "— " That the present designation of the society be continued . " The discussion on the rules being new concluded , it was resolved— "That a meeting for the nomination of a delegate to Conference be held in these rooms , on Sunday evening , November 23 rd , at seven o ' clock precisely . " It was also unanimously resolved— " That the best thanks of this meeting be given to Mr . Edmund Stallwood , for the able manner in which he has filled the office of
secretary to the meeting during the three nights discus- ' sion of the rules . " The thanks of the meeting having been awarded to the chairman , the meeting dispersed . OLDIIAM . On Sunday last , Mr . A . J . Taylor lectured in the Working Man ' s Hall . The lecturer laid down his opinions in a very forcible manner on the true nature of political and religious liberty ; he was listened to with great attention . A number of shares were taken out in the Land Society . At a geneval meeting of the Oldham branch of the Land Society , on
Sunday , the 9 th instant , the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That persons taking two shares ,, and if both are paid up , should have" their four acres allotted to them on gaining their chance for the first share . " ' That this meeting approve of the counsel ' s opinion , that the first paid up shares be the first entitled to allocation ; and we are further of opinion , that if this plan be adopted , it will greatly facilitate the progress of the society , and give more general satisfaction . " " That we are of opinion that the society should , if possible , be enrolled under the Building Societies Act . "
SHEFFIELD . The Laxd . —On Monday , November 10 th , a meeting of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society was held in the Democratic reading rooms ,, FigTree ' - ] ane , when the greatest unanimity and enthusiasm prevailed , in consequence of the rapid progress our society is making here . In order to make public what we are doing- , we beg to state , for the benefit of the members in otlier districts , that we heave formed a club ; the object being to purchase Mr . O'Connor ' s work on Small Farms . We pay a penny a week , or more , should they think proper , by way of contribution , and , as soon as there are sufficient fum ' s iu hand to make a purchase , we get them ; then ballot who shall have them . The successful candidate for the books still pays forward until every member is supplied . We Jjaye already disposed of a goodly number .
STOCKPORT . The Weekly Meeting of the shareholders of the Land Soeiety , was held in the Chartist Institution ; Bomber ' s-brow , on Wednesday evening , the 5 th inst . when the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : — " That each occupant shall be empowered to cidtivate his own allotment , or to employ practical , agricultural labourers to do the same ; and that the £ 15 16 s . 8 d . allowed to each occupant , to be expended by the Board of Directors , in the purchase of implements of husbandry , seed , and all things necessary that each occupant requires , and all the aaid amount of money to be placed in the banfe , at the disposal of the trustees , for the benefit of the society . " " That this Association be closed at the meeting of Conference , and be called No . 1 Association . "—Signed , Thomas Woodhouse , Secretary to the Land Society , 4 , Angel-street , Stockport .
ROCHDALE . The Laxd . —Last Sunday there was a good meeting holden of the subscribers to the Land Fund . Isaac Hoyle was called to the chair , when various questions were discussed relative to the forthcoming Conference . It was resolved , first , "TJiat the seceretavy write to the directors through the Star , ur 6 in 8 the necessity of them uniting the various localities into districts , as the best means of electing representatives to the Conference . " Secondly , lhat , according to tho principles professed , there be no plurality of votes . " Thirdly , " That the discussion be adjourned to next Sunday , when all members are expected to attend ; to commence at two o clock , in the Association Room , Mill-street .
M t T ¦ ¦ MANCHESTER . Mr . James Leach lectured in the Carpenters' Hall MJn . P Sund , evenin Previous to the lectors Mr . U Connors letter was read to the audience by { r « t t * K ' » and at the conclusion a genera / P ' , applause was given by the audience . Mr . f ^? ^ commence d his lecture , which was very £ ^ and * grafter which Mr . Joseph Lmney addressed the audience for about a quarter of tmir !' ; i A - ° te of thanks was given to the leeof the S aD > ' Vhick concluded the bu 5 ineES
T « t hm . N 0 RWICII . tist ro-nnr V ~ T T , eiabersof «» e National Ctatrirt- £ . T ? W Society . resident in this d * Sundiv + r o m ^ their -idjourned meeting from Str 2 ' 2 ? V nst t 0 further consider the wtfe i& " ^ ^ g ^ en to their delegate to solution ^ T Con £ rence , when the Mlomns £ i-eauST agieed t 0 :- "That our delegat e be sSv'h T « nder the Land ani Building move or \ ' f » ed by counsel . " " That he SSL VJ $ Tl amotion that eacn shareholder be hav ^ til o Wl - h , fou ^ . acres and that sucli meinbert / 2 fHW luni L lty of sllares ^ compelled to d * Kermfi ^ ut one- " That should the Conference SS » Lfi . twoicre ^ otments , he shall mo « « tStn > , ^ Other 'J : hat such shareholder be atWJ SSStfS ?/ u think 8 fit > in which caSC * J ? iegi 8 tereu as full on the nmrminH ™ nr i >; s MYnients ,
? he ST ^ , ur a ^ * Z ** to 7 M * if ence K ° ^ l duri » g *« sfttlllg of C < f [' Se ' af T ^ sharcholder therein be allov >; ed to Decemb , r ° } t ? i if ' taken oa «" before tlie f Ik e& »^ ' l ' w ^ n that section will I * **™ outLpJ eab , ove ^ solutions were wrriea * & ¦ Sen 8 «" t ' k ft the following notice of m « JJ thl fou 7 , n rha * sh ( "ild the Conference determine J Price 3 p ? k t Uotfflent > « betoe advised , that f Ber ? w \ 8 bar ? be advanced from £ 2 Ids . to ** KftS Tea themeetine a (] Journed mm
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New Chbisimas Book , bt- Ghablbs . Djcebns . — Mr i Dickens has announced the approaching publicatibn of Mb annual Christmas : book ; : , Th « * itle ia "The Crieket on the Hearth : a FairyTaleof Home . " The reading world will be on the qui . vive for this treat , We confeBS our own impatience . The Forthcomikg Skiff Race on the Tynb . — Newcastle , TiicKSDAr Night . —Tho arrangements for the' match between Pocock , of the Thames , and Harry Clasper , the champion of the north , were completed here this evening . The contest is said to be for £ 100 a side , and will came off on the Tyne , about the 25 th inst .
Intercourse betwee . n France and Ekgland . — During the first nine months of the present year the number of persons nassing between England and the uridewnentioried trench ports was as follows : — Boulogne , 55 , 637 ; Ostend , 23 , 704 ; Havre , 15 , 490 ; Calais , 12 , 603 ; Dieppe , 9 , 505 ; and Antwerp , 5 , 589 . Total , 122 , 528 . Query . —Orders have been sent , says the Paris Constitutionnet , by the Minister of the Marine , to all the ports for experiments to be made in heating the boilers of steam-vessels with spirits of wine instead of coal . The Case of the Fblicidade .- This case , which must still be fresh in the memories of our readers , will be argued before the twelve judges on Saturday , the 15 th instant . —( This day . )
. Persecution of the Jews . —The Frankfort Journal states that the Jews settled at the Turkish town of Serafeoo have been pillaged by the Turkish population , and otherwise ill-treated , on the pretext that a Jew had violated a Turkish woman . The Jews offered ne resistance ; their losses amouHt to some £ 6 , 000 . - . The-Universal-German Gazette states that the Emperor of Russia has just issued an ukase against the Jews , of even greater severity than that ot the 2 nd March , 1843 . : A New System op Killing Game . —A corn-stack , belonging to Mr . Donald M'LarenLeeknascoir
, , Duror , was lately observed to be visited by blackcocks and muir-iowls . The staek had an opening in the middle , which was left ' purposely , in consequence of the wet season . A little girl , a daughter of the above farmer , concealed herself in the stack , when soon a fine black-cock , muir-cock , and some muirhens , came , and soonbegan to feast on . the honest farmer ' s corn , when - the girl stretched her hands quickly , and was lucky , enough in capturing a fine black-cock and a muir-cock .
Culpable Homicide . —Last week William Paton , superintendent of locomotives for the Edinburgh anc Glasgow Railway Company at Cowlairs , and Richard M'Nab , engjneman on said railway , were charged before the High Court of Justiciary , Glasgow , with culpable homicide . This case arose out of the fatal accident which occurred on the 19 th oi' May last , to Mr . Cooley , spirit and cattle dealer , Glasgow , who was killed in consequence of lhe special train which he had hired on the afternoon of that day , to take him to Edinbiirch . bein g overtaken by an ordinary
train , when within two or three miles of its destination . The indictment charged Mr . Paton with neglecting to see that the engine employed on the special carriage was in proper condition , and M'Nab with not having taken the necessary precautions on the ' route when he found that the engine under Mb charge % s defective . After avery lengthy trial , the jury returned a verdict , finding , by a large majority , both ipannels guilty as libelled ; but unanimously recommended them to the leniency of the court . Sentence deferred .
Carse of Goweie . —Lately , no fewer than eight cottages , or " cottar-houses , " as they are popularly called , were burned down on . the farm of Ross , near Glendoick , in the Carse of Gowrie . Glasgow College . —We understand that the price paid for the estate of Woodlands , which is understood to have been purchased A 9 the new site of tile Glasgow University , was nearly £ 29 , 000 , subject to a feu-duty of £ 187 10 s . per annum . Population of Austria . —According to the census of . 1843 , the whole population of the Austrian
monarchy ( the army included ) at present amounts to 38 , 00 . 0 , 000 . During the last twenty-five years , the increase was 24 per cent . TnE Militia . —It is stated that arrangements have been in progress for some time , and are now nearly completed , for employing the militia , whenever it may seem fit for the Privy Council to issue an order to that effect . The chances of war with the United States are said to have caused these arrangements . Will the working classes consent to fight for the protection of the aristocracy and middle class ? We hope not . "No vote , no market !"
' £ he CnuKCH and the Army . —The Quarterly Review and the Times are both complaining of the want of " religious instruction" in , the army , and advocating " more church" for the soldiers , in the shape of more chaplains , places of . -worship , &c . Would it not be better to disband all armies , instead of paying parsons to teach butchering machines to '' do no murder , " those machines at the same time existing for the sole purpose of committing murder by wholesale ? ; . . . , The Late Eiopemekt in High Ljfe . —The mystery appertaining to the disappearance of Lady Adela Villiers , ¦ the youngest daughter of the Earl' arid Countess of Jersey , is now cleared up . The "tall gentleman '' with whom she was seen to leave
Mghton , turns out , as was expected , to have been her lover , and is now her husband . Tfee name of the " gentleman" is Charles Parke Ibbetson , captain in the Ilth Hussars , son of Mr . Henry Ibbetson , of the firm of Ibbetson and Son , proctors and notaries , of Great Knight Rider-street , London . It appears that the " happy pair" proceeded by the Brighton Railway to London , where , on their arrival , they immediately left by the mail train for Newcastle , en route to Carlisle , on their way to Gretna-green . There they were married , and thelady ' s brother , who had been in pursuit of the fugitives , arrived just in time to be too late ! They had left-Brighton , arrived at Gretna , and were married , all within twenty-three hours ! So muck for Cupid travelling by rail !
. The Oregon Territory . derives its name from oregano , a Spanish word for wild marjoram ( the oreganum vulgare of Linnfeus ) , which grows abundantly in the western coasts of the American continent . Death of Lord gTWRi De Rothesay . . —• This nobleman died . on the 6 th inst . at his seat / High i ' CJiff , Hampshire , JJe was formerly minister at the jaagu& . Coals i « Dumfries . — Last week coals were not to be had in Dumfries , and many persons always accustomed to the comforts of a blazing hearth , were for 'the first time deprived of them .
Incendiary FiBE .. — Last week a fire which threatened great destruction : to property , was discovered on the premises of a farm in the parish oi Whitwell , Norfolk , belonging to , and in the ^ occupation of Mr . Leamon , of that village . A double barn containing a large quantity of barley , together with a stable and other farm-buildings , fell a sawittce to the devouring element . There appears to be no doubt but the fire was caused by an incendiary . Midland Cotjkties Railway . — Erection op the Electric Telegraph over the whole extent of the Lines . —We are happy to state that the directors of the Midland Counties Railway have determined on establishing the electric telegraph over the whole extent of railway under their superintendence . The whole extent of railway is 180 miles , and the cost of the telegraph-will amount to the large sum of from £ 30 . 000 to £ 40 , 000 .
Prosperity or Dbbby . —We are assured that m the whole town of Derby there are at the present time only two uninhabited houses . The Duke op Buckingham and the Railways . — The Duke of Buckingham is reported to have issued orders to stop all surveys over his estates near Haddesdon . Surveying operations have been put an end to by main force , and the fieldsmen have to return to town for further orders . 1 EtGESE Sue , the author of the " Wandering Jew , " has been excommunicated by the Archbishop of Lyons , the primate of France . Prince AlbeotV Stock . — At the annual sale of prince Albert ' s live stock , 150 butchers and graziers attended . The number of sheep sold was 383 ; of hoS d cattle , 20 . The sum realised was £ 1 , 650 .
" Unmentionables . "— The wardrobe of the late Lord Egremont was , on the 18 th ultimo , brought to thp hammer , by the executors of his late brother . Am ongst the articles specified , . were 150 pairs of " u nmentionables . " Curious Discovert . — The miners in East Tanfield collierv have discovered , inacayityma stone : fifteen fathoms belowthe surface , aUving toad and " clock » Thev are now in the museum at Keswick ; and the toad , although it cannot open its mouth , is quite lively . q ouncE OF Political Corruption in ihe Republic Si Sj « S ^^ P « g ^*
.. *™ venue and lighthouse departments , the General and State Governments together have the patronage of 87 , 000 appointments . A Beautiful Spot . —The salubrity of the climate of Madeira has long been proverbial . There are only seventy-three days in the year on which any ram falls and such is the mildness that swallows do not mierateirom the island . The most remarkable circumstance is the equability of temperature , which gives Madeira' an advantage over every other locality ; the range from November , 1844 , to April , 1845 , was from 6-2 to 66 41-48 degrees . ,
The Daisy . —The word daisy is a thousand ' times pronounced without adverting to the beauty of its etymology , — " fie eye of day . "—T . Campbell Commercial Treaty between France and Belgium . —This commercial treaty , about to expire , will be renewed by royal ordonnance for one year , the existing duties remaining without modification .
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November 15 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 15, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1341/page/6/
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