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Jfjrceign - Intelligence*.«, T~ Z . 71
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^ i ^ s ^ - •^ ar-Sr *^ -----nXTTED STATES A > T > MEXICO . mlT 1 T . of r « W Awrfw ™ find ilie Ina We number w ^ ^ i ; o { Rowing P" *" 0 I ^^ nS yparts of the city which lie last time I ^ "Xm «*« green fields , but which are now i » a f noartlv with dwelling houses and wori ; shops . cot »« aco" ^ tliedtJ- except for necessary business f n ^ er t » w ^^^ j ; s .. faprovaments , " as ortfcs tftan , ^ exacUy the same feelings , I ima thev »* » " ^ tertained by the inhabitants of a couutry g ine , as »* an enen ^ ' troops . Every new bnildiug justra ^ S" J _ seems destined to be the living tomb sl ^ totB * """ . ti :. V- _ Jirnllran fat . > . »•«
jouc- — . ^ jjjji beings , ji-m- « = » »»"""* **»» "" jfseiCTa l there are the upper stories , and ths ***» « & kitchens for the degraded , despised , and jnflfTgfi * " « . serrants , " and the spacious apartments for fffftfff * - ; derwor ijed aristocracy of the money bags , hepn Mtain orgrand children at the farthest , must (• ho * " * ^ jange our system ) be occupiers of cellars a ole > 5 * j / thenew building be intended for from ^^¦ tten fwril «» of " tencnts , " those who live ffOto a . homestea ds in the country must imagine tha " p 0 I 1 ; r ' a ) nHort and p rivation of these tenants , to saj ^• - f ^ «« Uv , monthly , or quarterly demand for » ° * ^] u ch jnnst te met on penal ty of ejection . If : ^ aiaS V ^ ^ r rafacto ^ ^ J * lor ilie necessai
" ~ . ^ g ' ^ gslv oar « ^ es or jue , iaii 051 h t .. oil to the landlord to enable him to put up * h nling ' < * " * n 0 hope t ) Ut that the - Inay nttt * Sfwea to toil for others ! Such are Vie reflec * fiH ^^ continuaHj occur to me when witnessing th i 0 nS ' ainsl » DnI ' 5 of tte workiugclassesin transporting ^ jjna fcrials to this city and erecting them into Ae tmc tnres for the enrichment of a few . I no " ^ wonder at the Egyptian Pyramids . If the work . •^ jjjjjs fan be persuadea , in this " enlig htenea age , " "i oenfian 1 - v £ ar t 0 5 cohering thisisland with solid Jj ^ - jf buildings , and heaping up wealth in them L ^ fto m every corn «? r oi the earth , living themselves jjjjju « n the scantiest fare ana in the worst of buildw [ 5 j a few who loot on with thdr arms folded
* j E £ pocket all the snrplus proceeds , is it to be won-Ti that some thousands of years ago the toilers ^ inured to rear up huge monuments of their own n . jja d egradation ? Tne builders of the pyramids , Jfatan dcrsotSevr Yorfc , an-1 ll > e producers of its . ^ fiwealth , were alike laeUanders , and in that single -fl ] - ^ t he whole secret of their folly , their degradagj ^ thtir misers . Ihe writer of the above goes on to remark ' -t vrithin sixteen years tbe population of 2 few irk has doubled , while tne poverty , vice , and Ljrof the masses have more than quadrupled . appears fiom statistical returns that , in * the year is there were 82 , 754 paupers in the state of New
irk exc ' osive of the county and city of aew York ; J ii ISM the number was increased to 97 , 961 . the wanty and city of 5 ew York there were , in jg 37 , 724 paupers , and in 1 BU the number was relrisof 58 , 000 . "Well may the Editor of Young aft * say , "thepoverty created by the present am , naiess that system be checked , must render netes tie right of suffrage , in which case our sted Tiber ^ must expire in a convulsion , or be jined bv a revolution . " Mr . Madison , lo : ! gago , itei tlefollowing prediction : — "Infuture times reat majority of the people will not only be withjanded , bat other sort ^ of property . They will w ' combine , under the influence of their common
afion—in which _ case the rights of property and 'public liberty will not be secure in their hands—Alt is more probable , they will become the tools plaice and ambition ; in which case there will tfpuldanger on another side . " [ lie American aristocrats and their hireling jns bo longer hesitate to avow their desire to iSsberen the name of political equality , and the ;« rdionn and semblance of democratic instituis . Thus one of the moneymongers' journals mate a standing army , and another a national
V . Amongst this " rascal rabble " of body and ilsMwriters , in the pay of the mammonocracy 3 TS James Fennimore Cooper , the noveliit , sijTOting novels for the purpose of propping up A monopoly . This gentleman particularly demffis the Anti-Renters , asserting that the moveit « f that party is only the first step" to a general iE » nproperty ! The remedy suggested by him , substantially , " the disfranchisement of these mfeswhk-h . resist the operation of law ! " "If taomhad aTote " says Cooper , "this question
S-Rentism ) would never have been raised or nut of . " ilik for tbe American working men things are rcctesing backwards" at home , their attention ineted by the fever-shout of V victory" from xaujs of their countrymen encamped beyond the Grande . The history of the war in Mexico is tUsory of the wolf and t ! ie lamb . Jonathan is longest , and being so finds reasons as plentiful Jacklerria for ravaging his brother ' s territories lfreand s » ord . We do not admire the Mexican 2 rfer , and certainly we are . not prejudiced inst our American kindred , but we most say that anna discover the justice of the American side b qsarrel . We have before now denounced the ash , French and Russian outrages in India ,
sa , Airiea , and Circassia , and ¦ we shall not hesiio express our condemnation of similar atrostLonrh enacted under a Republican Sag , and ieanniB of a kindred democracy . If we symse with Akhbar Khan , Abd-el-Kader , and anjl-Eey . we must , consistently , sympathise with iaiim ^ if we see him performing acts which ejist ^ esalted the above heroes to the rank of kiaudTell . We hear much of the bravery
loirioilan of the American capturers of Mon-J- "The brave men , " says the Washington sa , "wlohave fallen heroicafiy in their country ' s isas and victorious battle will live in her grateiHaembraiice . The fallen have met a death of ddfabietian and of high renown . " We deny iitis either patriotic or righteous for men toin-8 tteierriforv of a peacelnl neighbour and cause Hr $ rife ~ but faintly pictured in the followpsraaaph , taken from one of the accounts of the * tf Monterey : —
3 t lEsriran Tolunteers — Jfississippians , LoujSE , Tsrians , Balfinjoreans—with a few regulars -srrihrti } tbe streets from the east and tie ircst , the aadthesonth , while the eneiry ' s own artillery , now p rlan ^ romited forth its deadly fire . Every house S 3 a fortification , and the Mexicans protected by rposs irindow sflls and barricades , picked off onr pafeaL } ierer did a Mexican army make greater P- Tin stooa ont with a ball-dog tenacity that piaredoDBliononr to John Ball himselt 2 fight kfctt itbonjiht no cessation of the awful carnage .
M number killed and wounded on the side of "Qicans is not known ; the number killed on ¦ = « fi 6 f the Americans is acknowledged to have iatkast five hundred , besides some hundreds ® w . ¥ e must say that , in our humble opinion , } tm glory i 3 attached to the Mexicans who ' ¦ 101 % In defence of their homes than to the ^ s . although , the latter were the -victors . ^« e oattie of Monterey , the American General stored instructions to quarter the army under I ^ Njand on the emeny . That is , instead of p tteir way through the country , the American I * are to find their subsistence by pillaging the Noams . This is Xapoleonist policy , Tcry unliowever
W , , a nation of Republicans . An P ^ paper recommends that every city oppo-F American army should be given to the p- Snch helhsh doings would hare been scoraed ! , lj ii ! igton . Withstanding our sympathy for the Mexicans . C ® f eoneern is for the people of the United ^ ^ Utiough present wrong and suffering falls l | * share of the Mexicans , we anticipate for riwxl SDringing out of evil . This war com-P « eMexicans , as it does , to fight for their r ^ d all that is dear to them , may have the p putting an end to their factions and feuds , p ? tie whole people in one mass , inspiring all bW » vigour and renewed life , rendering the ^ snBciently strosg to successfully defend j > ^ by compeUing and that se-HUM WUt be
peace , peace £ i » ~ J w * aa ^< WAa&vg | IWWVVj * W | JLUUV » i »* ^ a may that the Mexicans will set a bou t ^ E tkar institutions , guided by the spirit of p and proceed to the successful prosecution of a L ^ atonce peaceful and glorious . On the other if , ii ? aJceDe ( J bv intestine divisions , the Mexijj boieath the blows of a disciplined and ifeiT' tt ^ o ? 6 ™ !! masters may , at least , ^ somethinglike order and secHrity , and , after Q- « e Mexican people though no longer inder ^ Biay at least enjov peace and freedom from > rTr n of a restless soldiery and factious S p ™ " * , heretofore the bane of the Kepublic . **« ^ ' ae resnlts of the present contest Stoto ^ ' beneficial to Mexico . But we ., ^ i « very different results for the American
i ^^ G'ory" is rather an expensive luxury , aat ( ^ t { lcan * iU ere long discover . It has been ) t > iU , Mexican war is costing the Ameri-C *' tessthan tolfa million dollars a day . . &esnV Wl " cost t f the conquest of Mexico , kw ? Sation of its people is intended , may be * 1 ^ 59 ? the faci . that the extermination of % jfi jTH- ^ d ^ ans in Florida cost upwards of ^ tblfc- War costs v ^ com P el war t Jli en J *! 111 be found inadequate , and war-loans i 5 e tert reconrseto ; lastly , the war taxes I ^ l '"' "Peven when peace is estabUshed , to ^ trv \ monies borrowed—or , perhaps , as in « . •' Pay onk the interest on the
war-, J » 1 % , 'nill 'lK ^ t th e worst . "War-loans and war-^ anil * * Present crew of usurers , tax-^ itttha «¦ eaters « who already pretty thickly Hodel republic , " liaiu a regular
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standing army every year becoming more ibrmidabl must be maintained even in time of peace to keep down Mexico , or to keep possession of any of the provinces wrung from that Republic . As to a cordial union of the Mexican people with the Americans the idea is mere mooashine ; the Mexicans may be cmqnered , but will not fraternise—at least re the present generation , llere , then , besides wounded soldiers to be pensioned , commanders to be rewarded and the spent war munitions to be replaced ; there will be when a peace comes , a useless and mischievous military force to maintain , at once expensive and dangerous ; a drain upon the pockets of the people , and inimicable to the safety of Republican institution ? . standing artnv everv vear becomine mni-A fnrm ; , ( ., i > l
It would be easy to enlarge upon these possible evils , but enough . We shall be reminded , that we have forgotten the other side of the account . The addition of territory , population , and wealth , wliich the conquests in Mexico will bring to the United States Commonwealth . As regards the wealth , remembering British conquests in India and elsewhere , and judging by analogy , we do not anticipate that the people of the Union will have any rery large share of the plunder , that may be swept from " the halls of the Montezzmas / 'or pillaged Ironi the mines of Potosi . As regards population , we fancy the Union is very likely te " gain a loss , " if we may take fer granted the following description of the population of Xew Mexico , which we take from an American journal , the St . Louis Sew Era 'The question now arises , is New Mexico a part of the Fnited States , or is it not ? If so , by virtue of what law or treaty did it become so ! If New Mexico is to ba a
part of the United States , what are to be the terms of admission ! Are the numerous tribes of Mestizoes , mulattoes , half Indians , and Barbarous Mexicans to be admitted as citizens of the United States ! If we are to acquire as citizens all the motley population of Mexico , it will be a most unfortunate acquisition . TVe before had territory enooeh : but by all means we do not need any additions to our country of such a population as that of Xew Mexico . The ignorant degraded population of Mexico are not fit materials to form American citizens . Onr present population is sufficiently heterogeneous and discordant without any such additions to our stock of citizens . People who have been raised as tbe slaves of a despotic Government , and in a state of gross ignorance , are not fit to control the destinies of this country . We would consider the addition of a few millions of snch people to our country as & great national misfortune .
As to the addition of territory , t ' ue only classes likely to be benefitted are the commercial classes , ( by the seizure of the two harbours on the Pacific ) , and land robbers , jobbers , and schemers , who may get their claws upon unoccupied districts . The robbery of Texas from Mexico , and the annexation of one half of the Ureson territory , has not benefitted the landless millions of the creat cities and tewns of the Union . In Texas , two or three individuals have become owners orniers of tracts of land , some of these tracks equal in size to some oftiie old states of the union ! The Oregon SjKctator already announces that "C . E . Fickett sells lots ( of land ) at the Oregon City Hotel . " From this announcement it mav be
gleaned that land-robbery and land-jobbery is already the order of the day in the infant state of Oregon . The recent conquests in Mexico are said to have swept into the Union 502 , 236 , 160 acres , but how many of these acres there fall to the share of the landless paupers of Js ew York ? At this very time , instead of thinning pauperism by removing the landless to the public lands , President Polk is offering ten millions of acres of those lands for public sale , > f course the ten million of acres will be purchased by greedy speculators , who will become landlords ( themselves and their descendants ) for ever , or will , themselve = i , again sell the lands at usurious nterest to these who may aspire to cultivate the soil , and earn the bread of honest industry .
Would it not be well for the American people , that instead of being parties to war and invasion , which means murder and robbery , and violence and crime of every kind , instead of burthenins themselves with taxes and the support of a hireling soldiery , and all for that " mouthful of moonshine" " national glory , " would it not be well that they looked to home affairs , and said to laud-robbers , "Hold , disgorge your plunder , and render back that wh ich was made for all , and belongs to all , the Land ! " Instead of robbing the Mexicans of their territory , the Americans , in our humble opinion , would do well to look after their own property , and , at least , prevent its further plunder by theirown fungus aristocracv .
We denounce the Mexican war not because we envy the Americans their victories , or are jealous of their national progress , but because the war is unjust towards Mexico , and therefore a crime ; because it is also opposed to the be-t interests of the American people , and therefore ( as far as they support the war ) , a folly . "When the United States Republic becomes rfally a commonwealth of freemen—when white and black slavery , wages and the whip , shall be no more—when aristocracies of colour , land , and usury , shall be tumbled into the mass of equal and happy citizens .
then there will be no need to conquer neighbouring nations , such nations will be but too happy to fraternise with such a people . Was the United States such a Republic , none wonld hail with greater enthusiaism than ourselves , the march of the " starspansled banner" to universal dominion . jSrSincethe above article was in type , we have received eur file of Toting America , wbich paper of date October 17 th , contains the following article ; it will be seen that the Editor of Young America entertains sentiments identical with our own on the Mexican war question : —
THE -WAR . Our army has fought another battle in Mexico , taking Hontery after a three days' Woody struggle , the Mexicans securing to themselves an honourable retreat , and a truce of eight weeks . Five hundred of onr poor deluded landless slaves killed and wounded , and perhaps an equal number of Mexican republicans , has been the price of this third disgraceful battle ! Had this massacre placed the class who are made to fight the battles for eight dollars a month , one step nearer to their right to a home on the soil , I should not regret it . Perhaps the sizht of the widows pud orphans , and the thoughts
of the mangled ' corpses of our brethren , will aid the good cause ! Beth the great parties are answerable for this bloody and unholy warfare , for the representatives of both votoa for it J The blood-stained men in power at "Washington have sent on orders to renew the slaughter with out regard to the trace ! Speed the day when no man will take up arms except in defence of a soil upon which he has a foothold 2 I have no room for the revolting details of the Monterey massacre : the war at home hag prior claims . The names of the well paid officers who fell are published far and wide . The nnpaid victims of the tanks are lumped as usual , undistinguished as when they are dumped into tbe pits .
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Gra Sawdhst . —We have submitted the specimen of gun sawdust sent us by Mr . Turner to experiment : —and , although in our hands both its igniting and explosive powers were less than that of gunpowder , we have no doubt that sawdust or any other kind of vegetable tissue containing lignine , may bo converted into an explosive compound by the agency of nitric acid . — Atheaum . Bbet-Root . — The beet-root crop in . the north of France is affected with contagious disease almost analogous to tUat of the potato .
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FRANCE . ELECTORAL REFORM MOVEMENT . 'Ihelteforme publishes the following "National Petition" fora Reform of the Representation , now in the course of signature : —
PETITION FOB ELECTORAL REFOHM . To the President and Members of the Chamber of Deputies . Gentlemen , —After fifteen years application and experieuce , the electoral law of 1831 is condemned . It makes of a right that belongs to all , a privileged function . False in iU basis , it does not give in its results the veritable expression of the country ; it does not give even the true expression of the [ will of the ] privileged electoral body , becauso the minority of theeleetoi' 3 nomiuate tbe majority of the deputies . The eleetoral body as it is constituted by law , represents neither the population , nor the wealth , nor the labour , nor tl * e intelligence , nor the services rendered to the country .
The law of 1831 has been an arbitrary regulation of the eleetoral function , the element of which was borrowed from the laws of the Restoration , the Charter of Grace emanating from the right-divine . Essentially temporary , and transitory , this law is contrary in its principle and its action to the principle of the national sovereignty that make * the basis of your constitution . In the name of reason and of justice , in the name of progress , of the rights of the citizens , and of the honour of France we come to you to demand the reform [ of this law ] .
Arrest op Carlists . —Seventy Carlist refugeps are stated to have gone through . Narbonne , on the nij-lit of the 2 d instant ., with the intention of entering Spain . Seventeen of them were captured by the French authorities ; mo 3 t of them were officers . Forty-seven more Carlist refugees have been seized at 1 ' assas , who , were likewise about to cross the frontier . They were dragged back to Pcrpignan , which town they passed through shouting " Viva Carlos
BELGIUM . On Tuesday afternoon , the two Chambers of the Belgian legislature was opened by the King in ptrson , with the usual solemnities . In the " speech , " the King referred to the question of secondary instruction , the revisal of the criminal code . On the present distressed condition of the working classes the " speech" says , " The arrangements to procure a sufficient supply of food tor the country , the numerous works of public utility which have been undertaken , and the sums arising from public and private contributions , have greatly assisted the needy classes uring the privations resulting from the failure of the potatee crop in 1 S 45 . The potatoe crops this year are satisfactory ; but the high price of provisions , and , above all , the failure of the rye harvest , claim the serious attention of the chamber , and of the government . "
' 1 he government has devoted its attention t ) the management of establishments for the insane ; to pawnbroking institutions ( Monts-de-piete ) and to the formation of agricultural colonies . Propositions for realising the ameliorations which humanity and tbe state of society demand will also be submitted to you . " On Railways : — " The adoption of a body of laws for the management of this grand national enterprise is now practicable . You will have to discuss various propositions for fixing the tariff of prices and determining the general management of the railway . " Some amendment in the organization of the Chambers is projected : — " As the political aspect of the country is tranquil , 1 may , at the present moment , announce that a project of law will be laid before you for increasing the number of the members of the two Chambers .
SWITZERLAND . The Canton oi Lucerne having refused to recognise the new Government of Geneva , has provoked a hostile spirit in the Genevese Council . M . Viridet , a Member of the Grand Council , had proposed to withdraw the decree of the 3 rd October , respecting the league of the seven cantons , and to replace it by another . M . James Fazy , president of the provisional government , supported the proposition of M . Viridet , maintained that Geneva should not wait
for the opening of the new diet , but should act . conforraab ' y to the spirit of her revolution . Such a manifestation was so much the more urgent in consequence of the refusal of Lucerne to recognise the Genevese government . Such a refusal is unprecedented in Switzerland , but , concluded M . Fazy , since Lucerne , which has effected tbe counter-revolution of the Yalais and many others , throws down the glove , we will not hesitate to take it up . The Grand Council of Basie met on the 5 th of November , the galleries were crowded . The
propositions of tbe commission for the revision oi the con stitution were almost unanimously adopted .
ITALY . The Univers publishes a letter from Rome of the 27 th ult ., containing an account of the visit paid by the Pope , on the 20 th , to the Superioress of the Basilians nun of Minsk , Macrina Mieczyslaska . IPs Holiness alluded in very significant terras to the atrocious persecution to wliich the Polish uuns hail been subjected by the Russian monster . The occasion of the Pope ' s visit was the feast day of the Polish Saint John Cants .
POLAND . ( From the Reforme of November 6 . ) We extract the following news from letters received from Poland : — Some time ago a gang of peasants assaulted in the neighbourhood of Kalish ( the capital of one of the former Palatinates of the kingdom of Poland ) the castle of Jf . Sieminski , in order to demolish and to pillage it , and finally to slaughter all iti inhabitants . Happily if . Roman Grabowski . the chief steward . having received timely
warning , was enabled to prepare for self-defence . With the help of all his servants he stoutly resisted the assailants , put them to night , made a dozen of them prisoners , and having hound them with cords conveyed them to the town of Kalish . Theie they underwent an immediate examination , and three of them declared under the lash , that eighty out of their number , having left Gallicia , had dispersed throughout the kingdom of Poland , in order to propagate among the peasants hatred against their landlords , and to begin again on a different field the massacres of Gallicia .
Who could have inspired them with such a determination ? Did it really arise from an implacable hatred of the peasant against the landowner , from an irresistible thirst of vengeance which nothing could allay ? Ne ; never could the Polish country people so hospitable , so meek , so religious as they are known to , be , have hatched » f their own accord such sanguninary de 3 igns . Whateve r SI . Guizot may hare said of the Gallician massacres , that regular governments are never guilty of similar deeds , the evil does not arise from the fi eliugs of the people , and we are now perfectly well informed that Prince Hetternich has been alone its originator , its director , its very soul . ; They are now sufficiently known , those letters of gratitude with which the noble scion of the Dapsburs family , the innocent Ferdinand has favoured his faithful subjects who have so gallantly fought in defence of his threatened throne , and who found a leader in a liberated convict , a Szela , a wretch , ( voithy indeed to be th « prop and the defender of snch a government .
Even now all is not at an end in Gallieia , the general outburst of indignation in the whole of Europe against Viennese statesmen has not produced the smallest effect on their minds . They send military processions through this unhappy province , with the noble mission of shooting on the spot all those whom they meet , when they appear suspicious to them . Yet has the good emperor resolved to show himself generous towards the culprits . It seems even as if , in his parental care , he had forgotten nothing . Ha has deigned to allow the Christian victims , whom he murders to satisfy his base revenge , to enjoy in their last hour the last comforts of Christ ' s religion . At the very moment when the murderous ball is about to strike the victim ' s breaat , a priest is there , at the victim ' s side , to administer to him the Holy Sacrament . The good monarch was probably
afraid of hearing that the falling martyr had with tis dying lips pronounced , of his own accord , the pardon of his executioneers , and by invoking in their favour the clemency rather than tbe justice of God , had thereby touched the hearts of any of the soldiers 1 At Cracow the political prisoners had been till now allowed to receive regularly the food which their friends or relation broug ht them . M . Harold has recently put a stop to this . During two days the prisoners were compelled , by the loathsome quality of the food furnished to them by . their gaolers , to send it back untouched . This government , thus , protective as it is to public erder , condemns to the tortures of hunger tho 3 e very men whom it will be obliged to declare innocent on their trial ; and all because 11 . Harold hud entered into partnership with a Jew for the Bupply of food to the prisoners . This is th 8 only cause of the measure taken and the ordinance
issued by him . Go on , powerful monarch ! in the performance of this noble task . The hour of retribution is fast approaching , and you will then be able to display , before the eyes of your judges , the nations , the deeds you now are accomplishing with impunity , as so many titles to the gratitude they owe to jou . > . ,.,., > In translating the above statements , a Polish de ^ moeratic journal adds the following observations : — The Reform is rig ht in maintaining that no revengeful feelings Of their ewn , have incited the assasins of '»} alHcia . Revenge would only have been exercised by peasants on their own masters , when , on the contrary , it is viow fully
ascertained , that the murders were committed . Ijy strangers to those villages whose proprietors wore slaughtered , and not by their inhabitants . By these vengeance would have been exercised spontaneously , w / iien now it is altogether put out of question that the assassins did not murder of their own accord , but wyre incited and directed by convicts liberated and se ? jt amongst the peasants by tha Austrian government . Vengeance at least would have been exercised on oppressive and inhuman landlords , but never on thyjse who constantly afforded help to the peasants in distveas and alleviation of their hardens , and who had resolved to improve their condition by granting them the property of the soil , yet it
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was these precisely whose names were put foremost on the list of proscription ; whntbver then the Anstrian government may assert now , and in spite of all the endeavours of a venal press to justify it , the eonviction of Europe ml remain unshaken , that it was the Imperial government who incited , commanded and remunerated with honours aHd . raoney the murderers of the Gallieitn landowners . We have the following from Konigsberg : — " A few nightslago a man was found here asleep on the steps ot a house , he was taken to the guard house , and was on the following morning interrogated . He
stated at first that he was tv Frenchman , but at length confessed that he was a Pole , iind having taken part in the political agitations of his country ) had been exiled in Siberia , from which with many dangers and privations he had escaped . V 7 e are assured that the president of police of Konigsbcrhaving applied to the Prussian Government to " know whether the man should be given up to the Russian authorities , received an answer in the affirmative ; the consequence of which has been the extradition of the unfortunate exile , whe has been sent off again to Siberia .
Duchy of Posen . -M . deS-, son of an old Polish general , has been arrested and sont to Posen . Of late he had lived the life of a peasant , and married a peasant girl ; a proclamation was found upon him calling upon the peasants to rally round their land- ' lords , for the deliverance of their coun try
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . On Saturday the packet-ship Cambridge , and the ship John Bates , arrived in the Mersey , bringing papers from New York to the 16 th and from Boston to the 23 d ult . The papers by thisflrrivnl do not conialn any news of imooitamje as regards the wav between Mexico and the United States . Santa Anna , who had been General Commander-in-chief , arrived at the enpitn ] of Mexico on the 15 th , and was received with the Greatest enthusiasm . _ The people were unbounded in their testimonies of attachment to his ppraon , and sremed frantic with joy . On the day previous to his arrival , when at Aljotln . he addressed a letter to ueneral Almonte , the Minisferof War . This document is manlv and patriotic . It breathes a spirit of
determined hostility towards the United States , and declares his readiness and anxiety to fulfil his utmost duty in oppoaina the enemies of his / country . He promises to die fighting , or lead theva'iant Mexicans in complete victory . A levy of 30 . 000 men to recruit the army were orclored . Requisitions were forthwith transmitted to all the principal places in tbe Republic , for an immediate furnishinjr of their respective quotas of men . Puebla , and the whole of the towns within a circuit of sixty leagues of the metropolis , are stated to have complied with the requisition with the srreatesf alacrliy . To facilitate fclie arming and equipping thislaree body of tro-ps , the Government have ordered thaf ; duties on all munitions of war shall ceose until forther notice .
Later intcllipen « e had been received from the scat of war . The health of the American troops waa very indifferent ; at the 24 th of September there were 700 Americans at Matamorn . 3 , three-fourth * of whom were volunteers , sick of dysentry , accompanied with intestinal ulceration and typhoid fever . The average number of deaths was five a clay . It is now understood that the invasion of Mexico will be changed . The march from Monterey to the city of Mexico is at least G 00 miles longer than from Tampico , Alvardo , or Vera Cruz , which latter point affords the nearest and most accessible route . The detachment under General Patterson , strongly reinforced by volunteers , ia to attack Tampico , reduce It . and march forward into the interior towards Mexico .
The Packet-ship Rochester arrived at Liverpool on Wednesday from New York , with papers from that city of one day ' s lalerdate than those received by the Joshua IJatesI A report had been received in New York , stating that another engagement had taken place between the Mexican and American troops , but this report cannot be relied on .
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a » THE LAND FOR THE PEOPLE . "For me , for thee . for all I " It ia time the monster monopoly of land appropriation wjis exposed ; it is time that the gigantic robbery perpetrated and maintained by our aristocracy should be unmasked . Thousands and tens of thousands are beginning to see that the usurpation of tbe soil is the great cause of the innumerable evils afflicting the people , * still there are , on the other hand , tens of thousands who , blinded by custom , forget that the earth was given to mankind for their inheritance , and are content to crawl landless , homeless slaves . from birth to death—Pariahs in a world which , if rightly apportioned , would be a paradise to all , instead of , as it is , a purgatory to the immense majority . Towards organising public opinion against the great grievance of the present system , we propose to devote about a column weekly under the above head to selected articles , and occasional remarks of our own , explaining the evils of land
usurpation , and the right of the people to the soil . We think we qpuld not make a better beginning than by giving some explanation "bf the much-abused and muck misunderstood Agrarian Law of the Romans , and the causes of those popular tumults and struggles between the Patrician and Plebeian classes , which preceded the downfall of the Roman commonwealth . Widely different , in many respects , as was the state of Romnn society to the state of things at present existing in these islands , nevertheless , what follows will show our readers that the monster grievance afflicting the people of thia country , the despotism of land-robber . s and money mongers , existed in full force in the Roman Republic ; and finally , brought the people of that state to utter slavery , and the Republic itself to irretrievable ruin . The following article is a translation by an American author , N . A . Whiting , of Marmontel ' s Preface to Lucan ' s " Pharsalia" : —
CAUSES OF TIIE DECLINE AND FALL OP THE
ROMAN COMMONWEALTH . It was neither the jealousy of Pompey , nor the ambition of Casar , which destroyed Rome . It was the pride , the cruelty of the Patricians . It was the fact that intestine wars , from the time of the Gracchi , and finally , that between Pompey & Cajsar had their origin in the senate , and its dangerous policy and its unjust domination waie the causes of those wars . Rome , under the consuls , wa » at first an aristocracy . With a senate composed of true citizens , this government would hare had the same advantages that monarchy has under a just and moderate king . But the senators were inert : senators . And this body always had a disposition to abuse and degrade the people—to regard Itself as tVe atate , by way of eminence , and to make the multitude the plaything of its policy , and the instrument of its grandeur . In what were
termed the prosperous days of the Republic , the senate entertained three views . The one wob that of a Bmall number of men , who were wise , virtuous , and pacific - and who hail uo other ambition than that of zeal for the public . Such as that of the Talerii—the Servillii Menenius A . -rippa—the Cincinnatii—and all those true Romans who , after their victories and their triumphs , died without leaving enough to pay for their burial . These just , simple , anil medestmen , never ceased to represent to the senate that its contempt for the people was madness . That it was by the people the state was sustained . That it was to the people it owed the power which it had acquired , and the possessions which it enjoyed . That men who were free , brave , and continually in arms , not ceasing tn be conquerors abroad , weuld Boon be weary of being slaves At home , and that prudence , at least , demanded that the peop le should be managed with
indulgence . Another opinion was that of the Appii and Coriolanus , and of nil the young Patricians , proud and violent men , who maintained thut gentleness was inexpedient , that flattery always rendered the multitude dangerous—that one point would no sooner be yielded than it would be necessary to yield more ; and , in short , that the people were made only to obey and to suffer . The bulk of the senate , more modi-rate , seemed to occcupy the middle ground betwuen these two opposite parties ; but , while using expedience , to which it was driven by weakness , it never yielded to the people except when compelled , ami never relaxed , but for the moment , that absolute and tyrannical domination which at last destroyed the state . If the senate had only rejected excessive , unjust , and injurious demands , which affected the state , its firmness would have raorited the eulogies which it has so often received . But what wtiro the demands of tho people 1 They demanded that the usury , which destroyed them , should be abolished ; * and that thero should be given them
for the subsistence of their wives and children , A PORTION OF TIIE LANDS which they had conquered , and bedewed with their blood . Behold the unfailing sources of all the commotions which arose in Rome between the poor and the rich—between the people and the senate , To feel the full force of the severity of the senate in tha constantrefus . il of these demands , it is lweessary to recollect , that during the earlier periods of the history of Rome , the frequent incursions of enemies upon the tatritories ot tho Republic , and the interruption of cultivation by repeated wars , mined the people , and rendered debtors insolvent . These were delivered , like slnvos , to their creditors—were Ootuinucl in close custody , and reduced to a state a hundred-fold worse than slavery . Ami that on the one hand , the people had no other busiuess than war and agricultuvu ; 1 / iot t / ie rich , by Uttlt and little , « wrf « Ithemselnes masters of all the Lands of the Republic , and caused them , to be cultivated by their Blaves , to the exclusion of freemen , so that tho people , eren in time of peace , had no resource from labour . Hence tUo necessity of employing thom constantly in
arms . But war is a state of violence , which demands at lsast , some relaxation . And tlie people who wenttobattlovoluntarily , and from a sense oi honor , strongly rouliaed , that they had the right to enjoy in peace the fruit of their victories . They did not suffur without complaining—but they complained without using tbe sword 3 which they wore , and the more this virtuous peoplo showed themselves to be patient , moderate and docite , the more the senate were emboldened to oppress them . The senate not only closed their ears to remonstrances , but if any Patrician appenred to be moved with compassion he was accused of ambition or base weakness , and they went so far as to refuse such an one the honour of a triumph after tho most signal victory , A treatment thus harsh ,
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disgusted the people , anil they seized the moment wh » n the enemy was at tho gates , and declared thatthey would not take arms until they received justice . Then the senate would become condescending , and send forth a dictator , or consul with words of peace and cimsolinj ; promises which they never failed to disavow as soon as tha crisis wu past . This bad faith produced distrust . The people , weary of bein £ deceived , paid no further attention to vain promises , and firmly resolved to remain in subjeation uo longer , if they did not obtain redress . The senate bowed , it was driren to this , but now the time was past . Union waa destroyed . Confideneo lost . And the boon which had it been granted fr < ely to the demand of the people would have made them rtvereuee thu senate and regard them as benefuctors—but when this boon wag Wrested from till ! senat * by force , the people s ; iw in it
a proof Of the weakness of their tyrants . Hence , profiting oy their advantage , they demanded magistrates selected from the plebean order , and cliarg' -d with the defence of its rights . Tho senate , in eoiisi'quonce of abusing its authority , was obliged to admit the counter authority of tribunes , and heuccforrh , the state was divided into two hostile parties . The senate ought to have seen that a people who hail legislative power—who had authority to prevent execution of its decrees , and who , bj the law of Agricola , could bring the senators themselves to trial , that a people who by 2 G 0 years of war had lrarned to maintain the authority of law by jmns , could only be re strained by gentleness and equity . But tho senate , in place of using the counsel , which it gave in this sequel to the colleague of the younger ( Jr / uchus , of conciliating the people by acts of kindness , simply consulted its pride , and became moro arrogant .
In a time of scarcity , tha Consuls had procured sup . plies of grain at a low price . The nisestofthe Patricians wished this to be sold to the people at the saint ' rate , but Coriulanui , irritated beciiuse the people had refused toeHrol themselves , and foHow him to battle , pretended that it was necesary to sell the grain at a huh price , least t : > e Senate should seem to flatter thu multitude . This opinion prevailed , and the Senate lost Coriolanus by following the counsel , which his 'inger had dictated . The people were excited , the grain was suld . it its just value , but Coriolanus was banished , unit hi- ; wile nearly overthrew Home . As soon as it was scmii that thu authority of the senate had become odious the hope of engaging the people to make a king gave birth to an ambition for regal power . —The consul Cassius to conciliate , as it is said , the favour of the pie bin us ,
demanded on their behalf that the Senate should divid . the newly conquered lands and those , which , though they belonged to the Republic , had been usurped by the nobility . The intention of the consul might h : ivc brai bad , but Ilia demand was slmj . ly tint the people slinul'l have bread . The senate pretended to accept this law ; but be who proposed it was condimnod after his consulate to he thrown from the Tarueian roc !;—and this decree was more faithfully executed than the law from which it had originated . This law so well ltnonn under the nuineoftlie-AGIlARIAN LAW , was at first eluded li . v the rich ; soon openly violated ; and filially entirely neglected . It is easj- to understand why the somite was
willing that < t law shoud be trampled upon wliinli destituted the salvation of the poor—the senate was rich ! The people without resources—without support , because they were betrayed by the tribunes themselves , whom the senate corrupted—the people who yet afihe-cd to the Republic , whatever effort mi-ht be made to detach them from it ; could not resolve to break their fetters , but they wore in the unquiet state of the ' paticnt who changes hi » position in the hope of finding one ! ess painful- They demanded new laws , in the expectation that they would bu better observed than old ones . They demanded that the number of tribunes should be augmented . —They turned their thoughts again to the Agrarian law , anddemanded thatit should be discussed in the popular assemblies . ( To le concluded i ? i our next number . )
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IRELAND . STATB OF TIIE COUNTRY . Death by Starvation . — The Cork Reporter publishes a full note of the evidence taken at a coroner's inquest held at Skibercen , on the body of a man named M'Kennedy , who died of hunger , although it was proved by several witnesses that a fflrtniyht ' s wages , due to the wretched man at the time of his decease , were withheld owing to a very inexcusable blunder on the part of the subordinates in the employ of the Board of Works . it having transpired that one pay-clerk got in mistake , and paid in his district , the money intended to be paid on the road or which M'Kennedy died . Evidence upon this point having been given , the report concludes as follows : —
' Coroner—Gentlemen of the jury , we hare gone minu tely into the consideration of the case before younamely , the death of Dennis M'Kennedy , You have the painful details before you , and it is quite unnecessary for me to add one word in explanation of the evidence . This case , will I trust , prove an infinite service , not alone to this district , but to the country at large ,- —it will show the Board of Works that men in their employ are starving to whom money is due fur their labour on the public works . TheRev . Mr , Townsend . —Mr , Coroner , does it appear that the money for payment of poor M'Kennedy ' s wages was in the hands of either pay-clerk at the time of the poor fellow ' s death ? Coroner . —No , the contrary has been sworn to .
Captain Gordon s successor . —The money came , but , through some mistake , went to Mr . Notter , and was expended by him in payment of his district , when it should have been paid on the Cuhara line but these stories , received in gossip , are turned against the Board of Worka . The Rev . Mr . Townsend . —Sir , the question here is not about the Board of Works or its officials ; the ques . tion here , Sir , is about the death of my fellow-creature . Those accounts , you say , we get in gossip ; but , Sir , the contrary is the fact . We have poor M'Kennedy ' s death and the cause of it sworn to . Timt evidence proves that our people are dying by the ditch-side for want of payment of their hire . We take no such statements , Sir , on gossip , nor shall we be told by un official that we do . To Mr . Gaynor . —Had Mr . Rosa funds for payment of this poor man when he died ? Mr . Gaynor . —I believe not , Sir .
The Rer . J Mr . Townsend . —Admirable system ! The money due in the east we hnve paid in the west . Tha board , Sir , should settle between them and their officials , but none under them should starve . As un instance of our present state , I must mention that a few days since , a poor countrywoman came to me to sell a pullet—poor little Jerry's pullet , she said , —a present , —the tears starting to her eyes at the thought that she must purt with poor Jerry '* pullet . But the pullet she should sell , or poor Jerry should starve . She was asked , "It jour children love this pullet so much , why sell It , —isn't your husband at ! work ? " "Yes , but he couldn't get his hire , and ho ' il rather starve off the road than on it . " And yet public functionaries tells us that such stories as poor M'Kennedy ' s arc all gossip .
The jury returned the following verdict : — " That the s » id Dennis M'Kennedy , on the 21 th day of . October , in the year aforesaid , at Ciihara road , in the county aforesaid , died of starvation , owlng to the gross negligence of the Board of Works . " In the meantime , while such melancholy scenes as the foregoing arc being enacted , the supplies of food are becoming daily cheaper and more abundant . Thero was a further decline in the price of wheat at the Dublin Corn Exchange to day , and the meat markets arc gradually receding to their average rates . Large quantities of Indian corn , too , are fast pouring into our southern ports , the effects of which are already perceptible in the reduction of price * . The Cork Constitution , of Tuesday , thus reports progress : —
Since our publication of Tuesday four vessels iinve come in . The cargo of one of them was sold to the Sork Relief Committee at £ 14 17 s . 6 d . a ton . Another cargo of the finest quality , from Viana , in the north of Portugal , is offered at £ 15 . The same dcocription of corn brought last week . £ 10 , and some sold as Jiigh as £ 1 G 10 s . The Cork Reporter of the same date adds : — We are extremely happy in being enabled to record the gratifying fact , that there are now in harbour seven vessels heavily laden with Indian corn from ihc Mediterranean . The cargo of oue ship 1 ms been yurclwscd by ; the Relief Committee , of another by Messiis . Goold : \\ vl \ M'Namara , oue by Mr . Morgan , and one iy tho Messrs . Ilackctt , of Middleton , another vessel reaeived orders to proceed to Waterford , where her cargo was puruh » sc& .
RfSTRESS IN 2 HE COUNTY OF ANTRIM . According to the eurrent testimony of journals ot all shades of polities , the pressure of distress if > more severely felt in Antrim than y > a * ties unaccpainted with ihe district would be likely to give credence to . A . meeting of Landed proprietors , headwi by the Marquis ot'Don-egal , was to be held at BaJiyincnt on Monday , — To take into , consideration , and deeifo upon soirw general , and as far as practicable , uniforsa plim , for jjii . stituting , whan required , throughout the several bouonies , such elass of works as- shall aftbvii fair and ueasonabla sroployment to faa destitute working population . Tbe step , however , ia far from bfcing deemed satisfactory by the tenantry on several of the great proportics in the country , and , accordingly , a committee of tenants has addressed a circular to tht landlords cl Antrim , from whieh we take the following : —
You have an undoubted right to your rents , as a plain matter of justice between man and man ; and our . duty to pay you the full amount of our contract admits of no question . Such being the fact , we candidly admit that , under al \ ordinary circumstances , you are entitled to enforce $ aymeut in . full of all rent and arrears of vent due by your tenants ; but it is now our painful duty to remind you that we have arrived at a period of universal distress , distress which , so far : is we know , is without a precedent in our country ' s history ; and we
bof to intimate that , as our present condition is not only deeply distressing , but altogether new , we require to be treated by you as a principle of iudulgcnt liberality , corresponding with our novel and perilous position . You know that we , in common with others , havo beau mysteriously visited by a great national calamity , which has entirely and at once extinguished the greater portion of our agricultural produce ; and which , in its ultimate consequences , threatens to involve us in ruin . In a word , our potatoes are gone—our oats have fallen fav ihort of our expectations ; and whilo some of our uum
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ber may have a small surplus of agricultural uroduo to dispose of , many of us must purchase l ,, rfrcly in i enLT , ' 7 amily C 0 " P ti 0 n ' » 'Miti " toth , entire produce of our holdings . You also know that our trade , consisting ehic-Hy in th « 3 inu « e 7 ° ! T"' COnll " UCS in * SUte O ( ' < "'I ' Je . re , SlOllinduod ; and we beg to inform you , that » lthough pork and butter sell frod y at remunerating prices a " present , we cannot reuli « their advances , :, s former ]/' our ... ual food for . „*„ . „„„„ irrecortrailT ^^ the dietary changes rendered necessary in our families , by the absence of the potatoe , oblige us to apurop-iatea much liirger portion of the produce of our cows to houseliold purposes than lierctoiore . TIh-sb are fa-its—which admit neither of concealment nor modification ; ami if so do they not indicate , with alarming distinctness , our present inability to pay rent ! Landlords of Antrim ! wil . you—can you , in ? lie faet
of all these facts , compel us to sell our cows , or p .-ntwith the on j- portion of bread which remains for the support of our families , in order to satisfy our claims ? Justice , we know , would sanction your doing so ; but mm } forbids it to he dune ; fur , if thus bereft of our little all , tve inightabandon our faring , break up housekeeping , and wander we know not where . * * Let us , us your tenants , nvike a prompt effort to pay one-half of tha gale ot the rent now due ; nnddoyou , as our landlords " freely forgivfc" thu remainder ! We say freely forgive , for we are justly averse , under existing riieumstancc-8 , to the accumulation of a debt in Uik slinpu of arrears , which , while we havo no pro'pect of paying it , is only calculated to cramp our energies , and sink u » into utter despondency .
Moreovir , as our prospects for the ensuing season , liot . h with regard to seed , : inif tlie mode of cultivation to be adopted , arc altogether dark and » li , suour « KiH ? we re .-pecifu ! ly bug to suggest Unit the same , or a similar set of generous compromise , be repeated , provided—as is but too uiident—that a continuance or incrtase of tho present distress shall render the repetition necessary ; and let Ml this he done on the distinct unders ' aitdiKg , that if it please 6 f » d to again restore the potatoe to healthful cultivation amongst us , or so soon as any substitute isuj- be found which , in the use of it , will mise the cultivation of land to its former remunerative value , we will graetfully resume the payment of rent a » formerly ' .
CONFLICT BBTWBKX THK POLICE AND WHITEUOTS . Thfi follon-ini ; appears in the Limmcl ; Chronicle :-Between eight and nine o ' clock on Wednesday night , nn armed party of twelve men . with their faces blackened , attacked the dwilliiig of Julm 1 'iper , at Seart , niihiii two mik'S of Riithccale , in st-nrch of arms , wlien live of them entered , and succeeded in carrying off a gun . From this they proceeded to the residence of Mr . James Condon , adjoining the same townlund , whore they deniarded admittance at the back-door , but were refused , that gentleman informing them from one of the windows that he had no fire-arms , at the same titnn adding , il ? they did not believe his word , tu ko to the front door , and lie ; would allow them to satisfy them selves . Tfie \ , however , declined the invitation , and retired from before the house , having first cautioned Mr . Condon against
demanding rents from hts tenantry , umk-r pain of death . They did not go far when they were observed by a small party of police then on patrol , consisting of four men , viz . constable Alfred , sub-cetistablcs Kairne , Shuxhan , and Laurenson , who followed them across the fluids , calling on them in th * usual way to stand and surrender . The gang peremptorily refused , tellinj ? the p . lice to go hack , and at the S'une time turning round they discharged five shots at the constabulary ; the constable returned tho fin-, and oue of the gang- fell , apparently wounded , but being raiscl by his associates was carried over a ditrh in an adjoining fie . ' d . The othi-r three policMmen then lo . iiltd , iind prepared to pursae the fugitives , who . in tha interval trained some ground , and , as they retreated , turned round oi easionally , firing at their pnrsui-rs , fortunately without effect . After a good run , the police closed with them as they were crossing a high wall , and again tired , when a seconded man was
observed to fall from the top manifestly wounded , as the stones were besmeared with blood , which was also discernible along the grass . It being a moonlight night , the police did not lose sight of the party , whom they chasod into a haggard , were several stacks of corn wero piled , behind which the Whiteboys took refuge , but the police , nothing daunted , intercepted two of the Whiteboys , with whom they hud u desperate combat , while the rest of the fellows fled in confusion , and the police eventually overcame the tn-o , who were made prisonerg after much difficulty , and handcuffed . Upon search , both neve found armed with guns , and one of tnem had a very tine military givord' attached to his girdle , and wliich has since been identified by Mr . George Massy , of Greaves , as his property , and which was taken from that eentlcmau ' s residence about a month since . The Rockites were brought into Rathkcule Bridewell , same night , without being allowed to remove the disguise 1 ' rom . their features . One of them received a bavonet wound
in the breast during the struggle with the police , but the other sustained little injury . The names of the parties are John Sheehj , a blacksmith ,, from Askeaton , and James O'Donnell , a farmer ' s son . Ki-xt morning tho police searched , convenient to the scene of action , and found two guns , which the rest of the party left behind in their precipitate retreat . While in the bridewell , on , Thursday night , one of the prisoners attempted to cornmit suicide by cutting his-throat with a piece of window glass . Limerick , Nov . 7 . —On Thursday evening an attack was miule by an nrmcrl party-on the house of Mr . George Meall ,. of ltahcen , near Thorntield , steward to Sir Richard' Bntirke . Between six and seven o ' clock on that evening , while Mr . and Mrs . Meall , together with a young : lady , tenclier at Sir
Richard Bourkc s school at Thornfield , were sitting at tea , a man with his face blackened and armed with a sun , forced li « way into the back kitchen , and telling the servant girl to hold down lu-r head or ? he weuld blow her brains out , passed on into the parlour and desired the inmates to do the same . Mr . M . did so , and tha man asked him where his firearms were . The lady was then ordered to leave the room , which she did ,, imploring the fellow not to murder Mr . Meall . To tills he replied that all he wanted was fire-arms . Mr .. Meall directed him whereto find a sun on t'ue top of a press in the kitchen , and the Terry proceeded thither , after which he fired a shot through the window . He broke a considerable quantity of plate-ware , and the sashes and glass of tbekitchen and parlour windows . After i \ little time * he returned to the-parlour and went to the drawer where Mr .. Meall kept his money and pulled it ont . Fot finding , what ho wanted , he a =. ked Mr Meall for a little chan » e . Mr . Meall gave
him his purso . containing about ten shillings , on which tie robber departed . Outside he joined his comrades , four or live in number , who were all armed . Sir R . Botirke has exerted himself with the greatest humanity towards the poor of his district . He has opened a soup kitchen at his own expense , where the hungry a , re fed . and has a female school where sixty girls arc- taught , twelve of the most destitute of whom aro clothed . He is about clothing afew more of them this winter .. If such humane acts do not beget gratitude , thu character of our people must he open to the most aggravated censure . A party of Terries attacked the house of a man named Denis Q'Neill-, residing at Rathfoland , Newmarket , on Thursday night . The family of the farmer , raen and women ,, made a noble resistance . They beat thoassailants oi ? , pursued them , and actually challenged them to . a stand-up fii : hl > the father * and eldest son principally taking up the attack , butthe ruffian midnight \ val 2 ters showed the white ifea « ther and scampered oft ;
On the same night , a party ot armed men , supposed to bu the same , wr-nt to the house of Patrick Liddy , at Shepper-ton ,. and beat the inmates . Two houses belonging to tw . o men named Ilalliman and O'Br : « n ,. near Quin ,. were-also broken open , and the people residing in them-. beaten . COUNT ! OF COKK . Cork ,. Nov .-.. ft—Tka . nsmsssion oy Indian JifcAt . — Tliis morning seventy tons < af Indian me al «> r the Relief Committee of Castle Island , imported from Liverpool , passed through the City , sruanled by an . escort of the 1 st Dragoons and C 7 th Ifcojiiment , which was granted by the authorities mi the information of the Rct . Mr . Herbert , v . i ; o di-puscd that , from . the excited state ot the country , in con * sequenceof'the prevailing distivss , he apprehended the provision would not lie sulf .. "Oil auietly to pass through , without an escort —Cork Ih-VM-ier .
Gau'aav . —Violhkce TOWMins Ovans-KEBS . —Thereare at present upwards of 3 , 000 of tha poor of Gahvay at labour on the several works carving on in ttiie . district . Tho-r-ainvna of last £ n £ imlay showed that , there were upon- that dny 2900 . Biiip-loyccl , and on Tuesday last Mr . Clements eagagcil to provide by yesterday for-ihe employment ., of 500 <> r 000 more ,, 'i'he relief of- so many is a great blessing , but w& regret to say that if it were fcrcblud it would not meet ? the necessities of tlic psr-idiing lalmuriii ! : poor . Some outrages have taken , place here within the lasfc week agaiast the overseers and ia-j-ectors of the public worka which aro goi / ig forward in this
week oa tho SnlthilUvoad , ami had hia oyes W : \ clcencdiandon Wt-dscsday last Mr , lloa . saeit . tha oversserof the works at F » rt l-2 yre . was likewise assailed , ami whkh caused the works there to be suspended , throwing nbnat SO nnfonnwa . t-8 persons out of employment ; . This is a lamenta-Ue state of things . Beshtes , Mr . Cfements , the county surveyor , has boeu mobbed in his housi ' , ami » t li-n » th compelled to seek tho shelter of the police .. The people are starving , and consequently prepared Vov any mischief ; but we much fear that they are instigated , in some instance ? , to these outrages by parties not in , need , but who uvro thorn < in 1 ' os some purpose of theirown . —Gahvau Vindictor .
Galwat Rkuct Committee . — At a meeting of tha Galway Relief Committee on Frid ay , it was statedthat tlie leader of a mob who attacked the bouse of Mr . Clements , county surveyor , on Monday , because he had been refused work , had £ 35 in his poMe »» n when taken by the police . . A member of ^ tl * . committee stated that a certain ^ lord iss ««} ^ efcj to the comfortable tenants on his estate , but , letused them to the unfortunate undertenants ; his oujoot bcins to afford the former greater laoihtics to pay M of FLOua-BALUXASLOH ^ Tlrrce carts laden"iith flour , tbe property of Mr . D . W . ketield of this town , were { attacked between Banagliev ana
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MEXICO . Mexico is washed on one side by the Atlantic , and on the other by the Pacific Ocean . The harbours / m the Atlantic are not bad , whilst those on tbe Pacific are excellent . The Mexican territory exceeds a mijlion of square miles , embracing every Tariety of climate from the torrid sand to the sweltering valley and the eternal snow . Tet , by far tbe greatest part is as rich in veeetation a 3 the few arid districts are in mineral treasures . Humboldt says there 13 scarcely a plant in the world but would flourish there , and almost every thing does . There are cotton , and sugar , flax and hemp , ' coffee and tobacco , wheat and maize , vines , potatoes , every kind of timber , from the m ho « any to the fir ; while the banana ( which would f eed fifty persons to an acre ) , and the maguey ( which can be made into whiskoy and paper 1 ) , more peculiar to the soil , seem to render all other products as rather luxuries than necessaries .
The population is estimated at rather more than seven millions consisting of 3 , 800 , 000 Red men , 1 , 900 , 000 mixed blood ( Mnllatos , Quadroons , &c ] 1 , 300 , 000 Creoles ( or men of pure European blood born in America , ) and a lew thousand Spaniards . Politically the Creoles are most important , possessing as they do , wealth , intelligence , and the inheritance of power , ^ fext to them are the mixed bloods . The Spaniards are paltry in numbers , while the Red men are in a state of extreme poverty , ignorance , and superstition .
The Tolticans are said to have first inhabited Mexico : to have been driven by the Chichemas , and to have retreated into Gautemala , and there built those cities , and temples , and tombs which have called the thoughts of antiquarians from Egypt to Central Africa . The Aztecs expelled the Chichemas in the twelfth century , founded the city of Mexico in 1325 , covered the country with cities and monuments , and formed a broad empire . But itwrvid to exhaust the people by its taxes , weaken them by its centralization , and debase them by its cannibal superstitutions . They were ill-prepared to resist Hernando Cortez when , in 1519 , at the head of seven hundred men , that worthy champion of the cross landed on their shores . Bloody contests and scenes of horrible carnage ensued , which resulted in the violent death of the last Mexican emperor Montezuma . and the complete subjugation of the Mexican people ,
A Viceroy , subjectto the examination and censure of a Council in Mexico and aBoardofControlm Madrid , ruled Mexico , reserving her offices for Europeans , subjecting her trade to vexatious penalties . and aggrandising a lazy church and a voluptuous army at the expense of industry . { To le continued . )
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^ mnnmt-. 14 . I 8 * 6- THE NORTHERN STAR . „ ^ J " ¦ -
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 14, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1392/page/7/
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