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Colonial an) #brtftrn, ^ Colonial an* tforefam
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¦ - -. *_ iH STRALIA - - ¦ Aceonnte from Sidney , New South Wales , to fte M of Jawvmfonani of tht opening of the colonial fegislatnre by Sir C . Fitaroy , with a speech , in which Ins excellency dwelt open the prosperous condition Of the colony , and announced that the state of the public finance ! was such , that the amount already at the credit of the crown menue would enable the adxalmsrtration . to liquidate , during the current year , *™ *™> w of the debentures , amounting to about £ 100 , 000 , which had been iraued to meet the expeosea of immigration in former years . CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . The news from the frontier is of an important character , ^ for so far from indicating any cessation of hostilities , there is every appearance of a combined movement en the part of the native tribes beyond the frontier agaiat the British settlers and the British
government . FRANCE . The reform agitation goes on augmenting . The Sebats attacks the Reformers with great fary , and declares that the speakers have been guilty of' the most absurd calamities directed against the king . ' Every day new reform banquets are announced , not-• withstanding the orders sent to the Prefects to use all means in their power to keep them down . The speecbra delivered at these meetings are not onlv eagerly listened to by those present , but the accounts
of them are distributed in thousands throughout the coantry , and their effects begin to be seriously felt A royal ordonnMce has appeared in the JfoniUar , authorising the emisaon of Three per Cent Stock sufficient to produce a capital of two hundred and fifty millions of francs , on account of the loan of three bacdred and fifty millions lately sanctioned by the Chamfer . One per cent , of the capital thus "SSK ! % W **?* to t&e ainkingfund . The Duke de Guise , the infant son of the Duke It cTd ' eU 7 mornin S . at the palace of
* 3 i tafy CTlS 13 «* England excites great at-2 « ? S ' ^ note the Mowing from a tenarkable artideinthe National : — ' The crisis which at present exists in England again invites attention to the serious question of commercial policy . That question may be thus ll * i ^ 7 To what P " * fatne system of international identity advantageous to manufactures and commerce ? Asehool more noisy than efficacioustte school of free trade—finds no difficulty in replying . Without taking into consideration the tra . ditional feelings , the previous or existing facts , or the differencea which characterise the manufacturing and commercial organisation ** various countries , it affirms . hat the most complete freedom of trade
prodacesadvantages for all parties , and that itmay and ought to be established amongst all nations , without distinction and without conditions . With an absolute principle and a sheet of paper , the most aimeult problems are easily solved ; the principle is imperious , the paper docile , and the idea flies on the ¦ wingsof the wind whieh wafts it ; but men of a aenous tare are not satisfied with these hazardous solutions . Before they declare for or against a system , they carefidly study all its elements . Now , it » endent to anybody who wishes to examine things ^ sely anoV dispassionately that the system of free trade , applied to finanoes , manufactures , and comrnerce adopted in an absolute sense is false . To live alone at home for one ' s-selfwithout relations of
, affection or interest , is neither possible nor advantageous ; bat to connect one ' s-self indifferently with everjbod y-to unite one ' s interest with those of the first comer , whoever be may-is the most absurd of allacteof . imprudence , and the most dangerous of -all Mies . The trathlies betweenthe two extremes ; it is wisdom which commands m to choose our conflexions . This princi ple , which is true as applied to individuals isnotless true when applied to relations 1 » etween nations . Ifyoa have before yon a nation whose geographical position , whose political tendeneie ? , whose social organisation are similar to yours , do not withdraw from it . If the credit of that nation i 3 well established , if her manufacturing and ¦ commercial policy be prudent and honourable—do
not hesitate . There is advantage both for her and for you . Connect yourself with such a nation , not without conditions , but without a concealed design . But if , on the contrary , you have to treat with a nation yeur enemy by traditior- , by nature , and by necessity—if that nation be of a violent and aggressive temperament—if its social organisation condemns it by fatality to some violent overthrow ^ -if its financial and commercial system leaves it no other safe road but the uaiversal use ef the entire Stobe , let sophists declaim at their ease , and hold yourself firmly at a distance . These premises being admitted—and common sense will comprehend aad accept them—the consequence is that France ought to maintain the most intimate relations with Spain , Belgium , Holland . Switzerland . Italy , and
Germany itself , and the United States , butsheought -to avoid with the greatestcare increasing her relations with England . And let no party exclaim against infatuated passion or systematic hatred ; ttere i 3 aosaeh feeling in our mind . We merely express here a political idea , long and coolly con--aidered . No doubt we don't much like the British Government . Everybody , " thank God , knows that ! Sat we do not hate England ; the only thins which -occupies us is the interest of France . The * National , ' after vigorously denouncing the BritiBh aristocracy and tha Bank of England , which it asserts contributed more to the overthrow of Napoleon ' s empire than did the Duke of Wellington , -concludes by saying , that until Great Britain rids herself of her aristocracy , she must of necessity be -the enemy oi the entire world .
SPAIN . The ex raordinary ministerial change , announced in our last number , is yet elouded in mystery . By ¦ some parties it is represented that the events of the night of the 3 rd and 4 th nit . originated ia a struggle between the - influences of two court favourites , 'General Serrano and Colonel Ganders . The latter was , it seems , lately adopted and put forward by M . Salamanca , with the view of undermining the in--flqence ef General Serrano in the palace . This intrigue becoming known to General Narvaez . he
warned Serrano of his dagger , and at the same time -tendered his services . This took place on the afternoon ef the 3 rd , and on that evening Narvaez was . president of the council . Madrid letters of the 6 * ^ announce the convocation of the Cortes for the loth of next month , and the annulling of certain decrees - « fM . Salaman < a rehtivetoadministrative reforms , and which was , it was said , only the prelude to the reversal of Ms decrees on financial subjects . Queen . Isabella of Spain has this week completed thelfth 'jtse of her age , aad ihefint year of her marriage . GERMANY .
Congresses are a Vordn dv . jour . We have now to notice the meeting of' the Germaine Congress , ' reputed to have for its object the developement of -German unity and nationality , and the introduction of reforms for the social benefits of the German people . ^ The principal speakers were Jacob Grimm , president : Mittermaier ( of Heidelberg ) , Dahlman , Stenzel , Pauli . Pen , and Soushay , vice-presidents . Professora Albrecht ( Leipric ) . Blume ( Bonn ) , Bur . - « hardi ( Kielfc E 3 march ( Schleawiel . Fallati cT « -
bingen ) , Homeyer ( Berlin ) . Lachmann ( Berlin ) , Michelsen ( Jena ) , Schmidt ( Berlin ) . Worm ( Hamburgh ) ; amountingin all to 150 of the most distinguished members of the German universities and towcourts . Thefirat Congrws wa 3 held kstyear at | rankfort , when the question of the duchies of Sehleawig and Holsteinwas discussed . Thisyear thesubjeetaducuased were the Hanseatic confederation , the German emigration to America , trial by . jury , &e . The next Congress will meet at
Nurem-SW 1 TZERLAM ) . The Cofutitotimnel publishes the following in a letter from Berne , of the 4 th : — 'The grand military review which took place on Sunday , in the cantos of Vand , and the ceremony of taking the oaths by the militia , formed one of the mast imposing patriotic solemnities which have taken place since that canton conquered its independence . In each of the nineteen districts into which 4 ha canton is divided , the troops of elite and of the reserve took with enthusiasm the oathto thecantonal
-constitiutionand the federal authority . The battalions were fully complete , and tbe arms and equipments left nothing to be desired . The formation of an auxiliary corps of volunteers has been effected in a manner which surpassed the expectation of tbe -government . According to the statement which the government has made to the Vorort . the Diet can reckon on 22 , 000 armed men of the elite , on a reserve ^ 10 . 000 men and on from 4 , 000 to 6 , 000 > olunteer 3 . The troops of the Yaud are generally considered the oestof the confederation . The Landsgemeinde « f . £ " Jhich only possesses a population of 15 , 000 , whfot thati rfVaud is 200 , 000 , , has declared its ap-^ rovalofaU that has been done by the Sonderbund , andasserted that ltwiilnot submit tothe decrees of * ae Diet The grand council ef Lucerne , on its part , has decided that the people shall be consulted as to the course to be pursued under existing circumstances . '
We quote the following from the Union Mm--arcfuque : •—'A note addressed to us by oar correspondent in Switzerland Informs as the result of the Landsgesunde of Zag and Uri , which took place on the morning of the 3 rd , was favourable to the cause of the Sonderbund as that of the popular assembly at Schwilz , held on the 26 th ult . Four thousand citizens met at Altorf , in the canton of Uri , and unanixnoosly voted that they Bhould mmnfo ' " the independence and theimprescriptible rights of the canton by force of arms . Three thousand five hundred persona were collected at the Landsgemeinde of Zug , who , on the motion of one of the members of the assembly , voted an address of thanks to the govern-?\™ * . S ° ndnct in *•» affair of the Sonderbund . ' line ' Journal de l'Ain ' of the 8 th , has the feltowing : — ' According to a letter which we have received from Geaeva it is more than probable that hostilities will soon break out in Switzerland . Already a crowd
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of strangers of doabtful miea have arrived at Besacftsssarattss fflgS ^ SffflftS nary powbtstth order to be able to » pfe wUfc ? ££ . and promptit ode at a moment whet KSSLfSF tiona - portionof its federal coutSt and £ ? W wmtfcgentoflaudwehr . ' TheT coS ?? state IS demands the power of forming volunteer cor ? Snd S ? M abseHt Un called upon to do servige in thfrcontingent . It unmnnooj » Ann « :. i . A .-1 . rf J ^^ l ^^™»^» mTMarQ ^
SSSt-W fine » f fromSfrrtoTofnpTrdaFfor mn ^ &f abienCe ' Md im Pf « onment ofYrom four rfrtTL ^ T ° 1 ?* $ Ac «> rd « Dg to the calculations S . j ? io lcal !' the Sonderbund has oaly 31 . 823 men v I l ° H , ? 5088 to 96 « 993 men and 2 ? 8 guns . i « i Sttws 6 » f Berne , ofthe 7 th , states that things u V e a llke m the ^^ s . The Council of JJtate tf Fnboiirg has called out the troops . The same journal announces that M . de Gourten , the resident of the Grand Council of the Valais , has been struck deadly apoplexy , whilst delivering a speech of a warlike nature on behalf of the Sotderbund in an extraordinary sitting of the council . A letter from Berne of the 10 th October gives the following - .
UIPOBTAKT KIBLLIOKKCB . A- most serious incjdent threatens to accelerate the explosion of hostilities between the two parties which new divide Switzerland . You are aware that the federal Diet issued a decree on the 31 st July last , enjoining the cantons borderiog on those of the Sonderbund t « seize all fte arras and ammunition passing through their territory on their way to those states . You knew , moreover , that several convoys have been already stopped in Ticino , at Zurich , and in Argau . But the most considerable of all , intended for the canton oi Fribourg . had not yet been forwarded by the French government , which had undertaken to supply it . 6 , 000 muskets and four pieees of artillery bad been packed np in laree cases , but it was
not known by what road they were to proceed in order to elude the vigilance of the Swiss authorities . The canton of Nenfchatel offered guarantees tothe ultramontane party , its government , entirely devoted to Prussia , desiring nothing better than to assist the league . But in that canton , the number of patriots , partisans of liberal Switzerland ,-is at least equal to that of its adversaries , and the citizens took on themselves to intercept the arms should they pass through their territory . The Vorort had been informed for several days of the departure of that convey from the arsenal of Besancan ; in two divisions , sent by different roads . It had officially apprised the government of Neufcbatel of the circumstance , both as the Vorort and the Government of Berne , and
requested it toexeeute the decree of the Diet of the 31 stof July . -FiBally . it received last night by express a notice that several French carmen had ventured to crossthe frontier near Pontarlier , with four waggon loads of muskets and grape shot ; that the convoy had safely reached Fleurier . on the territory of Neufchntel , a distance of two leagues from the frontier ; that there the convoy had been stopped by a numberof citizens , who , after vainly summoning he authorities to- perform their duty by seizing it , had , on their refusal , conducted their prize to St Uroix , when they delivered it into the hands of the authorities of Vaudj who sent it into Tverdum . This circumstance , which sufficiently denoted the bad faith and connivance of the government of Neuf . chatel , induced the government of Vaud to seize the steamer Industriel , which plies on the lake ' of Neuf . chatel , ta place on board a four pounder and a detach .
ment of Carabiniers . and station it * on the southern bank of the lake , to intercept all boats laden with arms and'ammunition intended for Fribourg , whose territory is washed by the lake on an extent of about two leagues ; Ia presence of all those facts the Vorort hastened to delegate to Neufchatel the Councillor of State Stockmar , as a federal commisioner , to summon the government of that canton toexeeute the orders of the Diet , or obtain a formal refusal fiom it , in order that the Vorort might adopt measures commanded by circumstances . M . Stockmar left this morning , accompanied by a secretory and notary , bearing the national colours ; and the result of his mission was the more anxiously expected as the Governor of Neufchatel , the Prussian General Pfuel , has just arrived in the principality , where a collision appears to be imminent between the authorities of the confederation and those of Prussia . ¦
ITALY . Letters from Rome of the 2 nd instant announce that the P « pt published on that day a motu proprio decree on the organisation of the Municipal Council of Rome , which is to assume the name of Senate . The council is to consist of 100 members , namely , sixty-four proprietors ; thirty-two lawyers , taverns . artists , bankers , merchants , &c . ; and four representing the ecclesiastical body . The municipality will Decomposed of a senator ormayer , and eight deputy mayors , who were first to be chosen by the government , and afterwards to be elected by the council . The ' members of the latter are to be renewed by thirds annually . The organic law relative to the legislative body was expected to appear in a few days . In the evening the entire population of Roma was to repair to Monte Cavallo , the residence of the Pope , to congratulate his Holiness on the . enactmentof the-municipal law , of which that capital had been deprived during several centuries .
PBRBAB 4 NOT BVACOATBD . The news which we receive from Ferrara to the 4 th states that the Austrians occupied the town at that date , so that there is no truth in the report that they evacuated the place on the 3 rd . The Municipal Council of Ferrara has voted 6 , 000 dollars for the purchase of muskets for the Civic Guard . The Piedmoatm Gazette , under the date of Leg . horn the 6 th , says that on the 5 th a numerous throng of people went tumultuously through the streets of the town ; vociferating Long live CoraiHi ! Liberty for ever ! Death to all Germans—to the King of Naples—to Baldasseroni ! ' These seditious cries were repeated before the palace of the governor , adding-to them the cry of 'Down with the Sproni ! ' The « vie guard , disposed in various patrols , had infinite trouble in dispersing the mob ; on the 6 th it was feared that the scenes of the preceding day might be renewed ; and it was impossible to foresee what may be the result should that be the
ca ? e . ... . .. ¦ . The intelligence from Naples is very contradictory the government representing the insurrection to be quelled , but on the other hand , private letters repretent the insurrection as being almost universal throughout the ' two Sicilies .
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . The Washington brings advices to the 23 rd ult ., but nothing new from the seat of war , except some additional details of the late battles before Mexico . A letter dated Tacubaya , 25 th August , says that the armistice had produced great dissatisfaction in the army . There was a report that Paredes and Bustamente were approaching the capital with strong forces . General Scott was wounded in the leg at the late battle / Rumours from the city have it that Santa Anna is throwing up breastworks and destructive batteries , and some think they are to be manned by American soldiers to protect Santa Anna against those who may oppose him' in making terms of peace .
EVACUATION OP TABASCO . The Ankpber , Captain Leneven whiohleft Carmen , n the Gulf of Mexico , on the 10 th of August , entered Havre on the 10 th inst . She brings direct newsfrem the south coast of Mexico . The Americans have been obliged to abandon Tabasco , after having lost a great number of men in skirmishes with guerillas , and from disease . Before retreating , they burnt all the suburbs , which were composed chiefly of houses built with wood , and covered with thatch .
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Heset George Bowtkb , Esq ., and Thomas BrowneBrowne , Esq ., nave been appointed two of her Majesty ' s inspectors of schools . Labourers' Wages a Dormtshibb . — A great many poor labourers were summoned before the Shafceabury Smalt Debts Court , a few days since , by Mr Perkham , for sums due for pigs . One defendant earned eight shillings a week , but many gave their wages at seven shillings . The judge , who seemed astonished at the smallness of the sum , questioned them particularly . Was that all ? Were they quite sure of it ?• Only seven ! Mr Rutter asked one of them what parish he came from ? He replied Stour Provost . Mr Rutter said it was so ; seven shillings were the weekly wages down there . This man had a sick wife and nine children , and he was sued for a sum of £ 6 11 s . His Honour made an order for one shilling a week , observing that it would take a long while to pay it off at that rate , but it was useless ordering a higher sum to be paid .
The Lam BorairFta Harvest . —The public thanksgiving for the late bounteous harvest has been ordered by her Majesty in Council to be generally observed on the 17 th instant . Her Majesty orders that collections shall be made in aid of the destituturn in Ireland and Scotland , which has unhappily not yet ceased . The selection of Sunday for the public prayers en the present occasion will , it is hoped , add ^ n aNy tfthe amonnt of the public contributions , Ud it wilUlso have the effect of not depriving thl ^ . ^""^ of ^ orkingday .
nrSSSSS SLAtE"L Cahm—Thp Commissioners li " . ?? * 18168 kwe given notice that a penalty of ten pounds will be impowd upon th " veXr of every pack of cards sold byhhn not contaiS anaceof-spades duly stamped , without regard to thecorners being cut or not ; and that for every pack of such cards found in the posSS £ ' of In , person whatever , a penalty of five pounds will be imposed . Gbace Aodiub , the authoress of so many popular works in favour of the Jews , and urging their claims to free and equal civil and religious rights throughout thecivilUed world , died on the 10 th ult ., at Frankfort , in her 32 nd year . .. . ? ^? » " £ •! ^ " BWen fifty pounds towards the liquidation of the debt incurred in enlarging the Darlington Free Grammar School . 8
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TDB SWISS QUESTION . ^ We take the following account of the Swiss question from a tract published by thei International League ., The . conclusion will appear in our * next number . ~ -THE SWISS QUESTION . A great quaition is now being agitated in Switzerland , which , in eonseqa ' tace of the special position in which the treaties of 1815 have placed tkat counlrj , may become at any moment an European question . On the tub swiss * mnm ~
one side we hare a friendly nation—a nation ffbieh has played an important part in the history of civilisation , which has taken an active part in the great movement of religious roform , and which has held up to ns the example cf commercial freedom—indicating by the votes of a majority of its population , influenced by weighty reasons which we shall presently explain , a desire to modify and ameliorate its constitution ; on the other eido we have foreign governments , the French and Austrian predomlnantamongBt others , expressing their intention cf preventing any such censtitutianal modification .
The agitation that has , especially for the last ftw years , prevailed ia this little country so important to Europe , is an acknowled ged fact . It shorn itself at one time under the form of a local insurrection , of a sudden radical change effected in one of the Cantons which con . stitute the Confederation ; at another time under that of « n armed attack upon one Canton by another : and jet no one has hitherto inquired whether all these febrile movements may not indicate an organic . disease seated somewhere in the centre of the State , boyond all immediate or visible causes . These inoTementi are , according to one party , the outbreaks of the democratic element ; that is true ; but flow U it that the democracy of the
Canton oi Yaud or of Berne is so decidedly hostile to the democracy of the small Cantons of Uri , Scbwytz and Unterwalden ? According to others , they are owing to the plots of the Jesuits : that also is true ; but how is it that , in a country free since 1308 , * a few Jesuits are able to excite civil war , and to reduce populations . naturally peaceful to the sole resource of an . appeal to arms ? Is there in this republican land no public opinion , no legally represented majority able to find a pacific solution of the questions which time brings to the surface ! Is there no central moderating power which , when that public opinion is once proved to exist , gives to it the force ef law , leaving the career still free for further progress !
The importance of Switzerland is far beyond what might be imagined from its population of 2 , 080 , 000 upona surface of less than 15 , 000 English square miles . Its position is a central one between France , Germany , and Italy . Prom the great strategetical importance of its territory , and by virtHe of the stipulations of . the trea . ties of Vienna , which we shall hare occasion presentl y to notice , its frontier cannot be encroached upon b y one power without others immediately intervening to guarantee and secure their own . Could one even suppose an intervention on the part of foreign powers acting not in hostility to , but in mfiimttion with , each other , and were this country willing to resign itself to the disgrace of being a passive eye witness of the perpetration , in the very heart of Europe , of a crime similar to that of Cracow , it would not have the epportuHity of so doing ? The pretext for n > n-interference in the case of Cracow , which was afforded by the rapid consummation of the foul
deed before there was time to take a step towards preventing i t , would be wanting in the case of Switzerland . Aaimated by an unconquerable spirit ot liberty and of reaction against the foreigner , imbued with military habits and of acknowledged bravery , and backed in the midst of their Al ps by insurmountable positions , tbe Swiss would , without doubt , prolong the struggle against all French or Austrian intervention ; and , answering by the three branches of their population—French , Italian , aiid German—tothe sympathies of the numerous malcontents of those three nations , they would be able if need were , to establish , as a means of defeBce , three centres ef insurrection in the very heart of the attacking powers . It is impossible , in thinking of all this , Hot to be seized with a sort of terror at beholding the passive improvidence of a policy which , from love of peace , amicipates none of the causes of war , and which forgets that war cannot break out in Europe without Great Bri . tain being in some way or other involved in it .
The question which agitates Switzerland is a national question . The want of a solution to this national question is the cause , we will not say of all the secondary differences that agitate the country , but of the irregular , illegal , and dangerous manner ini which parties seek to decide them . There does exist in Switzerland a public opinion , a majority capable of solving them pacifically , progressively ; but this majority has no legal represents , tive : there exists no central power able to give the force of law to its decrees , nor is it possible to constitute any such power . The federal compact given to Switzerland in 1815 , under the influence of foreign Powers sitting at Vienna , excludes that possibility . Since that epoch , es . pecially daring the last seventeen years , all those in Switzerland who truly love their country have called for
the abrogation of this compact , and for the organisation of Bomething more central . —mora national . Th « Powers oppose this . Whether the Powers , even by the strict letter of their own treaties , would be released from such guarantee upon a revision by the Diet of the compact of 1815 , is a question which has been raised in the official communications between Messrs Ochsenbein ' and Boisle Comte . This is not , however , a point which we propose to discuss here : we are willing to assume that the Powers did succeed , by the treaties of Vienna , in forcing Switzerland into the position in which they , declare that she is placed with regard to them . And on this position we raise- the question of Eight . The inviolability of Switzerland was guaranteed by them in consequence only of the existence of such compact ; they threaten to withdraw that guarantee , the day that compact is annulled ; and we have lately seen their representatives dedare , in their official notes addressed to the Directory of
Berne , that the good understanding between Switzerland aad the Powers would be assured so long as there was no infraction of the compact , and no longer . It matters not that since 1815 thirty-two years have ripened the ten . dency to draw closer the national union , and have placed the compact at variance with the moral and material wants of the country . It matters not that the want of a national authority condemns to perpetual combats and violence those who have no tribunal before which . they can settle their differendes . This state of anarchy , and consequently of weakness , pleases the Powers allied for the enslavement of nations , it helps them to threw discredit on the sole republicaa flag that exists ) in Europe ; itserves to ensure to them , whenever . they may desire it | a pretext for invasion , and to enable them to maintain in a state of absolute impotence one of the most im . portant countries , strategetically spaaking , in Europe , Here is the very heart of the SwisB question .
Switzerland is a confederation of republics ; and we have only to pronounce the words federal republics' to suggest to the mind the idea of a double series of legally recognised rights and duties—tha one appertaining to eaeh of the States or localities which form the Confede . ration ; the other to the whole : the firat deEaing and eireumscribing the sphere of activity of individuals as citizens of the different States ; the second denning that of the same individuals as citisens ' of the common country : the former settled by tho representatives of tach State ; the latter by the representatives of the whole country . Nothing of the kind takes place in Switzerland . The States , or Cantons as they are called , are
governed by authorities , ! emanating more or less directly , more or lees democratically , from the popula . tiong of the Cantons , Switzerland—the Confederation —has norepresentatiyei of its own . There is a . central legislative bedy or parliament , called a Diet ; but it is composed oi the delegates of each Canton , chosen not by the people of Switzerland , but by the Great Council of each Canton . There is an Executive Federal Govern , ment called a Vorot , which is in no manner however the choice of the nation : it is by tarns the State Council of one of the three Cantons—Berne , Zurich , and Lucerne , within which the Diet assembles alternately for two years at a time . Thecantonal spirit then is alone represented in Switatrland ; the national spirit has no ¦
voice . . .. . Eacb . of the Cantons sends to th » Diet two delegates , who together have only one vote . This sole vote is given alike to all the Cantons , whatever , be their importance , extent , or population—the burdens of the Cantons being meaawhlle distributed according to the number of inhabitants . Zurich has 224 . 150 inhabitants , and pays more than 77 , 000 francitaxai ; she sends nearly 4 , 000 men to the federal army . Zug counts bat 11 , 710 inhabitants ; she pour * into the general treasury onl y abeut 2 , 500 francs ; her contingent is but 250 men . Zug and Zurich have each one voice in the Diet . Berne reckons 357 , 710 souls
, and pays about 92 , 000 francs into the Federal treasury : she furnishes at least 4 . 600 soldiers . Uri has but 13 , 930 inhabitants , pays less than 1 , 200 franes contributions , and sends some 240 soldiers to theFrederal troops . Berne and Uri have each one voice in the Diet ; and so of the other Cantons . We have only to imagine the small Cantons uniting fora purpose ; and v » e arrive . at the result of a minority of 500 , 000 souls giving l » w to a majority of more than 1 , 500 , 000 . A still smaller figure is sufficient to check all deliberation , and to prevent a majority from being formed . This is what happens every year in all important questions .
But there is yet more . As if the power of the Cantons were not sufficiently assured by this vice of the Federal representation , tbe system of instructions , or imperative mandates , steps in to prevent the chance of a national inspiration making its nay to the heart of some one of the representatives whom the Cantons send to the Diet . The deputy is strictly bound by the instructions given him by the Great Council of the Canton which sends him ; his heart , his understanding , his love of bis country , abdicate their influence at the threshold of the
h *" °£ amenabl y . Discussion cannot enlighten him ; neither eloquence nor the most powerful appeal of his compatriots cau ' move him ; he is there only as a maobiae charged to repeat the ' . yes' and ' no' of hiB constituenu .. Jf . aBy . vgubJ 8 pt present , itself-on which his instructions say nothing , " he has no other resource but to resirre the matter tn referenced bis Great Council lor furtherinstructioni ! .. He wiU return hereafter with a ye l ° < < > Were th « enemy at the gatea-had » threat of invasion been made in the interval between the gwing the instructions and the meeting of the Dietwera Switzerland on the point of becoming the battlefield of two of the powers who have guaranteed its neu . trahty—that would not prevent the adjournment of the decision . We need only look back to 1798 , or to 1813 , to find examples of this indecision , when in the first case tHe French armies , anil in the Becond the allied forces , violated the Swiss territory . : .. . rr ~ .
We think it uieless to enter into further details . Every man of sense must see that there is in tbe constitution of tbs ao . oalled central power only a seoond exerelse of the cantonal soverei gnty , and that a national inpiratlon can only make its way on the supposition that a majority , not of tha Swiss people , which would be say-Ing nothing , but of the Cantons , should abdicate , in an impulse of patriotic enthusiasm , all local spirit all habitual jealousy , all partiality for interests which the very viceB of the constitution have implanted and nurtured and should rise to a high and holy feeling fer the Intel rests of their common country , for iadependence , and for Swiss progress . By any one acquainted with the human heart such a hope will be felt to be realisable only in very exesptlonal moment s , and such momenm must be themore rare , as differences of language and religion raise very real barriers between Canton and Canton
. The word Unity , aa opposed to Federalism , lias never been once pronounced or even dreamt of by a single patriot . ¦ . We . tiava remarked that it i , 8 uffloient for the „„ „ Cantons representing at most a third of the Swiss population , to come to an understanding on any point , in order to give law to the other two-thirds , and perpetn . ally to hinder the adoption of any measure called for by the great majority of the nation . Those acquainted with Switzerland know too well to which side this minority , converted by the compact of 1815 into a factitious majority , habitually leans . The population of the small Cantons - Uri , Sehwyta , Uuterwalden , Zu ? , Fribourg , &c . —for the most part Catholic , are carefully kept in almost absolute ignorance by the clergy and a few rich magnates
orrich men of the country ; they do not know how to read ; and if they did , they would read only what the priest approved . Having for the most part no manufactures , andleading principall y the life of herdsmen and shep . herds , they have scarcely any contact with the great CantoHS ; and as the right of / re « eslabliahmen . % —the right for every Swiss to locate himBelf in any part of the national territory he may choose—does not exist , it is easy for the authorities of any Canton to prevent the lengthened residence on their territory of such inhabitants of the progressive Cantons as ore suspected of preaching large and innovating principles . Fribourg is given up to Jesuitic influence . KeufchBtel is Prussian and brings to the Diet tho policy of Berlin . With such elementsit becomes impossible , under the present system
, ever to arrive at national unity of views . Thanks to this state of things , the foreign Powers thrust themselves nnperceUred into every important deliberation . They havenot to intimidate or corruptthe central government of a compact body of two millions of men ; they address themselves to tbe Cantons individually—to the small Cantons especially , now with threats , now whh the bait of some petty ' eonceBsion which they desire , or with the promise of support in Borne question affecting their interests . The military-capitulations ^ the ecelesiastioal concessions to Rome , the establishment ef the Jesuitsall that is now the disgrace of the country , or the source of its disorders , was obtained in this way .. When , in 1834 , the notes of the foreign ambassadors—backed , we feel ashamed to say , by the support of the English
ambassador , Mr Morier—demanded and obtained a flagrant violation of the right of asylum , in the expulsion en mam of the Italian , German , and Polish exileB , the Powers had not to apply to a ' national government—for such there was none—a national government would have rejected thoir demand with dignity , for nil Switzer . land then thrilled with eenerous indignation : they applied to the Grand Council of a Canton , which hap . pened at that period to be the Vorort , or depositary for the time , of the-Federal authority . ThBt Canton was Zurich . Calculating the impediments that mi ght be thrown In the way ef the exportation of its silks , influenced by an entirely local party , and led away by a
feeling of reaction against Berne ( whose behaviour was nobly hospitable ) , it yielded . This—we speak of the reaction against Berne—is , in fact , another example of tbe sad but inevitable effictof the singular organisation imposed on Switzerland by tbe Compact of 1815 . By refusing to Switzerland a capital , and by vesting the Federal Executive in three Cantons alternately for two yeurs each , an antagonism has been created between Berne , Zarich , and Lucerne , which destroys all chance of unity and stability in the syitem of government . One bai only to observe the policy followed by the Vorort sitting , for instance , at Berne , to foretel the opposite policy which Zurich or Lucerne will follow when tbe central authority passes into their hands .
The end , then , whioh the Powers proposed to themselves in 1815—the disunion and permanent weakness of Switzerland—has been completely attained . Cantonality is the only element that possesses legal life : the nation has been suppressed . There is not even uniformity of coin 9 , weights , , or measures in Switzerland . Twenty , four or twenty-fiv « § different legislations cross and jostle each otVer in the heart of this little country ; and there exists no high Federal tribunal of appeal with pewer to settle disputes between Federal authorities and Cantons , or between Canton and Canton , o * to adjudicate In the case of individual Swiss subjects * complaining of civil or criminal injustice at the hands of the local authoritles . Whilst Switzerland is jmtly admired for Its fr » e-
dom of cemmerce witk surrounding countries , a multitude of tolfg hampers the internal circulation of its preducts between Canton and Canton . But details are here snperfloous . Suffice it to repeat that there exists 5 n Switzerland no universal right of citizenship thatno native born Swiss has the right , by virtue of his birth , to establish himself in whateverpart of Switzerland he may choose . There are citizons of Zurioh or of Bern >—there are Vaudois and Genevese ; the Swiss citizen does not exist . Out of his own Canton the individual Swiss Is but a foreigner . He may be expelled from any othir Canton to ; which he may huve transferred bis abode unless it may have pleased that Csnton , with a view to re . ciprocal advantage , to acknowledge tbe right of free settlement . .
t The principality of Neufchatel devolving by inheritanoe upon the royal family of Prussia in 1707 , was nevertheless , added by the Allied Powers to the Helvetic Confederation in 1815 , although still remaining Prussian , aad governed by a nominee of the Cronn ; because from its complete separation from Prussia itself , it would be , in case of war at once at the mercy of France , and also because the absolutist Powers saw that they shoulc thereby acquire another means of influence in the coun oils of tbe Confederation . I The term ' military capitulation' signifies the enrol meat of Swiss in the military service of foreign govern ments . Six or | seven Swiss rcgimentB are at the presen moment to be found in the service of the despotic Govern ments of Rome and Naples . They are raised exclusivel ; from the Catholic Cantons . 5 Some Cantons—Appenzell , for instance—are sub divided into two .
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* It was in this year that the three small Cantons Uri , Schwytz , and Unterwalden , by their victorious insurrection against the tyrannical government of the Emperor Albert I . of the House of HapBburg , laid the first stone of tbe Swiss Leagae . Lucerne joined them tn 1332 , Zurich in 1351 , Zug and Glaris in 1352 , and Berne in 1353 . These eight ancient Cantons successfully repulsed the Austrian invasions , and created , by the celebrated battles of Sempach and Noefels , the military renown of Switzerland . Tbe number of confederated Cantons wa » increased to thirteen , by tbe admission of Solotburm anJ Fribourg in 1481 , Basle and Schaffausen ia 1501 , and AppenzeU in 1513 . At a later period , subsequently to the religious movement of the Reformation , were added the other Cantons , f Tha Great ConncUs and the Little Councils : the [ former possessed of theUg ' sht . ve , the latter of the exe-I cutire power .
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The Present State op the Army of Austria . — The Austrian army is composed of 58 regiments of infantry , of the line ( 43 of Germans , Galicians , and Italians , and 15 Hungarians ); these regiments are divided in 194 battalions of the line , and 20 battalions of grenadiers , forming a total of 233 , 461 men . To theso regiments are joined the battalions of the 1 st Landwehr of the 35 German regiments of the hereditary states . Each battalion counts 4 companies , and the total of the battalions amounts to 31 , 000 men . The infantry , called the frontier infantry , ! comprises' 86 battalions , | and one battalion Czaikistoa ( in all , 49 , 981 men ); the regiment of Tyrolean shooters , and 12 other battalions of shooters . The Tyroleans are divided into 4 battalions and 24
companies , counting 5 , 459 mer . The other battalions count 15 , 336 men . The battalions of the garrison form a total of 0 , 716 men . Q has , jn astate of peace , the whole infantry of the empire is composed of 289 battalions and 1 , 568 companies , presenting an effective force of 341 , 963 rftm . In forming divisions of reserve and the second battalions of Landwehr , the number reaches in time of war 490 , 000 . The Austrian cavalry is divided into 8 regiments ef cuirassiers , 7 regiments of dragoons , 7 regiments of light horse , 12 of hussars , and 4 regiments of lancers , forming 268 squadrons in time of peace , and 305 in time of war . The total of the cavalry in time of peace is 48 , 842 men , having 44 900 horses ; in time of war , 64 , 560 men ; and 62 , 122 horses fur the service of the state . The Austrian artillery is composed , besides the five regiments of campaign artillery , of the corps oi bombardiers and artificers , and
of the artillery of the garrison and arsenal : total , 24 , 254 men , without counting the artillery train . In time of war the five regiments of artillery supply men to serve 200 batteries and 1 , 200 cannons . The special corps , the staff of the quartermaster-general , the pioneers , the engineers , give , on an average , a force of 1 , 030 men ; thus , the total forces of Austria , including the imperial navy of 7 , 539 men , present , in time of peace , an effective force ef 445 , 005 men . There are now but six field marshals , among whom is the Duke of Wellington . In 1846 there were 25 generals of artillery and cavalry , 96 lieutenant fieldmarshals , and 123 majors-general in active service . —Gazette d'Augsburg . —Oct . 3 . The King of Sweden has presented two silver jugs and several ether pieces of plate to nine men who exposed tbeir own lives in order to save the crew of the Norwegian ship Elizabeth , which was wrecked in November lost on Gudwalloo beach , Cornwall .
Mr Whiting , of Monmouth , has reaped Ci acres of wheat , the produce of which has amounted to 70 sacks , being 350 imperial bushels , or 56 bushels per acre ! A few days ago a large whale was left by the tide between llilbre Island and tbe sand hills at Hoylake . lie was seized by some parties , who extracted up . w » rd 9 of fifty tons of oil out nf the animal , which now lies on the aand hills at Hoylake .
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IRISH CONFEDERATES . On Monday evening , October lltb , the Assembly Rooms , 83 , Dean-street , Soho , were thronged to ex cess by persons anxious to hear Thomas Chisholm Anstey , Esq ., M . P ., deliver a lecture in favour of a Repeal of the Legislative Union . Mr Kenealy was unanimousl y called to the chair , and , in the course of some opening ' remarks ; said , Mr Anstey would soon submit ; the question of Repeal to the Parliament , and he felt persuaded that Englishmen would see , the , justice and propriety of rendering them ineir support— ( cheers )—as they were tired of giving ten millions of money to support their Irish brethr « n . and their Irish brethren were disgusted at being driven to the necessity of taking it . ( Cheers . ) MrFitzgibbon . then read the rules of the Irish / onfederation , and a very amusing article , entitled Where ' s the money ? ' from thetfatfon . ^^
OnC . Anstey . Esq ., M . P ., entering the room , he was greeted with loud cheering , and haying reached , he platform , he proceeded to assure his brother confederates , that both on this and the other Bide of the water , they were acting strictly in conformity with low , as the Dublin Committee had managed to drive a coach and six through the act' of 1798 . He then commenced hia lecture ( a written one ) by assuring bis audience that the question of 'Repeal would be one of the earliest brought before the new Parliament . ( Cheers . ) The honourable mem-> er then proceeded to show that a parliament might fee held in Ireland , Dublin , or elsewhere , without any detriment to the one at Westminster , and also contended .. for the Repeal of the Union with Scotland as well as Ireland . As . Parliaments were on ' y ' courts' of advice tothe sovereign , they could be held under the crown , and it would be only necessary to
re-issue the writs to the places from whieh they had been illegally withheld , and in direct violation of the constitution , whieh'the learned sentleman designated ' a nicely balanced : and excellent coDstitution . The honourable gentleman in support of his argument frequentl y , quoted those great 'constitutional writers . ' Davenant , Bracton , and Cunningham , and at the conclusion- ef an address wh ! c& occupied three quarters of aa hoar in its delivery , sat down , hearttly applauded . On the motion of Mr Thomas Dily , seconded by Mr FitjnbDon , a vote of thanks was unanimously awarded to Mr Anstey , which he acknowledged . After a few words from the Rev . John Rourke , of Galway , it was announced that their ehairman , Mr Kenealy , would deliver an address in vindication of the Irish Parliament that day . "fortnight , and the meeting dissolved .
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IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION
The Democrats met on Sunday evening , at Cartwright ' s . The new president in the chair . An article was read from the Nation newspaper , on Irish manufacture , and commented on by several speakers . Mr Bezer then read an article from the Dispatch of the previous week , upon Ireland and the Irish people , which he characterised as the most foulmouthed piece ef calumny and vituperation he had ever read . He was not an Irishman , but he felt strongly indignant at the' baseness of the humbug scribe of the Dispatch .
Mr Clancy commented at creat length upon the history of the English connection , during a period of . 700 years , showing from various writers , the persecutions which the Irish people suffered under the fostering care of the British sovereigns . Three times had the Irish people suffered confiscation ; but this was not enough—the rascally r » g , the Dispatch , must insult them ! They all knew the moral weight that is to be attached to anything the . Dispatch could say . That paper was on its last less . He had selected a few authors upen Irish history , which it had been
well for the ignoramus iR the Dispatch , to have read before he calumniated a whole people . Temple says— ' Eleven and a half millions , out of twelve millions of acres , were confiscated , and parcelled out to English adventurers . ' Lord Clare states— ' No inconsiderable portion of the entire island had been confiscated twice , or . Derhaps , thrice , in a century , and if the wars of England , carried on in Ireland from the reign of Elizabeth , had been waged against a foreign enemy , tho inhabitants would have retained their possessions . ' He eive 3 the following statement : —
Acres . Forfeited up to the close of the reign of James I . .. 2 , 836 , 837 Forfeited up to the close of the reign of Charles II . ... 7 , 800 000 Forfeited at the revolution 1 , 060 , 729 Total - ¦; ... 11 , 697 , 666 Spence says , ' During the wars , carried on against the Earl of Desmond , for the purpose of depriving him of his estates , that the people were brought to
such a wretched state , that any stony heart would rue the same ; out of every corner of the glens came crying forth on their hands , for their legs could no longer bear them . They looked like anatomies of death , and spoke like ghosts looking out of their graves . ' , Lelandsays , 'That the Queen Elizabeth was assured that Lord Deputy Grey tyrannised with such barbarity , that little was left for her Majesty to rule over but ashes and dead carcasses ! ' Four thousand acres were given to Sir Walter Raleigh , a 3 a reward for his cruelty .
Sir John Davis states , ' That all Ireland was colonised at one time among ten persons of the English nation . ' Gee , an English gentleman , in his work on the navigation of Great Britain , says , ' That it is thought that more than one-third part of the rents of the whole of Ireland belong to English noblemen . ' Lady Morgan says , ' Near 4 , 000 Irishmen of family , were driven into perpetual absenteeship , sent to dole out for a pitiful hire , in the cause of oppression , in other countries , the same valour and the same spirit , which their fathers had displayed in support of the liberty of their own , the ? aie of whose estates amounted to the annual sum of £ 211 , 600 . ' Were I to enumerate all the bloody sentences , passed by Cromwell on the Irish people , in what was called ' Cromwell ' s slaughter-house , ' would chill the very blood in your veins—yet this recreant writer in the
Dispatch would build another slaughter-house , and give another Cromwell tothe people of that country . We should , therefore , set an example this evening , which he ( Mr C . ) had no hesitation in saying was the bounden duty of every Irishman to follew . The Dispatch would exterminate the whole race of the Irish people . To return the compliment , as far as was possible , it was a duty he owed to his persecuted country to submit to their consideration the following resolution : — That seven centuries of British government-ill Ireland have proved the utter inenmpetency of the directing power , even to supply its people with the common neceaearleaof life . We are further of opinion that twelve millioBs of acres of fruitful toil ; aad more than enough to ' make the people of Ireland independent of any neig h , touring country , and that it is the inalienable right of the people to bo fed ouv of the land which God hath given them , ond ai the British Government haa more than once confiscated the whole of the Irish lands to
divide amongsttheir sanguinary and unscrupulous adhe . rents , we trust the people of that country will be more watchful on any future change by seeing that the hnd 9 shall rtyert to the rightful ownen of the s » il , which , we are of opinion , is the only means of saving the Irish people from the mock liberality of Eng lish Whig and Tory rulers , and the Irish character from the insult of blood-suckirg , paid , mercenary scribes , such as the writer on Irish subjects in the Weekly Dhpateh , which paper we deem it a duty , as Irishmen , to burn this night iu the common fire place . ( Loud cheers . )
The resolution was seconded by Mr J . B . O'Brien , who had been previously elected member of the society , and was unanimously adopted , and the Dispatch was consigned to the flames , amidst the derisive laughter of the meeting . Mr George Minton presented the meeting with a second gift of valuab'e books , maps , and papers , including the 'Irish Volunteers , ' 'Works of Paine , ' ' People ' s and Chambers ' s Journals , ' &c . The meeting then broke up . Chair taken nn Sundav evening , at eight o ' clock . Mr O'Brien , Eugene O'Kayanagh , and others , will attend and address the meeting .
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Barnslbt . —A numerous and enthusiastic meeting of Irishmen took place last Sunday , at Mr George Utley ' s larse room . Several English Chartists were present . Mr John O * Leary was called tothe ohair , who opened the meeting in an eloquent speech on the principles of democracy , and was loudly cheered . The address and declaration of the Irish Democratic Confederation of London was then read , and was hailed with loud applause . Mr Michael Segrave proposed the first resolution , and p lainly demonstrated by facts , that it was the height of felly for working men to waste their energies by seeking for half measures , as many of the middle classes of Ireland , who were loudest in their professions of patriotism , no sooner got installed in power by the Corporate Reform Act than they becamo their bitterest and deadliest enemies : —
That this meeting feel highly gratified to learn the giant strides the ju > t , holy , and glorious principles of democracy , are making throughout the various countries of Europe , and deeply regret the degeneracy of their fellow-countrymen , through tlie instrumentality of a few unprincipled lea ^ erB , aidtd by a base , hireling press , to . impose on the credulity of a confiding people , by teach Ing them that their liberty will be effeoted by the mare Repeal of the Act of Union . This meetingig of opinioa that there can be no freedom for Ireland short of an independent domestic legislature , baBed on the principles contained in the People ' s Chatter , and consider it beneath the dignity of Irishmen to a itatB for a l » ss measure of justice than a full , fair , and freo repiwentatio of the whole people .
Mr Andrew Coyle seconded the resolution , which . a » er some remarks from Mr Edward Keith , and Mr William Henry , was put from the chair , and carried unanimously . Mr Michael Markey proposed , and Mr Miles Roden seconded , the second resolution , which was also carried ' :- ^ lhat we fully appreciate Urn bold , ounly , straight-
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ofi . Vo £ L » ^ l ' " *»* »»¦*¦ «> " reaolnHons sSSJTr ftswssx ^^ gs ^ sastari ^ s i i our country , not only from the c . mmnation of bS misrule , but also from domestic tyranny , A vote of thanks was unanimously aecorded to Mr Clancy , and the brave men in London , who assisted in forming the Democratic Confederation , and alsn to the proprietor and editors of the Northern . ? , „„ ,
for their consistent advocacy of the principles of democracy . The meeting was subsequentl y addressed by Measrs Smart and Trafford , after wbidi between forty and fifty individuals enrolled their names . A vote of thanks was given to the chairman , and the meeting ' separated , highly delighted with tbe proceedings of the evening . The following iadivhiuala were appointed officers to carry out the objects of the society :-Robert O'Neill , Michael Se . grave , Patrick Connor . John O'Leary , Edward Keith , William HeBrr . John Traffoid , John M'Coy .
iboiiias Cnek . The society will meet next Sunday evening , at the above-named place , at lialf-psat seven
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TO MR CLANCY " . Deaj Sin , —I embrace this , the earliest opportunity afforded me , to express my delight at thecoursB recently adopted by the Irish Confederates of London . I have fully made up my miud to join no political association that has not for its otyeetthe accomplishmtntof tlie glorious and just principles of Democracy—as I am thoroughl y convinced that any measure short of the enfranchisement of the working millions , is not calculated to place labour in a position to protect itstlf from the avaricious grasp of capital . It affords me much pleasure
, and must be highly gratifying to every lover of librely , to learn the gjant strides that those glorious principles are making throughout the various countries of Europe , but yet there is one solitary exception , where the dark cloud of political ignorance hangs ov « r the minds of men owing tothe false teaching of sel 6 » b leaders , and that country is our unfortunate native hnd . I hare carefully read the addreBsof the C . nfederates to the toiling community of Great Brtuin and Iieiand , in the whole of ; which I entirely concur , excepting that pasiiage which states that the Old and Young . Inlanders are our friends , as being born of the sam persecuted land
In my humble opinion , there are few of the leaders of either party that are not deadl y enemies to the toiling millions ot Ireland , and also to universal liberty . He who would brand his fellow man as a slave br refusing hins the right or citizenship—a priv-iltge which be claims for himsulf—is a detestable tyrant , and an enemy to mankind . B-fore the famine , created by man , hnd sweptaway myriads of our unfortanate eountryir . cn , Mr Scropenotitied his intention of bringing forward . a nio . tioa in tbe House of Commons , to adopt apermanent system of out-door relief for Ireland . Were not both parties to-befound on theplatform of Conciliation Hall , de « nounciag any system of the sort for the starving people , as being equal to a confiscation of half the landed pro . perty of the country t What wa » the result ? Why , land robbtrs were permitted to revel in luxury , whilst a
million ;« f labour ' s children were thrown into shroudless graves . It is , therefore , evidencn that the interests of the former were preferable in the eyes of those professing patriots to the live * of the latter . Yis , they locked eoolly oh the butchery of their fellow-eountrjmtn , without evea making anjefiort on tb » ir part , tb prevent those heart-rending sceiftsit unequalled in the annalaof history . The compromise had tuken place , and Ireland was handed over to the tender nnrcie * of the base , brutal , and bloody Whigs . The patriarchal patriot mado hU esit to the continent , and no sounds met the ear but the djing groans ofmoviug spectres , accompanied with occasioual growling of the slumbering lion ofthefoldofJudea . ' whiht Ardagh ' s alaroiing trumpet lay as mute as the harp in Tarah ' a walls . When the
Democracy of this country endeavoured to effect a union with their Irish brethren , were they not basely in ' suited by Ireland ' s mock patrio t * , and their aid scorn fully r . jected ? Had it been othernise , how glorious would have been the result emanating from such a combination . The Irishmen resident in Great Britain , who are since divided , would most assuredly be united as one man , together with the millions of English and Scotch Chartists ; none would be apathetic when such a chance of victory offered itself . But'No , ' said the old magician , and'No ' responded his 3 laves , knaves , and dupes , '' those Chartists are infidels , they petition for tho restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , &c . ' "What a specimen of infidelity to endeavour to iff ct what all Chris * tians profess to pray for on tbe Sunday , namelj—the release of captives .
The Chartists hold different opinions as individuals on religious matters ; but , as a body , their actions are more inaccordance with the spirit of Christianity , than the bulk of theoretical religioivst ' . The fundamental principle of Christianity i <> , ' Do unto others as you would that they should do unto you , ' and that of Chartism is , ' Justice to one and to all . ' H « nce the man who says he is a Christain , and is not a Charti . t , throws aside the principle he professes— and , consequently , U nothing better than a superlative hypocrite . But wtj should we canvass tho reli gious opinion ef eur compa * triots in the cause of liberty ? Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side , In the cause of mankind , if our crredB agree ? Shall I give up the friend I have valued and tried , If be kneel not before tbe same altar with me ? No , perish the hearts and laws that try
Truth , valour , and love , by a standard like this . But , whilst they refuse to combine with the progressive party of this country , and thegulph is fised between iw , they slavishly court a unien with tbe aristocracy of Ireland . What an unholy alliance that would be , tha mouse and the cat , the lark and tbe kite . If the people are sufficiently foolish to waste their energies in a f om . bination with their oppressors ; at tbe end of theirstruggle the Charlemonts will significantly tell them that any change to be effected must be based on aristocratic ascendancy . At the same time , all that is required by tha present leaders of Ireland , would bo accomplished by a mere Repeal of the Legislative Union , patronage would be at the ditposal of flippant tonpued patriots , and tha country converted into a manufacturing hell , to swell the coffers of avaricious , grlndingcapitalists , at the
sacrifice of female virtue and loveliness ; acd the rising gene * ration who , under different circumstances , would be healthful and robust—would become poor , emaciated , helpless forms , such as we witness every day in tbe manufacturing districts of tliis country . And this , in my opinion , is the ' greatboon '' tho people would receive fvom n inert Repeal of the Legislative Union , I sincerely congratulate the Confederates of London on the good work they have so well b-gun . If genuine liberty is to be established is Ireland , the battle must be fought by tbe Irish Democracy resident in Great Britain . We must subscriba our pence , and not only send democratic p ipers , but also missionaries , who will bridge ever' the gulph , ' by establishing those glorioua priBcipks , for th « advocacy of which so many of our countrymen , in years gone by , have braved the dungeon , the dock , and tbe
scaffold . We have nothing to expect from the Young Irelanders as a body . Their official organ , the Natiok , was silent when Ireland ' a patriots were denounced . Its editor now occasionally trumpets forth their names to acquire popularity , but studiously keeps back thdr prin . ciples from the untutored minis of tho people , or hypocritically represent those principles as ' abominations . ' I have often said , even in the height of the Repeal Agitt * tion , that your worthy president was tho man destined to win Ireland for the IriBh . He has already sufficiently proved his competency to be the leader of the Irish propi e , whilst I unhesitatingly asstrt , without fear of contradiction , that there is no other man in existence in whom Irishmen can or ought to place an equal decree of
confidence as in Mr O'Connor . It is utterly impoajlbto fur him to deceive ki « countrymen . H « might fjrget his own Buffering !" , but he never oan sell himself tothe supporters of a system under which bis father ^ as hunted to death , and his uncle banished fromh ' u inttvt land for ever And I hope the day is not fur distant when every honest Irishman will th-rou ^ bly appreciate his noble exertions in the cause of liberty , and then we may expect to see our country raised to the diitnlt ) of a nation , and her whole people free , pio 3 perous , aad happy . I remain , dear Sir , Your ? , iu the holy and justcause of Democracy , ' HlCIUBL SlOaiVE ^ Barnsley , September 24 th , 1847 .
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——^ - ^^^ i ^ M ^^^ - » TO THE EX . REPEAL WARDEN Who addressed the i ' . tor of this , through the Slw of the 28 th ult ., respecting the Young Ireland Clubs , &o ., in London . De&r Sir , —The Utter that appeared in tho Star of the 30 th of August , addressed to me by you , would have been answered themst week had it not been that I was outoftown atthetimc , and had not au opportunity of seiing tha paper that contained it . Having heard that there wag such n letter , I applied to Btveral persons to get me the paper . It was nly this wtelt I wbb able to obtain it through the kindness of a ftiemi . Hoping that this will be an apology for the delay , and tJwt you will not think me either intenaiVle to the subject , ordiscour . tooua to the excellent writer of Unit welcome letter , to whom I must first observe , that If 1 were utuatod by any vanity 5 n the part I tak « in thrf pnHtius of my ilU « ed
Ctmntry , I should be more than satisfied by your making one so humble as myself worthy cf jour notice , where there are » o many others whose names are more promt uent , and whose abilities aro more worthy of respcet . But , I suppose . your knowing my feelings on the duties of the oppressed to oach other , and how much I felt on the occasion you alluded to , of rfj . cting the assistance of the Chartists under the old Repeal moviment , has CRUsed you to select me out . I will here observe that it has bees my happiness tobo on friendly term * with many of tboee who dojire that the principles of the Charter should supersede the present Infamous and corrupt system ; it csu'd not be otherwise with me , yournelf , nnd nine-tenths of the Repealets in England , as we held , avd still hot ^ tbe same opinions ourselves , but when we were commanded to keep them apart from u > by 'ha then liader , we could do no other , Country and Hep-a' beisg wtth m
Colonial An) #Brtftrn, ^ Colonial An* Tforefam
Colonial an ) # brtftrn , ^ Colonial an * tforefam
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October 16 , 1841 THE NQRTTTF . pjh ^ , ^ . 77 ^ nr — ¦ ¦ ¦ — - ^ ^^ ^^ a ^ - ^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 16, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1440/page/7/
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