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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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NiTJONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED
TRADES . Glasgow , Monday evening . —Mr . Jacobs attended the engineers' meeting , when it was agreed , that the question of the National Association should be entered into at the next meeting . T ^ e-day . Thejoiuere held their adjourned meeting i « Tren Church Session-house , when Mr . Jacobs attended , to giro such information as might be reqaim-1 on the subject of joining the association . Seveial members expressed their views in approbation ef th « -ir adhesion ; and Mr . Jacobs , in reply toseveral questions on the application of the society ' s f un ;' . s . suit forth the various investments effected and inteuJeti . and drew a very vivid picture of the proposed industrial establishments , under the head Permanent Investment , which called forth the most enthujiiVKic approbation . The resolution to join of the former meeting was confirmed by vote , and the secretarv instrncted to carry it into effect forthwith .
Wednesday . —The dvers held a meeting in their hal ? , Charlotte-lane , to decide on joining tne National Association , vhen Mr . Jacote delivered a lecture thereon , which was much applauded throughout . At tlie close it was p roposed and seconded : — That the Dyers' Society do join the National Association , that they may he enabled henceforth to nsist encnueh-. m-nti ana secure fair wages . TL : tt the committee do take shares in the Employment Fund , in the name of this society . The stove were carried without dissent . Friday Evening . —Mr . Jacobs delivered a lecture to the boiler makers , in the new school-room , Gorbals , wLcn the following resolution was passed : — That the committee call a general meeting to discuss -the Que ^ iiou , and that the Secretary write to the several lods « , preparatory to the lecturer visiting them .
SMALLWAEE WEAVERS—THE DOCUMENT AGAIN . An Address to the Trades generally on behalf of the Small-ware weavers of Tamwortb , Measham , Burtonoc-Trent , and the Surrounding DistriciB .
Expected Friends ,. —Some time since , toe small-ware weavers of Manchester joined the National Association of Coiled Trades , and thinking the interest of their trade would be better protected by the co-operation of -the country districts , the Manchester men solicited them to join along with them , and they responded to their call ; and tve beg to state to the trades of England , and the public at large , the consequence * : — At Tamworth there are two shops , and they having joined the association , and one of the employers , Mr . Haiasicll , having neard of the fact , seat for the other master ., Mr . Harding , and they commenced the following coward !; ,- and unmanly attack : —They immediately wrote to all the small-ware employers in their district , Including Measham , Bortoa-on-Treat , Cheadle , Teen ,
and various other places , stating that their men hid joined the Union , and earnestly calling on those employers" to aid and assist them in making their men withdraw from the association . They stated , also , that the men intended to interfere with the business of the masters , anil wanted to ^ make them pay the same price for weaving as the Manchester employers , without a due consideration to their interests , and concluded by asking the above employers not to allow their men to remain in " the «« s > elation , nor employ any men that they , Messrs . HammeU and Harding might discharge ; and we are sorry to say . that other employers nave taken the advice given them , as instanced by Meeson , of Measnara , having turned "the whole of Ms men from f ? or > in consequence of them belonging to the association ; also , Mr . Cook , of Bur tonou-Trent , has discharged a . aumber of his men for the
same cause . We way here state , that the Tamworth employers sent f-r their men , and asked them if they were prepared to " sign a document , * ' not to belong to any union ; but tlir following was the men ' s answer : — "We do not -allow our hands to speak for oar hearts !!! " Then , answered those employers , — "We have no further call for you . " In vain did the men endeavour to reason with them , that it was the interest of a master to demand such a price from the public as would enable them to jdve a just remuneration for their labour ; to this they replied : "it was interfering with the principles of Free Trade ; for they bad a right to buy labour cheap , and sell it as dear a * possible ! and if they would not sign the
document , they must go about their business . " The men appealed to their feelings aa men that had families of their oivb , and asked them to contrast their position in society compared with other trades , and told them that to enable : hem to live , they had to bring to bear the laboar of their , children at an age that was revolting to the feelings of every man , and likewise that of tbeir wives , when some of them had infant children , which had to b& entrusted to th « care of another , who cared not for the welfare of the child , but for the small pittance they received for it . In vain did they tell those masters the union was formed to protect their interests as wed aa the workman , inasmuch as they wanted all master , to pay one price , in order that no advantage would be allowed to any single employer with * regard to the price paid for the labour they might employ .
And the consequence is , that upwards of eighty poor families are thrown in the street to starve ! which causes us to appeal to the trades of England on their behalf . "Will you submit to the vile persecutions of these tyran . nical employers who league themselves together from selfish motives , and would starve the operatives to death for uniting together for the mutual protection and assistance of each other } We hope the time has ceme when the artisans of England see the necessity of acting gqf * for all , and all for each ; and we hope yon will rally round these men , and by your support enable them to beep the tyrant at bay .
This public appeal would not have been made but in sonsequence of the men not being six months' members -of the National Association of United Trades . The po-¦ eition ef these men m&y be best imagined when yon know the ; have been out of work four weeks . We , the small-ware weavers of Manchester , solicit your attention to the case ; and if the case of the weavers who turned ont against signing the document , deserves your support , we hope you will assist as in endeavouring to throw down the bulwark of tyranny , as we are sure that if it is carried into effect by those employers , it will be adopted by other masters , in other piaoes , and other trades . Signed by the Manchester Small-ware Weavers' Committee , on behalf of the men turned out , Jases Bolton , President , a Jobs Puimn , Secretary . g ~~ F Subscriptions will be thai&fuUy received , and all infonnatioH given at the Royal Archer , Dale-street , Oldham-street , Manchester , at eight o ' clock on Saturday and Monday evenings . SHE ASSOCIATION OP UNITED TfiADES—THB MANCHESTER DISTRICT COMMITTEE .
TO THE EDITOR OS THE NOBIBEBN STAB . Hallway Inn , Deansgate , Manchester . Nov . 2 nd , 1846 . Sir , —The Manchester District Committee , of the National Trades' Association , will be obliged by the insertion of this reply to a letter signed "T . jWinter" in your number of the 21 th October , and addressed to them . Tour correspondent commences with an insinuation that this committee has , by the distribution of secret circulars , endeavoured to sow dissension in the association , and to " entrap some into wrong and hasty conclusion * . " the influence which has eatrapped Mr . Winter into so very " wrong and hasty a conclusion , " a » to stigmatise a circular sent by post to ISO individuals , including the President and Central Committee of the association , must indeed , be % very potent one .
Whatever puints of difference may exist between this and the Central Committee , we do not consider the -columns of a public paper the proper medium for discussing them , and we tnink we should have subjected ourselves to very just censure , had we , instead of complaining to the only parties interrested ( the members of the Association ) adopted the very *• wrong and basty conclusion" of Mr . Winter , by making your paper the organ of out complaints , which might have had a tendency to aggravate and widen a branch which all good men would desire to see closed .
This committee represent a very numerous andiraportant district of the Association , and the course they have amdmaj pursue in this matter , has , and will be such as a due sense of the duty they owe their constituents shall dictate , And as they do not think it would be prudent tobe drawn into a newspaper controversy upon matters which the public , generally , are not directly concerned in , Hr . Winter must excuse them if they pass over his and ail similar communications with this brief explanation . At the same time the Manchester District Committee would feel obliged if such of the Conference Delegates as have not yetreplied to their " secret" circular will do so tUneir earliest convenience , I remain , Sir ,
For the Manchester District Committee , Tour ' s respectfully , Jakes Godldiso , Sec . Wx . Peel , sub-Sec . p ^ Some of the delegates having changed their residence since the last Conference , some of the circulars have been retorned . If those parties will forward their addiess , or any trade newly Joined to the Association , who may wish to be admitted into the " secret" w ill iavea copy of the circular forwarded immediately . v * ( x « THE POTTERS AND THE KATIOJTAI .
ASSOCIATION . K » TBTJHHTOB OP THE NOBTHEBN STAB . Sir—Permit me through your paper , to call the atjrsaacasrsiWSBii bs ^ r ^ S ^ J--= ihal Induces me to invite the co-operation of operative ^ The ^' potters , like every other trade in the kingdom , iavehadits local onions to the fullest possible perfection . Bnt after all our combination of energy and pence for years past we are not in a position to help ourselves against the aggressions of tyranny , and onr experience tialtra . de amply demonstrates , and painfully exhibits i iaiaeauacy and absolute insufficiency of sectional
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unioni , to procure an honourable remuneration tor our toil . After all our struggling and tilling , and sacrifice of thousands and thousands of pounds , to aid us in our operations against the encroachments of money grabber * , and the unjuBt impositions of grinding capitalist , ( though we have slightly resisted some attempts - at the reduction of our wages . ) After all we are left in a most pitiable and defenceless condition . Oar energies are wasted , our hopes of triumph are cut off— our coffers once richly teeming with gold are completely exhausted . The members once united and flnn , are become dis . joined and scattered . This is the position of tho operative potters . And why is it so ? Is it because we ha > e
had no unions ? Ho ! Is it because of the apathy and indifference of our members « No I Is i t because there has been an indiesipation on the part of our members to contribute to the funds ! No ! What then it the cause of our weakness ? Why , is it mainly attributable to the contracted principles upon which our unions have be . n founded , our plans of operation have been too narrow and circumscribed . - We have vainly striven to do battle with extensive capitalist , with no capital at our command . Our local unions have failed from no other cause but that of there being local . And so long as they continue local , so long will they continue to be signal failure .
It was with this conviction that we joined theAational Assertion of United Trades ' . And with this conviction we call on the potters of Staffordshire and Derbyshire , the potters of Leeds , ofMiddleborough and New . « astie-npon-Tyne , of Wales and of Scotland to follow our example . Nothing else will procure fer us an adequate compensation for our bard labour , and secure tbe elevation of our trade , nothing else will so easily , speedily and effectually , remedy the wrongs under which we have so long been growing . I remain . Yours , on behalf > f the Staffordshire Potteries District of tbe National Association of United Trades ' . Edwabd Huhphbies , Secretary ,
BARNSLEY . Thf Second Mbktino o Journe men Weavers . — This meeting was held in Mr . Acklam ' a large room , on Saturday , October 31 st . The members of the committee appeinted to draw up the rules separately addressed the meeting . Each individual stated it was not the intention of that society to enter on a crusade against the "housekeepers , " they have objects much more extensive in view , namely , the advancement of their wages . The rules were read over , proposed separately , and all adopted . It was then agreed that a copy of the rules be sent to the Northern Star for insertion . —[ The rules will be inserted in our next . —Ed . N . S . ] -
State of Trade . —The trade of this town is m a deplorable condition—the once high minded and independent weavers of Barnsley are becoming more servile every day . At a certain warehouse may be seen between one and two hundred half-starved half naked individuals , men and women , standing in the yard every dav , whilst the foremen whose duty it is to attend to them , goes strutting up and down , and leaves them famishing for three hours together , before they will condescend to tell them to go borne to live on expectation for aneteer day or week as the case may be . A report in the Star last week was calculated to convey a wrong impression . No more than fid . per week each is charged for the looms to worfc common work in ; it is the damask looms that are changed from two to three shillings per week ; neither is it the men with small shops that live out of the labour of others , but some half dozen fellow * who have contrived to pick up a living by means of their large shops .
THE KEIGHLET TURN-OUT . —EXTENSION OF THE STRIKE . The battle betwixt the combers and their employers srows daily stronger and hotter . The men finding that the obstinacy of their employers , and their numerous tricks for procuring the assistance of the unprincipled and degraded workmen of other parts , was likely to continue the struggle to an incessant length of time , came last week to the resolution of changing their tactics and grappling more closely with their enemies . For this purpose they consulted the power loom weavers and factory workers of one of the Leaguersnamed W . Lund , toknow whether they would be willing not to strike work till he cave the combers
the advance , providing they received wages nearly equal to those they could earn at their employment . The weavers and parents of the children consented to the proposal , and the whole of his hands , about 300 are now on strike on behalf of the combers . The factory bell rung on Monday morning as usual to summon them to their daily and monotonous toil , bnt , to tbe honour of the weavers and spinners , not one solitary being obeyed its call . The wheels and shuttles in this modern temple of mammon are consequently silent for the present , and the Jittle boys and girls usually employed in administering to the monster , are now delighting themselves with a holyday .
In consequence ef the guardians refusing relief to the starving combers , because one or two of the Leaguers proffered them work if they would go in at their old wages , and belong to no union , a public meeting was held in the market place on Saturday last , presided over by W . B . Ferrand , Esq ., M . P . About 5 , 000 were present at tbe meeting—indeed , the market place was literally crammed ont ^ witb people , to hear the honourable gentleman ' s opinion of the cendnct of the manufacturers and guardians . The combers had drawn up a statement previous to the meeting , exhibiting by facts and figures tbeir real condition . In this statement they prove that the average wages of combers was' 10 s . per week for twelve hours per day labour , and that after paying
out of this sura for rent , fire , soap , and candles , which could not on a low calculation be less than Ss . 6 d . per week , had 6 s . 6 d . left to find themselves and families in food and clothing , not to mention Rates and many other incidental expenses . Mr . Ferrand , in the course of his speech , read the statement to the meeting , and wanted to know by a show of hands if it was correct , when every hand appeared held up in confirmation . "If , then , " said he , " your statement is correct , which I have no reason to doubt , I pronounce you the most injured and oppressed body of workmen in the kingdom , and vastly inferior in your condition to savages themselves . I find , " said he , " from the parochial
books , that the greatest amount of money granted for relief has been paid to combers' families ; proving that the poor's rates have been maki g up your deficiency of wages to enable your employers to accumulate large fortunes . " After condemning in most eloquent and pathetic language , tbe conduct of the guardians and manufacturers . He exhorted them to persevere in their struggle till they improved their condition , and promised them every support his power and influence could afford . He told them to go boldly to the board and demand relief ; and if , said he , they should refuse it , and any death should happen through starvation , an inquest sball be held , and tbe parties shall quickly find themselves lodged in York Castle , on a charge of manslaughter .
Several of the combers addressed the meeting , and a vote of thanks was passed by acclamation to the chairman for his humane and gentlemanly conduct in presiding at the meeting . ¦ ¦ - . The following are the resolutions , which were passed unanimously : — That the conduct of the Poor Law Guardians of the Keighlej Union , in refusing relief to the woolcomberg oat of employment , is quite in accordance with the spirit of that unholy law , and at variance with the principles of Christianity , humanity , and justice . That the manufacturers ought never to be allowed to sit as guardians , it having been proved to a demonstra tion , that they will do all they can to make those guar . dians who are not manufacturers into their tools , and the working classes who may apply for relief into their serfs and slaves .
On Tuesday last , the 27 th ultimo , a woolcomber named John Murgatroyd , fell a victim to the cruelty of the manufacturers . Like many more , he was driven to seek work in the neighbourhood of Bradford ; end , while delivering at the warehouse , fell through a trap door , and broke the spine of his neck Being a man highly esteemed and respected , about four or five hundred of the combers attended his fnneral on Sunday , and walked in procession to hia grave . The concourse of spectators was greater by far than we can recollect seeing on any previous
occasion . We shall conclude this week's report by mentioning a circumstance which happened at Farnhill last week . A manufacturer there named Smith , taking advantage of the Keighley strike , thought proper to reduce his combers' wages . Finding that all remonstrance with him was in vain , they came to a resolution of drawing out his power weavers and factory hands , by proffering them a certain weekly wage till he agreed to give back what he had taken from the combers . The haads accordingly came ont , and in a day or two the refractory manufacturers yielded .
UNITED TAILORS' JOINT-STOCK COMPANY . Mr . Parker , the General Secretary has been holding very successful meetings at Hamilton and Airdrle in Scotland . Mr . P . intends to hold meetings in Glasgow , Edinburgh , Paisley , Port-Glasgow , Greenock , Ayr , Ki'marooek , Alloa , Stirling , Dumfries , Inverness , and Aberdeen . All communications must be addressed to Mr . Parker , at Mr . Frankham ' s , Post Office , Duddingston , near Edinburgh .
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The Risdridob Union . —At the weekl y meeting of the guardians ^ on Saturday , a letter from the Poor Law Commissioners was read in which the duty was urged of indicting Slater % t the ensuing Sessions , for the assault , committed by him , upon Webb , the insane pauper , and which were held to have accelerated his death . After some discussion , the guardians agreed to summons a full meeting , for the special consideration of the subject « n Friday . It is considered that the guardians , by this decision , have shown a culpable apathy in the matter . At the Marylebone Vestry , last Saturday , the clerk read a letter from an anonymous friend to the poor , who had offered to subscribe £ 500 towards the comfort of those who having seen better days were , through reverse of iortune compelled to become
inmates of the workhouse . . The writer having received no satisfactory reply to his offer said , that if the vestry did not soon accept it he would make it to another Board . The letter was referred to the Board of Guardians , and £ 50 left with the rector for charitable purposes , was ordered to be added to the amount proffered , a subscription was also proposed in order to make up the sum to £ 1000 . The present Lord mayor will have the merit of accomplishing a great service to the poor in the mayoralty , by his resolute ' condemnation of the practice of the guardians in sending all the unfortunate applicants for assistance in the city to the receptacle at Peckbam , called Marlbqrough House , in which they wererigoiously treated in the night to be turned out in the morning to prowl about the
streets . In coasequenee of the repeated attacks made by his Lordship upon such a disgraceful system as that by which crowds of poor fatigued , halfstarved wretches were walked a distance of four miles from the city to lie down in filthy Rtraw , the guardians have determined to erect a building in the neignbourhoed of the city for the reception of their poor and diseased . They sre in treaty lor a piece of ground at Hoxton for the erection of a building of suitable dimensions and accomodation for the poor . It is really time that some measures should be adopted to prevent the starving poor from being left to the caprice and defective judgment of the workhouse officers . Persons almost perishing for want daily apply to to the magistrates for redress and assistance : vet they , in all probability , form but a
small proportion ot the miserable objects who , turned ruthlessly away from the doors ot the workhouse , have not the courage to complain at a police office . On Saturday no fewer than five cases of this sort ol inexcusable cruelty came before the magistrates at different police courts . At Guildhall , an emaciated and sickly woman , with a child in her arms , applied for the interference of the magistrate . She had presented herself to the officers of the Cripplegate parish , to which she belonged—and explained that no food had passed her lips for some time , and that , having no home to shelter her , she was in danger of perishing in the streets from want ; yet she was turned away unassisted . The chief usher said , that at Crippleeate workhouse , poor creatures were refused assistance without the slightest explanation . It was an every-day occurrence ; the magistrates
orders were quite unheeded . At Westminster a wretched-looking man , wilfully broke a pain of glass , to obtain the ( to him ) luxury of a jail , because , though in a starving and destitute state , he was refused admission even for a night in St . Margaret ' s workhouse ; to his great satisfaction he was committed to prison for twenty-one days . —At Marylebone Court , a miserable object , was also charged with breaking a lamp . He had applied for temporary relief at St . Pancras workhouse , was refused , and gained a fortnight's board and lodging in the House of Correction by his misdemeanour . Four other persons were committed for a similar offence for the same reason from the same court . —A destitute woman , had been refused admission to St . Saviour ' s union , and was taken before a Southwark magistrate .
Opening of the Ports . —On Tuesday a deputation waited on Lord John Russell , with the memorial passed at the Marylebone meeting last week , on this subject . His Lordship said he did not see any necessity for the measure . In reply to the statement that a vigourous agitation was about to be made in the metropolis , and that perhaps that would have the effect of prevailing upon him to accede to the measure , Lord John replied , " No , that would not induce me to take the step you suggest . But if I deem the measure necessary , if 1 see a probability that prices are about to rise . I will not , in that case , hesitate to advise my colleagues to order the immediate opening of the ports . "
The Gilbert TJsions . —On Friday ( last week ) a dinner was given at the Steyne Hotel , Worthing , to Captain Pecbell , M . P . fer Brighton , as an acknow ledgment for his exertions in opposition to the extension of the authority of the Poor Law Commissioners over the Gilbert Unions . The invitation was given by the guardians of the East Preston Incorporation Act , but many of the influential farmers of the neighbourhood , as well as gentlemen and tradesmen from Brighton and Worthing , joined in the demonstration , and the party was about 150 in number . The Chairman in proposing the health of Captain Pechell , referred to the attempts which had been made for the dissolution of the Gilbert Unions , and in resisting which the Captain had taken a leading part . The eyes and ears of the people began to open ' . In the Poor Law unions the rates began to increase rapidlv , large sums were required to reimburse the
building funds , and satisfy an expensive host of officials ; boards of guardians were set at nought by the commissioners and their assistants , the poor were grievously oppressed by their orders , and the public became dissatisfied with the denial of relief except in those dwellings which , although fair to the eye , were within abodes of discontent and misery . He asked , then , those who loved to administer their own money in their own way , and among their own people , to do honour to him who was now seated as a guest at their festive bowl . ( Loud applause . ) Captain Pechell acknowledged the toast in a speech of great length , in which he contrasted the management of the Gilbert Unions with that of the Poor Law Commission , and contended that , both as regarded humanity , economy , and efficiency , the former was superior to the rule of Somerset House . The Poor Law Commissioners told them that the
Gilbert Unions were mischievous examples ; why then wish to add them to their unions ? The only answer he could ever get to this question was , that it was desirable for the sake of uniformity , and that one law ought to prevail through the country ; but to this he replied , "You have no uniformity except your uniform incompetence , and your uniform tyranny . " In conclusion , the Captain recommended the Gilbert Incorporations te unite with places under local acts , and to maintain perpetual watchfulness , in order to be prepared to meet any fresh attempt that might be made to bring them under the rule of the Commissioners of Somerset House .
Mr . E- Buiuf , of Brighton , spoke of the New Poor Law as a disgrace , not only to a Christian , buc to any civilized community . He not only wished to ward off the Poor Law Commissioners from his own parish and the Gilbert Unions , but he wished for a complete revision of the system applicable to the whole ot the country . ( Applause ^ ) The Poon in St . Pancras . —On Monday the St . Pancras vestry assembled in the Vestry-roem , Gerdon-square , for the purpose of hearing the Report of the Poor Law Commissioners as to the recent charges against the authorities and general treatment of the poor in St . Pancras Workhouse , and to confirm the resolution of the previous vestry , proposed by Mr . Mann , to the effect , " that twenty-five vestry-men , not being directors of the poor , should be appointed
to reinvestlgate the general management and discipline of tbe workhouse . " Mr . Churchwarden Howarth having been called to the chair , a long and stormy discussion ensued , as to the legality of Mr . Vann ' 8 motion , it being contended by the chairman Mr . Douglas , and the directors' party , on the one hand , that the motion being for the appointment of twenty-five vestry men not directors ' of the poor , and there being but twenty-one of such members present , the resolution was informal . On the other side , Messrs . Mann , E . F . Smith , Boulting , and other gentlemen , contended that this attempt was a most unfair and side-winded plan to evade the inquiry
which the vestry sought to carry out . Atter the ex * hibition of a great deal ot personality and ill-feeling , in the course of which it was declared on the one hand that there was a determination no longer to allow Mr . Howarth and Mr . Douglas to be the sole rulers of the parish , and on the other that the object of the motion was to support Mr . Cooper , the workhouse surgeon , and procure the dismissal of Mr . Lee , the master , the original motion was withdrawn , and a fresh notice given , appointing an indefinite number of vestrymen , not being directors of the poor , to investigate the management of the workhouse , and tbe allegations contained in the Poor Law Commissioners' report . The vestry then separated .
The Infant Orphan Astlum , Wanstead . —A half , yearly election of children to the benefits of the Infant Orphan Asylum , which is under the patronage of Her Majesty , took place at the London Tavern , Bishopsgate-street , on Monday , when thirty children were admitted , making 239 children in the establishment , whose ages vary from three months to the completion of their eighth year . Opening of the Posts . —A requisition signed by nearly 2000 persons having been presented to the Mayor of Birmingham , requesting him to call a meeting for the purpose of memorializing Government to open the ports , the meeting was held on
Tuesday , in the Town-hall . It is estimated that between 4000 and 5000 persons were present . The Mayor took the chair , and the Members of the Borough were present . Resolutions , and a memorial to the Government , praying it to pass an order in council for the abolition of the present duty on corn , were unanimously agreed to . The most practical speech at the meeting was that of a working man , who said : — " That while he was lor free trade in everything , he was sorry to ^ ay that since the passing of the Corn Law Bill provisions had so much advanced in price as to make a difference in his household expenses of 4 s . a week . "
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Shemikid—Municipal Ap » AiB 8 .-rOn ^ Thu ™ day evS ( week . ) a public meeting . was held in the Si Ha I , Sheffield in support ofMr , Briggs , Ch ar , tist candidate for Brighton Ward . The hall was well filled and the meetine was addressed by Mr Seward ( the chairman , ) Mr . Otley . Mr . Ironside Mr . Briggs . and several other speakers . Two resolutions were unanimously adopted to the ettect . That it was the duty of the- working classes to lay hold of the local powers within their reach , and that it was of paramount importance to the preservation of their riKbti to use them ; the meeting , therefore , pledged th mselve , never to Kl » their oxertions tillI the people had accomp lished so desirable an ebjeot , thus proving themselves in way worthy the suftYaRe .
evwy " That acommitte - e be appointed to furnish the working closes with all necemry information concerning the obtainment and exercise of the municipal franchise ( In our Chartist Inte ligonce it will be seen that Mr . Brig gs has ; been triumphantly elected to the Town Council . ] The Suffkbisos or thb Irish Peoplk— fustic Mbetino at Barnbley . —A public meeting was held at Barnsley , on Tuesday evening , to consider the distressed state of the Irish people , when , after stirring addresses from Messrs . Segrave , Leary , Williams , and Mirfield , the following resolution was adopted .
That this meeting deplores the extraordinary distress that n » W prevails in Ireland , aad consider the conduct of the government to he highly criminal , in not making a nrovisienforthe working classes from the property winch they thenweWeBhave created ; this meeting , is , therefore , of ootnien that the numerous deaths that have lately taken place in the country , have been caused by the accused sj stem of class legislation . A memorial to the Queen , pointing out the sufferings of the Irish people , the causes of those sufferings , and requestinff herMajestv , to caH to her councils , T S Duncombe , M . P ., Feargus O'Connor , W . B . Roberts P . O'Higgins . andE . Jones , Esquires , as men possessin g the confidence of the people , and capable of advising her Majesty as to the means necessary to put an end to present wrong and suffering .
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. WHO WERE THE NORMANS ? ' The period from which the English aristocracy dates Its origin Is that of the Norman Conquest . Aristocracy , indeed , therV was in the country before , but < vas annihilated by the Normans ; and this epoch is the vaunted birth-day of our nobility . There is nothing of which we hear so much as of the pride of a descent from these first Korman nobles ; of the pure and immaculate blood derived from this long descent . To say nothing of the wretched fallacy of blood a » d descent , —for the most wretched and mischievous fallacy it ia which ever curBed the human race . —being the pretext for every insolence , and every species " of tyranny amongst men , and being besides , the most hollow bubble that ever was blown by pride , for , thtre is no beggar who , if ho could trace his pedigree , would not find himself descended from kings , and no king who is not descended from beggars , —wo will take the trouble to refer to the histories of the time , and ihow what these Norman conquerors really were . We Bhall then find that , so far from being a set of men to be
proud of as ancestors , there ennnot b * a moro scandalously disgraceful origin . They were , in fact , a swarm of the most desperate and neady adventurers ; " a rascal rabble " of vagabond thieves and ilunderers . The ; were not , In fact , one half of them , what they are pretended tobe , —Noimans ; but collected by proclamation , and by lavish promises of sharing in the plunder of eon . quered England , —vultures from every wind of heaven rushing to the field of British carnage . We shall find that , allowing the claims of such families as now can trace a clear descent from these men—and these are very few indeed even such of them as were Normans were but of the lower and more rapacious grade . The great vultures fleshed themselves to the throat with the first spoil , and returned home , while their places were obliged to be repeatedly supplied , through renewed proclamations , and renewed offers of the plunder of the Anglo-Saxons , from the still hungry tribes of knights who were wandering and fighting anywhere for bloody bread .
Again we shall come to the curious question , who the Normans actually were ! And here will come another singular laying bare of the proud pretences of our proud nobles . Forsooth , they are descended from the gallant and chivalrous Normans . They will be defended from them and them alone . There is not a soul of them that will claim the honour of descent from the Danes . Oh no ! They are thieves , pirates , plunderers , and savages . Nobody is descended from them , except some plebeians in the North of England , and except that the " r « bble rout of the common people are contaminated with their blood . And yet , who arc tbe Normans ! Why , the Danes !
Yes I the proud aristocracy of England , such of them as have any long known descent at all , are actually des . cended from the Danes ! They are the legitimate issue of this bloody and barbarous people that nobody wishes to acknowledge as ancestors . The Danes , ? driven from England , fell on the shores of France , and amid the dis tractions of that kingdom , laid Paris in ashes , and seized on that district which thence received irom these Notthmenner , or Normans , its name of Normandy . Here , though settled too comfortably for their deserts , they never ceased to keep an eye on the far richer prize of England , from which , for their cruelties and fiery devastations , they had been chased away . In the time of the Conqueror , they had been settled about two centuries in France : and though they had acquired a considerable degree of external civilisation , and much martial discipline , yet , if we are to jud ^ e by their proceedings on the acquisition of England , they l > ad lost none of their greedy hunger of spoil , nor of their reckless and ruthless disposition to shed blood .
The Origin of Hioh Blood , —What now becomes of all the boasts of high blood ? of des ent from those victorious Norman « who won England at Hastings ? Here we have the clear declarations of history that these , and the sons of these had either gone out , or were driven out till scarcely one of them remained , But if the proud Mood of the present day benot descended from these first eonqaerora , as it appears evident enough that it is not , there is every reason to believe that it is descended from a much meaner but equally rapacious broodthieves , parasites , low adventurers , and ruffians of all descriptions , which continued , at all possible opportunities , to stream over from the Continent for ages , and to slip into the service anil the favouritism of a succession of the worst monnrchs tl . at ever sate on any throne . We find these muddy inundations on almost every page of our early history .
During the civil wars of Stephen and Matilda , swarms of these vile mercenaries had insinuated themselves ; had seized on castles and lands ; had become such intolerable nuisances that a cotemporAry writer notes the exultation which the people displayed when Henry IT . ordered thsm to quit the kingdom i" one day . "We saw these Brabungonsand Flemings cross the sea to return to the plough-tail , and become serfs after having been lords . " But though on this occasion a pretty good batch of these animals was » ot rid of , the process of their , insinuation was continually going on , In the disordered reign of Richard Coaur de Lion , and still more so in that of the detestable John , they swarmed like beasts over the deroted island . Especially after the barons had compelled John to sign the Charter , did he send out and collect to his standard troops of such adventur . rc from France and Flanders . At the head of a host of these base fellews ,
Poictavins . Gascons , Flemings , Brabanters , < fec , did this vile king traverse his kingdom , now here , now there , like a fury or a murderer , burning , destroying , and plundering , as if in a foreign country which ' he doomed to destruction . The very name of his leaders and companions strike one with horror . "Faloo without bowels ;" "Manleon the Bloody ; " " WaltetBuch , the Murderer ;" " Sottim , th » Merciless ; and "Godeschal , tht ; Iron , hearted . " To such men were his subjects given up , who tortured them to make them show where they had concealed their property , burned down thoii * villages and towns , and , thit horrid monarch himself often setting them example by burning the house where he had lodged with his own hands , when he quitted it tbe next morning :. Yet to these fellows did he give the towns anil lands of such nobles as they destroyed , and they became part of the aristocracy , &nd transmitters of the proud blood of the English nobility .
To rid themselves of this nuisance , the barons in opposition to John , committed a worse error , and created a nuisance "till greater . They invited over Louis , the son of the French king , offering him the crewn , and thus was the kingdom put in danger of becoming a province of France ; and tbe strange spectacle was beheld of a French prince and army fighting on the fair soil of En ; , land . Happily , in the following reign , Louis was compelled to retire ; but in the meantime many o : his followers had got possession of castles and lands , and also became part and parcel of the aristocracy of England , and the progenitor * of pure blood . Again , the great , evil of the reign of the weak Henry III . was the inviting
in and employment of these foreign adventur . rs . This was the perpetual source of his quarrels with tLtf elder barons . At one time Hugh de Burgh succeeded in taking Bedford Castle , and hanging eighty of these foreigners , knights and others , who had been guilty of the greatest excesses . . But still later we read that Peter des Rochn , a Poictavin , bishop of Winchester , taught tlie king to detest the older race of barons , to undermine Magna Charts , and to rely on foreigners , with whom he filled up every office in the court , the church , the army , and government . The hungry knaves , Poictavins , Gascons , and French of every description , revelled in the na . tional revenues , grasped at estates , und insulted the people in the most audacious manner .
Such is the state of things down to the yeai 1270 , and we might pursue the matter further ; but hare is surely enough to demonstrate in what manner the oldest mid bust blood of English aristocracy has been compounded . It is the product of successive herds of the most miscellaneous and most bloody-minded adventurers which ever disgraced history . -- ffampien ' s History of the English Ar iitocracy .
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MESSRS . BELL AND DIXON . . [ We Publish the following from a sense of justiee , how . aver , with the understanding that not another word upon the subject shall appear in the Star , except the proceedings of any public meeting that may result from tha con . troversy , and then only the resolutions . We have en . deaveured to kerp our columns free from such controversies , and shall persevere in our determination to do so ; we offer no word of comment , nor shall we upon the subject . — Ed . tf S . ]
TO THE ID 1 TOB OF THE NOBTHEBN STAX . Tkou shall not btarfalse witness against thy neighbour . On looking over tha Star of Saturday last , I was some , what surprised to find another letter from Mr . Dixon . From the perusal of which , I am induced to believe that Mr . Dixon either has not learned , or . having learned , wilfully disrdgards , . " the solemn , and dirine injunction with which I have commenced this letter . In reply to Mr . Dixon ' s letter I will be as brief as the notions of the subject will permit , and shall , in order , to prove that Mr . Dixon does bear false witness , I will commence with falsehood
The first . Mr . Dixon says , that , "Mr . Bell , in his letter of the 6 th instant , endeavours to made the public believe that I have been unwilling to meet him , he knows it isfa ' se . " Now , if the reader will look over my letter of the 6 th instant , he will find that I hare repeatedly requested Mr . Dixon to meet me before the public of Heywood , and either prove or retract the false assertions he has made against me at the Middleton Gamp meeting , up to that time he had refused to do so—he still refu » ed to do so . That the reader may ascertain that Mr . Dixon does bear false witness let him refer to the letter itself . He says , that 1 sent him a letter replete with the classic language of Billingsgate , and that among other things , I unbraid him with having delivered two lectures for a fund which his friends got up for him . Why did he not publish the letter to which he refers f If he had done so , the readar might have judged for him-Belf relative to the classic language , also to the taunt contained in that letter .
Falsehood the second , Mr , Dixon endeavours to make it appear that I had placed this business in the bands of tha South Lancashire Delegates , and has also published several letters which he fain would make the readers of the Star believe , tu be proof that I bad done so , these letters were produced before the South Lancashire Delegates at their meeting at Oldham , on the 11 th instant , I attended that meeting , and with the exception of the firBt letter , denied the charge of ever having autb orised tbe Heywood council to place this business in tbe bands of the South Lancashire Delegates .
Mr . Buttertvorth , the secretary of the Heywood council , was present at that meet ing , and , if my denial had not been correct he could have disproved it , Mr . Dixon likewise published my letter of the 31 st of August , from which he infers that I was a party to the arrangement , I told Mr . Dixon , at Oldham , that when I wrote that letter , I did so under tbe impression that the county council would meet in Oldham on the following Sunday , and that I would meet bim there , and make arrangements with bim as to the place where we should meet for him to prove ( if he was able ) the assertions he made against me . At that meeting I also distinctly told him , that it should be ; it a public meeting and not there , for that would have been like hole and corner work . He knows very well that I was never asked to be a party to such arrangements . If he knew I bad been asked why did he not state who were the parties that asked me 1
I authorised the Heywood Council te request him to meet me in He > wood . I gave them no further authority to interfere with the business . Mr , Dixon , after having retailed something that some nameless friend of mine bare told him , says ; "T therefore leave the matter for the intelligent readers of the Star to judge for themselves , whether a man would go a distance of near one hundred miles , and not know where the money came from , I told him before the de . legates in Oldham , that James Leaeh was the man' that insured me of my expenses , and also furnished me with the money for the journey . Yes ! 1 was furnished with money by honest James Leach , the man who has been eulogised in the Star , and often by Mr . O'Connor himself as being ( and who 1 still believe to be , ) one of the most honest men in tbe movement .
Mr . Dixon says that the fact ibould not be lost sight of , that I wanted to discuss the merits of a document , which was not printed until three weeks after the Middleton meeting ,, ' If this be true , I must have considered Mr . Dixon a veiy " propheic soul" to think that he WAS able to discuss tlie merits of a document which , he asserts , was not printed till three wei ks afterwards . 1 told him at tbe Middleton meeting , that we bad drawn up an address at Birmingham which would fhotly be printed for circulation , and that I would undertake to defend tha merits of that address . Again , he asks if I was able to prove that he made false statements at Mid . dleton . Why I did not do so , the reason why I did not do 60 was , because I did not know whether he was the second person that was asked to join the movement or no , but I suspected at'the time that he was telling a nil . ful lie ; I afterwards made inquiries and found he had done so—he was never asked to join the movement .
It is rather too hard of honest William Dixon , the man who never dirtied his hands with Tory Filth to denounce James Leach , John West , William Jones , John Mason * , John Leach , B . 6 . Gummage , and William Bell , simply , because they went to Birmingham without soliciting him to accompany them , He says that I would not enter into the question before the delegates . It is true 1 would not , knowing as I did that be made the assertions before tbe public , and before the public only , lam determined the matter shall be tried , and for that purpose I will meet bim , either » t Heywood on Monday evening next or on Monday evening week , This , I presume , will give him sufficient opportunity . If he thinks proper to meet me on Monday week , I will placard the town , obtain a room , and
guarantee the expense . If this should not suit him , I will meet him at Middleton on the same ground where the meeting was held , at which he made his false assertions and guarantee half the expenses . These , I conceive to be " honourable proposals , " and as Mr . Vixon says he will not again occupy the columns of the Star with thin subject . I do not know that I shall have occasion to do so . For it is my opinion . Jif ^ there be an atom of manliness in Mr . Dixon ' s composition , he will at once accede to the just and equitable propositions which 1 now make , and hoping these will satisfy him , and that this matter may be brought to a speedy conclusion , I remain , yours truly , WiLr . tAH Bell . Mills Lane , Heywood , October 26 th , 1846 .
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— : ^» - THE PEOPLE ' S REPRESENTATIVES .
TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sm , —Permit me through the medium of your journal , to say a few words relative to the choice of Chartist candidates at the next general election . The Central Registration and Election Committee is composed of men in whom the country may have the most unbounded confidence . That Committee has been elected in compliance with tbe resolution of the Leeds Convention , aud I feel confident that if the nation furnish the means which the importance of their object demands , we can have little doubt of a successful issue . But should the people treat the matter with their wonted indifference , or satisfy themselves with talking instead of helping , it would require no streteh of human foresight , no great amount of prophetic knowledge to foretel how the labours of the Central Committee will end .
To let the present opportunity Blip will show our want of principle . If the people really mean doing anything , they should begin immediately ; there must be no delay . Surely we shall not be any longer blinded and deceived by preti ndinir friends : who , kindly warn us against a scheme which they are sure is impracticable ; or lulled again to sleep in imagined security until tho hour arrives to demonstrate our weakness , and show the world we are unprepared for action . My friends , we are said to possess all the advantages of a free and popular election . I admit we have the mockery ,
or the semblance of the thing , but not the real original substance . Neither would I have you suppose that , because our state affairs are gone into confusion , they are beyond the reach of proper remedies—or are , as some have asserted , irretrievably ruined . Whert this the case , all our labours to reform the state would be fruitless . We are not under the yolk of any foreign power . The country still is said to be ours , nnd in proportion as we are in earnest in demanding , our rulers will be * ager , if for nothing but their own safety , in granting redress .
The House of Commons is the spot for the discussion and promulgation of our principles , The Charter cannot become law until our law . makers are made to understand it ; and that can only be effected by an unflinching , faithful band of CLartist pioneers removing the obstructions to the truth of progress , ignorance and prejudice—and clearing the ground for the approaching conflict between the rival factisns—Whig and Tory , and down trodden labour . The nation will ere long be called to elect a new House of Commons , and it is to be hoped that such men may be
sent who , having no interest to defend but that of the commonwealth , they may live to see the principles of the Charter made the law of the land ; nnd their exertions crowned with success . And should any proud House of Peers , or haughty monarch refuse their assent to the salutary change it would be easy to bring them to reason , or to tell them their services were wanted no longer . lam thoroughly persuaded neither the prerogatives of the crown , nor the privileges of tha peers can be exercised to the injury ef the people , without the guilty concurrence of the House of Commons .. '
Electors , how can you expect the nation ' s business tobe properly transacted and good laws made , unless you send good men to make them . No one disputes the right of ration ill individual to have his business done in the manner he does approve of . We maintain that the people are the only fountain of power . The public business is their business ; who will contend : then , that whatever they order is not right , and whatever the people object to is not wrong . The principles here alluded to lie at the foundation of all free Government . The people were accustomed to the wholesome practice of instructing their representatives , and held them responsible for their actions ; but Jhese salutary regulations are , with few exceptions , fallen
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nto disuse / their utility is ) destroyed by long Parliaments , in whioh only let your members obtain a saat . anj array goes your dearest rights for seven years . Your servants will then be approached , enly in the "humble guise of petition ; " and even your petitions are rejected or unheeded without the slightest consequence to them * Selves . Englishmen ! Electors ! these are your vaunted privileges . What ! has the c ! erk more power than hia employer * Have our representatives set themselves above their con . stituents ; and dispise the authority of tha very persons who gave them all they power they ever possessed . ¦ Yes , indeed , and the time has arrived when your eyes should be opened to the undisguised , stubborn reality . ¦ I can . not suppose that your old servants will be re-elected , or that you will delegate power to their hands to trample upon your rights with impunity , and tyrannize over the nation at pleasure .
Such is now the case , and so it will continue until you choose men p ' edgod to carry out your instructions , and to resign the trust you reposed in them at any time you call upon them to do so , Remember when once elected your representatives power to do good or evil extends , according to law , ov * r a period of seven years , Take heed , therefore , who you choose . The power of benefiting your country will shortly fall into your hands , turn the tables , and the game is yours . I am fully persuaded from personal acquaintance and observation that the central committee will cheerfully and patriotically discharge their important duties . They will concentrate the electoral power as closely as possible . They will contest those cities or boroughs only where there appears the greatest chance of success ; those places are few , still those few cannot be contested without the means—will the people supply them f I am prepared to do one man ' s Bhare of the work , to the best of my humble ability , and as the business proceeds to pay my full share of the
expense . I will not venture to name those who should be brought forward as candidates ; it is iny intention only to point out those characters who , I think , ought not . First , fien , I would caution the people against a renewal ot the lease ot power with most of the members of the present House . No doubt but they , or their agents , will be the first in the field , for having tasted the " sweets of office , " and the advantages of power , they trill shorr no ordinary degree of eagerness to regain their seats at any cost ; you will see them the first on the hustings , —hear them bellowing out—National Education—Short Time BUI—an amended Poor Lftw—Britain and her
institutions—the Extension of the Suffrace—the Ballot , and liberty of conscience . But , surely , Englishmen will not again be deceived , jostled , and carried away by the cries of faction . The elector will "look before he leaps , " he will reflect that he is about * . o exercise an important trust , not only for himself , but for the whole community , Should be , after nil , sell his freedom for gold , let the wretch know that he has not only bartered for 'dross the happiness Of his fellow-man , but ( he liberty of his country , and for such acts as these he will deserve to be held up to public execration . I remain , respected sir , yours truly , Robebt Wrtft . Mottratn in Longkendal , STov . 2 , 1846 .
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CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND . TO THE EDJTOB OF THE NORTHERN STAB . Sib , —I have read with diffidence the statistics which bate been published in the Star , and elsewhere respecting the Capabilities of the Land , however my doubts would have at last been altogether removed by the following facts ; Last Spring . I gowed forty square yards with earrots , one half of the seed was deficient , but I let them all stand and kept them clear of alt weed and filth , and they were very healthy . My constitution lacking stamina , I have not eaten any myself . I have sold them , at sixpence per stone , and they have made me nine shillings . Now , if I put this in a statistical form . I find that 40 multiplied by 121 gives 4810 , which is the number of yards in an acre , and 121 multipli d by 99 . elves £ 54 9 s ., which would be the value of an acre .
Now then , I deserve for my labours , seed , manure , rent , &c , 5 s . then 121 multiplied by 5 s . gives an expenditure for tbe acre of £ 30 5 s ., leaving a nett profit upon the acre of £ 24 4 s . I am not a member of the Land Soc i ety , and can have no interest in exaggerated statements , neither have I been experimentalizing either upon " O'Connor ' s plan " or any other plan . I only wish to let the Malthusisn wise-acres know , that seed sown by a nian « f ; i' -turing operative will actually grow , although he may not have as much sap in his constitution as would great * a joiner ' * cimblet .
I have a neighbour , who is a member of the Land Society , who showed me a carrot a week since , which weighed 31 bs . which would be worth one penny farthing ; this man is confident of being vary soon ( with the ble ? s » ingofhealth ) placed outof the reach of poverty , a companion which is just now crossing our thresholds , but a companion wliich we really did not exprct to see so goon after nil the free trade palaver of the last seven years . James Haiqh . Emley , October 12 , I 84 S .
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— ^ w THB INUNDATIONS IN FRANCE . Official documents declare that the loss at Roanne alone of houses carried away by the late inundations amounts to 200 , and this number is being daily nrgumented . Not less than 2 , 000 persons are without food or raiment ; and to this amount must be added sixty famalies belonging to the neighbouring communes . A letter from Cosne , dated the 24 th ult , and published in the Province , a journal of Moulins ( Allier ) , contains the following picture of horrors not before mentioned , but which it is to be hoped are greatly exaggerated : — " We have acquired tbe lamentable certainty that the
small town of St . Firmin , above Enare , containing about 600 souls , has been entirely ingulphed , and that the whole population have perished ! This horrible news , which wag first cireulated on the 21 st , is this day confirmed by a letter from the president of the tribunal ) at Gleu , which states that the banks are « mre < i with dead hndie 3 . The inhabitants , surprised in their beds , were unable to find any means of escape . The banks being broken down let in the body of the river at the back # f the town , so that these unfortunate beings were completely surrounded by a torrent , which every minute narrowed its inner circle , and at last completely covered . them . "
The little commune of Epercieu-St .-Paul , near Feurs , has lost forty-two houses out of ninety . one . Upwards of forty important domains have been ravaged between Monfrond and Feurs , on the two banks of tbe Loire . At Tanclietto all the inhabitants of the lower grounds w « re forced to fly , and scarcely had they escaped when their houses were inundated . The water was in general three feet higher that in November , 1790 . At Langeac , three men , two of them fathers of families , perished in endeavourng to save six persons surrounded by the ' waters , ami who had passed a whole night in trees suspended above the aby ? s . At Tence a
man was drowned in attempting to save a piece of timber brought down by the torrent . At Lavoute the AUier carried aw » y several house * . We learn from Pertiua ( Vaucluse ) that the floods have forced the Durance out of its course , and its waters , driven back by the works at the canal of Marseilles , have formed a new bed on the side of the department of the Rhone . In consequence of the late heavy rain a large building , in course of construe * tion , at Marseilles , in the Rue St . Jacques , suddenly fell to the ground on the 28 th ult ., and buried under it » ruins three workmen . Every effort was made on the instant to extricate them from their dreadful position , but ineffectually , as , when reached , they were all dead .
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Public Hbalth in the Summer Quarter , 1 S 46 . — The usual return of deaths has been made by the Registrar-General for the summer quarter , ending Sep . 30 . That return includes 115 districts , subdivided into 576 sub-districts . Thirty-four districts are in the metropolis , and the remaining 81 comprise , with some agricultural districts , the principal towns and cities of Eneland . The population of the whole was 6 579 , 693 in 1841 . 51 , 235 deaths were registeied within the quarter—a number exceeding by 15 , 227 those in tho corresponding quarter of last year . ' Id the mild winter quarter ending March , 1846 , the deaths were nearly 5 000 below the average ; in the spring quarter ending in June , the mortality was slightly above the average ; the intestinal complaints
which then arose , and became epidemic , have been the principal causes ot the immense loss of life on record . The deaths in London were 12 , 409 , while ia the summer quarter of 1845 they were only 10 842 Of ( he excess of 1 , 587 deaths , 1 , 303 were from diarr ^ hrea , cholera , and dysentery ; which proved fatal respectively jto 1 , 549 , 197 , and 75 persons . The mortihty by intemperance , delirium tremens , jaundice , hver diseases , and rheumatism , was also areatGithan usual . The fire weeka from July 11 to August 15 , were the unhealthiest . Young children were the greatest sufferers , the form of the disease beina what in America is designated cholera infantum . Though the disease which also proved fatal to many old people and adults—could not , in some adult " enses , be distinguished in its symptoms from Asiatic cholera . yet it was evident from the first that it had not the character of the malady ef 1832 . In London , the deaths
rose fourteen per cent . ; in some other densely peopled towns the mortality was doubled . No such mortality had been witnessed in Birmingham for many years . The number , which in the corresponding quarter of 1845 amounted to G 94 . rose to 1 , 627 . In Liverpool , the increase was from 2 , 595 to 4 , 090 : in Manchester and the contagious districts of Salford and Chorllon , from 2 , 411 to 4 , 248 . 1 , 039 persons died in Sheffield , though the mortality in any preceeding year had never exceeded 647 . The high mortality of the towns is attributed to crowded lodgings , dirty dwellings , personal uncleanliness , and the concentration of unhealthy emanations from narrow streets , without fresh air , water or sewers . The wealthy parish of Marylebone affords an instance of tho little regard paid to sewerage . A considerablei part of that parish is still without fiwew , or any direct open communications with the sewers : and it is said that half the houses have cesspools ,
many of which remains unemptied from year to year . No effectual arrangements are made the remoyal Of decaying animal and vegetable matter .
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Absconding op a Clerk . —The cashier of Wingate Grange Colliery has absconded with £ 680 . He was traced to York , where it was ascertained that he had been at a house ot ill-fame , and departed in the company of a ynung woman for Hull . On the arrival of his pursuers at that port , they learned that he had sailed for Antwerp only about an hour before they reached tbe place . To Antwerp , then , they have followed him .
Comspotttjetw*
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Commencement of Michaelmas Term . —The Lord Chancellor ' s levee , preparatory to opening the courts of law for the ensuing Michaelmas Term , took place on Friday morning , when nearly the whole of the judges and most of the leading members of the equity bar paid their respects to their noble and learned lord . The " cup of friendship" having been handed round , the learned dignitaries proceeded in state to Westminster Hall . Previeus to the Judge ' s levee , Mayor-elect , accompanied by several aldermen and civic officers , attended for the purpose of obtaining Her Majesty ' s approval of Sir George Carroll , the choice of the livery , for the office of chief magistrate for the ensuing year , when the lord chancellor formed signified her Majesty ' s approbat tion .
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, _ . THE NORTHERN STAR . ' Notembeb ? , 1846
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 7, 1846, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1391/page/6/
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