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THE BELLS .. By the late Ebgab A . Poe , American Poet , _ "" afcfflP " *** ^ KS ^ BSsssaa ** - * In tireioy MP ofnigtt ! ' ^ Pingtimt . time . tim ? , ' from the jingling and the tinkling of tlie tells . Hear the mellow wedding-bells , Golden bells ? 6 •' WMt % 7 ^ of happiness fteir haraonyforetells XJirongh the balmv air nf nicAt .
How they ring out their delight ! ± rom the molten-golden notes , -And all in tune , To the turtle-dove that listens , while she gloats On the moon ! ma * nt' w mt the sounding cells , mat a gush of euphony voluminously Veils ! Dow it swells ! How it dwells 2 $ f eFuture ! how it tells Ui the rapture that impels To the swin gingand the ringing Of the hells , bells , bells , Of the bells , bells , bells , bells , t a . r . ^ ' bells « bells ~ iO the rhyming and tbe chimbs of the bells i
Hear the loud alarum bells—Brazen bells ! aMe of terror , now , tbeirturbulency tells In the startled ear of ni"ht How they scream out tfeir a&ight ! Too much horrified to speak , They can only shriek , shriek , Out of tune , 3 h a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire luamadespostttlationwith thedeafandfran ticfire Raping higher , higher , higher , mtn a desperate desire , And a resolute endeavour 3 fow—now to sit , or never , 7 ^ wi ? 1 f ^ P 1 > aced moon . Oh ^ thebeUs , bells , bells ! What a tale their terror tells
Of Despair ! How they clang , and clash , and roar ! Ahat a horror they outpour On the bosom of the palpitating air ! Yet the ear , it fully knows , By the twanging And the clanging , How the danger ebbs and flows ; let the ear distinctly tells , In tlie jangling And the wrangling , How the danger sinks and swells , By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells— Of the bells—Of the bells , bells , bells , hells , Bells , bells , bells-In the clamor and the clangor of the bells !
near tbe tolling of the oells—Iron bells ! "What a world of solemn thought their monopoly compels ! r J In the silence of the night , How we shiver with affright At the melancholy menace of their tone 2 For every sound that floats Prom the rust within their throats Is a groan . And the people—ah , the
people—They that dwell up in the steeple , All alone , And who , tolling , tolling , tolling , In that muffled monotone , Teel a glory in so rolling On the human heart a stone—They are neither manner woman—They are neither brute nor human—They are Ghouls : And their king it is who tolls j And he rolls , rolls , rolls , Bolls
A pjean from the bella ! And his merry bosom swells "With the paean of the bells ! And he dances , and he yells ; Keeping time , time , time , In a sort of Runic rhyme , To the paean of the bells—Of the bells : Keeping time , time , time , In a sort of Runic rhyme , To tUe turob \> mg of the bells Of the bells , bells , bells—To the sobbing of the bells ; Keeping time , time , time , As he knells , knells , knells , In a happy Runic rhyme , To the rollimrof the bells—Of the bells , bells , bells :
To the tolling of the bells—Of the bells , bells , bells , bells , Bells , bells , bells—To the moaning and the groaning of tbe bells
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Tbe Reforfaer ' s Mmanack and Political Year ' Book for 1850 . London : Aylott and Jones , 8 ; Paternoster-row . This Book Almanack—published under the sanction of the National Eefonn Associationcontains a vast mass of political information , well selected and admirably arranged . Besides the usual contents of an almanack , the reader -will find a full account of the House of
Commons , together with a capital abstract of the dom < rS of our misrepresentatives in the session of 1340 . The Ministers are exhibited with " all their Mushing honours thick upon them . " Our system of taxation ; " " Our Fighting Establishments ; " the " State Church ;' » Woods and Forests ; " " National Expendi--turfe- " " Taxes on Knowledge , " &c , &c , areh ' aid hare , and the enormities connected therewith exposed in the pages hefore us . \\ e givtf the following extracts : MiW
^^ # . _• _ ^ ¦ - — — ^ A ah rift ^^ ^^^^^ ST ^ V -BBHOrs ' MIACES ACT TOE POOR CMttGT . Wfethe CbunA of Eng land to be nothing Jmt a coli « 2 X-rf te ~ i « - « nd bUliopsl-tlie Bfelit Itej . Bins & d « Tand comforted by crumhs l-Itev . Sydney SmM . % S'is called taking t ^ re of the Church is taking care ' of the bishops . —^ Jbid . Whencomplaiutismadeofthe s ^ ousabuses wmm
*» ** y S "the acM ^ nts of . tbe % l t' ^ four een years , as a large annual -existed for about ^ J ™ c 3 ndemned as a failure-, cxpense , has atkstoeen co lasiTCnCSS of aU ' affords tiptoe n t C Je EsSblishment so long as promises of refer * gj « £ \ as appointed ^ 1 S 3 G itremains such . JKSnues of tfo richer , and to receive the ¦ jJgJSJJ , ; and also toapply s ^^^ iss . * ss © ffls ^ aasstSiSsa Ilitlllli s ^ &ggSs
^ g fssas *
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himself , be must borrow on the mortgage of his living , and pay the interest out of its proceeds . So once was it with the bishops—but they being memlersofthis same Church-Heforming Commission , have scorned to vosovt to so vulgar an expedient , and have bad recourse to the surplus Episcopal revenues instead . The following are the sums which have been lavished on the estates and palaces of these successors of the A postles—these servants of llim who " had not where to lay his head . " Bishop of Lincoln £ 52 , 70 S „ Rochester 25 , 527 „ Gloucester 22 . S 97 » Ripon 13 . GS 9 ,, "Worcester 7 , 000
„ Oxford 6 , 409 „ Exeter 3 , 500 _ . „ . » Bath and Wells ... 4 , 000 mil it he believed , that in the first two of tbe above di oceses alone there were at the time 315 , and m ™ e eight dioceses 532 benefices worth le ' ss than ^ 100 a-year , and no Jess than 85 clergymen whose incomes were under £ -50 a year , or less than three shillings a day , eight of the number receiving as little as thirteen pence , and one actually but sixpence halfpenny a day ! But the details of this expenditure furnish still stronger proof of the wastfulness with which our
Ecclesiastical funds have been administered , under the new Chu rch-Reforming regime . Thus , when the episcopal residence for the diocese of Rochesterwas changed , the Ecclesiastical Commission sold the old palace a t Rochester for £ 1 , 600 , when they might readily have got £ 2 , 000 ; and then gave £ 25 , 557 for an estate and house at Danbui-y , not worth more than , at the lowest valuation , £ 10 , 600 , and at the highest , £ 17 , 400 . The conduct of the Commission in providing a palace for the Bishop of Lincoln , is thus described by the Daily jfeus , which by its diligent and faithful exposures of ecclesiastical and electoral corruption , has earned the gratitude of all Reformers : —
" The Rishborne estate consisted of about 1 , 500 acres ; it was offered to the Commission for £ 02 , 000 , who refused it at that price ; on their refusal , it was bought by the very servants they employed ; and by those servants one-third of > it was re-sold to the Commission for £ 40 , 000 . Nor was this waste of money all . The Order in Council authorising the purchase by the Commission of onethird of the estate at this extravagant price , stated that in the opinion of the Commission the purchase would be beneficial to the see , because there were on the property house , offices , and outbuildings , ivhkh ivould afford a jit and convenient [ residence for the Bishop of Lincoln , and Ms successors . Yet no sooner had the purchase money been paid than the
Ecclesiastical Commission found that « the house , offices , and outbuildings , ' were unfit for a bishop ! Nay , more , they actually spent £ 13 , 302 on them , of which they paid £ -5 , 000 out of the episcopal fund ! First they paid £ 40 , 000 for the estate , because it had a fit house on it ; then they spent £ 13 , 000 because it had not a fit house ! And all this selling and buying of estates , pulling down and building up , was , notwithstanding the fact that there was in the city of Lincoln a bishop ' s palace , a running lease of which might have been had for £ 1 , 500 , and that a small expenditure on it would have made it an excellent residence even for a bishop !" Very similar was the course adopted in the case of the see of Gloucester , where £ 11 , 000 was given
for an estate with a house upon it , for the repair of which house , while the Bishop himself asked but £ 3 , 000 , tbe -Commission expended above £ 12 , 000 . The palace at Ripon was to cost but £ 10 , 000 , but the Bishop cried , '' Give , give , " until the bill ran up to £ 14 , 611 . So also the Bishop of Oxford ( well known by a certain cognomen ) , obtained £ 3 , 500 for his palace , on the condition that he was to provide whatever additional sum might be required , and yet ultimately succeeded in wheedling the Commission out of further grants ( for gardens , conservatory , « tc ., ) amounting to £ 3 , 000 . To complete the case against both the Commission and the Bishops , it is only necessary to give a few particulars respecting the incomes of the latter . The
men for whem palaces are thus provided are , in addition , in receipt of incomes , in some instances equal to , and in many far exceeding , the salary of a Minister of State . Their dishonesty ( to call it less is to trifle ) in making aretum of their incomes , and expected incomes , has been pretty well exposed . The late Archbishop of Canterbury , in 1831 , returned his at £ 22 , 000 , though he had himself the year before represented it to be only £ 32 , 000 . His future income he reckoned as £ 17 , 000 ; in 1 S 43 , it was found to be £ 21 , 000 . The Archbishop of York ' s ineonie , instead of being £ 10 , 000 , was found to be £ 14 , 550 . The Bishop of Durham , who was to have
but * b , 000 , pocketed in one year no less than £ 2 G , 000 ; andst < -aii £ estofall , the Bishop of London , who , in 1831 , returned his income at £ 13 , 923 ; in 1840 , returned it at the smaller sum of £ 12 , 400 , present and prospective , notwithstanding the immense increase in the value of his estate at Paddington—an estate , which , it is calculated , will ultimately yield as much as £ 100 , 000 ! It was upon these returns , under-estimated in nearly every case , that the future incomes of the bishops were settled , and yet even , that arrangement has been departed from , the rich sees being made to disgorge too little by £ 20 , 000 a year , and the poorer receiving too much by £ 0 , 000 a vear !
It is not difficult to discover the rationale of all this . The Ecclesiastical Commissioners , in 1841 , contrived to obtain a clause in an act , which confined the application of the sums arising from reduced bishoprics to episcopal instead of to general Church purposes . The money has , therefore , been scattered right and left among the bishops , lest the largeness ofthe surplus should suggest the idea of livlding it among the poor clergy . And the continuance of this distinction between the two funds is stoutly contended for ; for , says the Bishop of London ( before a Committee of Inquiry ) : —
" In the first place tve want provision for more bishops . And I should say , that if the funds were sufficient , we want provision for those officers who are of great importance to the bishops , as assistants to him in the execution of his duty . .... I think , also , that ... we ought to appropriate the surplus to the maintenance of Colonial Bishops . I am not , however , prepared to say that there might not , at some future time , he furnished by the same fund , some assistance toward the augmentation of poor benefices . "
His lordship ' s known shrewdness also suggested another reason why the episcopal revenues should not be thrown into a common fund , which was , that " the parochial clergy would bo thought , of course , to have a much larger interest ; it would be conceived as so much deducted from that which ought to go to the augmentation of small livings ; " and " there ivould be a ' loudcr demand for the means of creating additional Icnefttcs titan endowiny additional bishoprics '" This unblushing avowal of the crafty , calculating greediness of the episcopal bench , throws light ou
the policy and entire proceedings of the bishopridden Ecclesiastical Commission , who have but enacted over again" The good old law , the ancieni plan , That they shall keep who have the power , And they shall get who can !" The bishops , as a body , stand convicted of hypocrisy in bewailing the spiritual destitution of the people , while they are themselves rolling in riches , to which they cling with unrclaxing grasp ; and the idea of purifying" the Establishment by reform within , is demonstrated to be " a niockeiy , a delusion , and a snare !"
COST OF COMDUSTIBIXS . The quantity of gunpowder to be kept in store , exclu sive of that consumed in foreign stations , is 170 000 barrels , which is equal to the consumption of the last two years of the war with France ! The avera ge annuarconsumption is 12 , 000 barrels , the cost of which is about £ 45 , 000 . The number of bull cartridges manufactured in each of the last three years exceeds 0 , 500 , 000 , and the number of blank cartridges has varied from three to five milin stores
lions Money is also as lavishly expended in the colonies as at home , there being , for instance , in Canada , at the present time , stores of the estimated value of £ 050 , 000 . And the stores thus accumulating arc constantly becoming unserviceable or obsolete , and it is distinctly intimated that " even when the change of armament shall have been completed , it must be expected that further improvements will repeatedly be introduced , and that tbe stove of many articles will thereby he rendered useless !"
We ohserve that in the list of the House of Commons the party designations are set down as " Tories , " " Conservatives , " " Whigs , " "Radicals , " and " Liberals . " " Chartist " finds no p lace in the list . Mr . O'Connor is nnmbered amongst the Radicals , " who / ' are told , " are for practising what the Whigs only preach . " We believe that Mr . O'Connor would he very sorry to practise many things preached by the Whigs . In ouropinionthe preachings and practising of that faction are both inimical to the public -welfare . Next year the editor of the Reformer ' s Almanack ivould do -well to improve his definition of "Radical , " or , otherwise , introduce the name of " Chartist" as the designation of a true and really radical reformer . ?
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upon its notice ; as Colonial Empire , Public Education , Public Health , the Peace Question , Finance , and many others , of which the fertile genius of Fourier has treated with great originality . There is , however , a neutral aspect in the works of this earnest writer , which may more actively commend him to the English student viz : his philosophy of human nature . On this ground he stands alone , —apart both from the schools of Germany and England . It is
a philosophy and a method , exclusively built on history and dail y life ; in a word—on Society : on man , not as abstracted by the metaphysicians , but as stamping himself , now and heretofore , on tbis real universe ; standing to his fellows in the relations of friend , husband , kinsman , and fellow citizens . Fourier looks at every subject from a ugav point of view ; his path becomes most suggestive ; and it cannot fail to be a boon to England , to add a knowledge of his works to those of other great philosophers .
The style of Fourier in this work is distinguished for three qualities , each sufficient to entitle it to the esteem and consideration of all enquiring and truthful minds . It is remarkable for that manly honesty and unscrupulous bluntness so conspicuous in our own Cobbett , yet without ever betraying the author into bad taste ; it is moreover distinguished by a racy humour and caustic sarcasm that remind one strongly of S \ ra ? T , and by that lucid transparency which constitutes the peculiar glory and excellence of French writers on philosophy .
We hear with pleasure that it is proposed to publish by subscription , Fourier ' s Philosophical Treatise " On the Passions of the Human Soul . " The work has been translated by the Rev . John R . Morell , and is already in the press . We understand that subscribers may send their names and subscription to Messrs . Walton and Mitchell , Printers , 24 , Wardour-street , Oxford street , London .
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MR . CIIARLES BICKEXS'S LETTER ON EXECUTIONS . TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIJtES . Sir , —Wben I wrote to you on Tuesday last I had no intention of troubling you again ; but as one of your correspondents has to-day expressed a reasonable desire that I would explain myself more clearly , and as I hope I may do no injury to the cause I would serve by stating my views upon it a little more in detail , I shall be glad to do so , if you will allow me tbe opportunity . My positions in reference to the demoralising nature of public executions are—First , that they chiefly attract as spectators the lowest , the most depraved , the most abandoned of mankind , in whom they inspire no wholesome emotions whatever .
Secondly , that the public infliction of a violent death is not a salutary spectacle for any class of people ; but that it is in the nature of things that on the class by whom it is generally witnessed it should have a debasing and hardening influence . On the first head I must appeal again to my own experience of the execution of last Tuesday morning ; to all the evidence that has ever been taken on the subject , showing that executions have been the favourite sight of convicts of all descriptions ; to the knowledge possessed by the magistracy and police of the general character of such crowds ; to tha police reports that are sure to follow their assemblage ; to the unvarying description of them given in the newspapers ; to the indisputable fact that no
decent father is willing that his son—that no decent master is willing that his apprentices or servantsshould mingle m them ; to the indisputable fact that all society , its dregs exceptetl , recoil from them as masses of abomination and brutality . ( That there were not more robberies committed at this last execution was not the fault of the assembled thieves , whose numbers on the occasion the Home Secretary may easily learn from the Commissioners in Scotland-yard , but the merit of the police , whose vigilance was beyond all praise . ) On the second head , after a passing allusion to the hardening influence which familiarity oven with natural death produces on coarse minds , I must again refer to my own experience . Nothing would
have been a greater comfort to me—nothing would have so much , relieved in my mind the unspeakable terrors of the scene , as to have been enabled to believe that any portion of the immense crowd—that any grams of sand in the vast moral desert stretching away on every side—were moved to any sentiments of fear , repentance , pity , or natural horror , by what they saw upon the drop . It was impossible to look around and rest in any such belief . With every consideration and respect for your suggestion that the concourse may have boon belying their mental struggles by frantic exaggerations , I am confident that if you . had been there beside me , seeing what I sasv , and heaving what I heard , you could never have admitted tlie thought . Such a state of mind has its signs and tokens enuallv with
any other , and no such signs and tokens wore there . The mirth was not hysterical , the shoutings and fightings were not the efforts of a strained excitement seeking to vont itself in any relief . The whole was uumistakcably callous and bad . As the fevocious woman who was charged the same day with threatening to murder another in the midst of the multitude , proclaiming that she had a knife about her , and would have her heart ' blood , and bo hanged on the same gibbet with her namesake , Mrs . Maiming , whose death she had come to see—as she had her evil passions excited to the utmost by the scene , so had all tlie crowd . I believe this was tlie whole and sole effect of what they had come to see , and I hold that no human being , not being the better for such a sight , could go away without being the worse for it .
To prevent such frightful spectacles in a Christian country , and all the incalculable evils they engender , I would have tlie last sentence of the law executed with comparative privacy within the prison walls . Before I state how , let mo strengthen this proposal with some words of Fielding on this subject , to whose profound knowledge of human nature you , I know , will render full justice : — " The execution should be in some degree private . And here the poets will again assist us . Foreigners have found fault with the cruelty of the English drama in representing frequent murders upon the stage . In fact , this is not only cruel , but highly injudicious ; a murder behind tlie scenes , if the poet knows how to manage it , will affect the audience with greater terror than if it was acted before their eyes . Of this we have an instance in the murder of the King in ' Macbeth . ' Terror hath , I believe , been carried higher by this single instance than bv
all the blood which hath been spilt upon the stage . To the poets I may add the priests , whoso politics have never been doubted . Those of Egypt , in particular , where the sacred mysteries " were til'St devised , well knew the use of hiding from the eyes of the vulgar what they intended should inspire them with the greatest awe and dread . The mind of man is so much move capable of magnifying than his eye , that I question whether every object " is not lessened by being looked upon , and this more especially when the passions arc concerned ; for those are ever apt to fancy much move satisfaction in thOBO objects which they affect , and much move of mischief in those which they abhor , than arc really to be found in cither . If executions , therefore , were so contrived' that few could be present at them , they would bo much more shocking and terrible to the crowd without doors than at present , as well as much more dreadful to the criminals themselves . "
Prom the moment , of a murderer being sentenced to death , I would dismiss him to tlie dvoad obscurity to which the wisest judge upon the bench consigned the murderer ltush . I would allow no curious visitors to hold any communication with him ; I would place every obstacle in the way of his sayings and doings being served up in print on Sunday mornings for the perusal of families . His execution within the walls of the prison should bo conducted with every terrible ' solemnity that careful consideration could devise . Mr . Calcraft , the hangman , ( of whom I have some information in reference to this last occasion , ) should be restrained in his unseemly briskness , in his jokes , his oaths , and his brandy . To attend the execution I would summon a jury of twenty-four , to be called the Witness Juyy , eight to be summoned on a low qualification , eiffht on a higher , eight on a higher still ,
so-that it might fairly represent all classes of society . There should be present , likewise , the governor of the gaol , the chaplain , the surgeon , and other officers , the sheriffs of the county or city , and two inspectors of prisons . All these should sign a grave and solemn form of certificate ( the same in every case ) that on such a day , at such an hour , in such * a gaol , for such a crime , such a murderer was hanged in their sight . There should be another certificate from the officers of the prison that the person hanged was that person , and no other ; a third , that that person was buried . These should be posted on the prison gate for twenty-ouo days , printed in the Gazette , and exhibited in other public places ; and during the hour of the body ' s hanging I would have the bells of all the churches in that town or city tolled , and all the shops shut up , that all might be reminded of what was being done . I submit to you , with the law so changed , the public world would ( as is right ) know much more of the infliction of this tremendous punishment than they
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know of the infliction of any other . There are not many common subjects , I think , of which they know less than transportation ; and yet they never doubt tiiat when a . man is ordered to be sent abroad he goes abroad . The details of the commonest prison in London are unknown to the public at large , but they are quite satisfied that prisoners said to be in tins or that gaol arc really there , and really undergo its tfiscip mo . The " mystery " of private executions is Objected to ; but has not mystery been tho character , of e very improvement in convict treatment and prison discipline effected within tlie last twenty years ? p roin the police van to Norfolk Island , are not all tho . changes that mavk the treatment ot the prisoner mysterious ? His seclusion in his conveyance hither and thither from the public sight , instead of his being walked through the streets strung with twenty more to a chain , like the galley-slaves in . Don Ouixoto . fas T veme . nW to
have seen in my school-days , ) makes n mystery of Him . ilis being known by a number instead of by a name , and his being under the rigorous discipline of nfitnf ) CIa u- , silent system-to say nothing of the solitary which 1 regard as a mistake-is ail mystelious . 1 cannot understand that tho mystery of such an execution as I propose would be other than it W , l ? ? ' 1 tllcso wi s ° regulations , or S ^ w « ? " ? ' anythi "S this objection / we t Sw fcvctwn , . «» o d « ys when ladies paid visits S wJn i n ? f NeWgate ' or Nod Ward , the London t I ' l , „ tf-A ? , ccvtam rasul" d ! ly of the aLm ^ " ? 0 ™ 1 ! ' ? seo the w ° nwn whipped . niirS" ? ,, f \ ° ° \ h ciors * know tiJo ™ a ™ who , wl ha ? e nothii V ab 0 llti ° ? ° , P ital P « n » h ™ nt will nave nothing less ; and who . not donhtinir t . h «
it protracted for an indefinite term , rather than M& ^^ ZZ ZS ^ SiL s ^ -Sff ^ ^ i US . " ? thanks , * ° you for y ° ul > courtesy , and begging most earnestly to assure you that I write in a deep conviction that I incurred a duty when I became a witness of the execution onTuosday last from which nothing ought to move mo , and which every hour ' s reflection strengthens . I am , Sir , your faithful servant , ClIAHLES DlCKBXS . Devonshire-tcrnce , ITovembcr 17 .
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ruXISHMENT OF DEATII . A public meeting was held on Monday ni ^ ht , in the large room of tho Brid ge House Hotel , Southwark , to promote the abolition of the punishment of death . The room was well filled on this occasion a considerable proportion of the audience bein » females . Charles Gilpin , Esq ., took tho chair ; am there were also on the platform Mr . 13 wart M P Rer . H . Christmas , Messrs . John Scoblo , Charles Wordsworth , John Robertson , John Meredith , &c Tho Chairman began the proceedings by alluding to the recent execution , which he said was the Government schaol of moral instruction , taught ° by the hangman Calcraft . There were thousands -who spent the night around the gallows . There wore west-end pupils , too—a scandal to the sex thev
disgraced—ladies , that crowded to this school of moral instruction . The advocates of the gallows said that a great moral lesson had been taught . lie said thai humanity had been outraged , religion disgraced , and God mocked . He proceeded to denounce the conductor the chaplain of tho gaol in administering the sacrament to at least one unrepentant criminal and the conduct of the dail y press in circulating every minute particular relating to the conduct o " f the criminals in their last moments . He then alluded to the views lately published by Mr . Dickens , which he called advocating assassination , instead of public execution . Against the views of Mr . Dickens he placed those of a man full y equal to Mr . Dickens -Douglas JoiTold . who , in a letter written to him
( the tlian ; man ) , had expressed his opposition both to female executions and to capital punishments altogether , lie also read letters from Mr . Cobdon and Mr . Bright , who , though they had not attended this meeting , were yet in favour of the views of its promoters . lie then called upon a gentleman who , he siuU , was the leader of the cause in Parliament , Mr . Ewabt , M . P ., who said he rose to move the first resolution—that capital punishments were opposed to the spirit of Christianity—that they did not answer their desi gn of repressing crime—that their eftects were grossly demoralising—that they sometimes caused the destruction of the innocent by judicial process , and at other times favoured the guilty , thus promoting the crimes which they were
intended to suppress , and that , therefore , they ought to be abolished . He began by paying a tribute to the generous and disinterested exertions in this cause of the chairman , Mr . John Thomas Young , Mr . Thomas Batty Wrightson , and other members of the Society of Friends . He then stated that the occasion of holding the present meeting was , that they had lately beheld in this neighbour hood the interesting ; and instructive spectacle of a public execution . The natural question to be asked was—what good has it done ? The very advocates of the gallows admitted that tho recent exhibition had spread moral poison throughout the community . Ihere had , therefore , been no moral good effected ; and who could say that religious good had been effected ? The
whole religious principle involved m the word " repentance" was outraged , unless they could arrogate to themselves the right of saying that men should repent within fourteen days . He declared his utter repugnance to private executions as an evasion of the main question . Ho was against tho general principle of executions altogether , whether public or private . He called upon them as Englishmen to take their stand on general principle . As an Englishman he abhorred private executions . It might be that the jury which had been proposed to witness the executions would be honourable men ; it might be that the Homo Secretary and the sheriffs would be honourable men ; that mi ght be , but still tho principle of
publicity was an integral part of tlie British constitution , and ought not to be abandoned in any institution whatever . Even if this principle were adopted , they would not be private . They could not exclude the representatives of the press ; and they would report nil those sanguinary details which now disgusted every right-thinking mind . He further objected to private executions , because it would shift the responsibility from tho Home Secretary to this hidden jury . Besides , the present government wove opposed to private executions . Some years ago Mr . Rich , tho member for Knarcsborough , proposed a bill for private executions , when Mr . F . Maulo , on the part of the government , recommended Mr . Rich to withdraw ' his
proposition , as there was not the least , chance of its passing . He objected to capital punishment because it was an imitation of the crime which it professed to punish . ( Hear , hear . ) This was the main argument , and one of the most striking against capital punishment , lie would put t \ io question to the Home Secretary—suppose tlie punishment wove delayed for a year , would you execute it then ? ( So , no . ) jS o , he was certain it would not have been executed . But ho said every punishment ought to bo so clearly comfonnahle to reason , that it would be as acceptable two or three years afterwards as sit the time . It was plain , therefore , that capital punishment \ vas carried out on the princi ple of revenge —( loud cheers)—a principle which was
abandoned by Ulackstone , and demonstrated to be unsound by Beccaria , Filanghicri , and other jurists . ( Cheers . ) Another objection was , that the punishment tended to eclipse tho atrocity of the crime , and to turn the criminal into a martyr . Hereminded the meeting tlwt it was formerly the custom for warrants of execution to receive the sign manual Ot the Soverei gn . But he believed that such was the repugnance of our present admirable Sovereign —( cheers)—to sign these papers , that it had been found absolutely necessary to introduce a bill transferring the signature from tho Soverei gn to one of her Ministers . Such was the progress of public opinion , acting upon our gracious Sovereign . Then . with respect to the Judges . A commission was
lately held on this subject , and tlie Judges were all asked their opinion on tho question . Lord Denman and Mr . Justice Maulc gave no opinion . The late Justice Coltman was against capital punishments . Mr . Justice N ightman thought capital punishments might bo dispensed with . Chief Justice "Wild * thought there were strong objections to tho practice . Mr . Justice Orampton , of the Irish bench , gave no opinion . Mr . Justice Perrin was decidedly against them , and Mr . Baron Richards was also against them . lie believed Mr . Justice Talfourd ? w ii ? S ? t thcm - Hc could state further , tiiat he had latel y received a letter from a clergyman in Lancashire , proposing that the effect might oe tried of abolishing capital punishments for a period of seven years . " Now ho ( Mr . Ewart ) thought tnat in this case a seven years' lease was equivalent to a perpetuit y . ( Hear , hear , and laughter . ) He concluded by urging upon the meeting the necessity oi
perseverance m this cause , for which he anticipa ' \? P cedy ai « l a full success . ihe Rev . Henuy Christmas ( of Zion College ) seconded the motion . lie said their opponents «™ i argument on tho passage in Scripture , Whoso sheddeth man ' s blood , by man shall his blood be shed . " But they misunderstood the passage , which merel y meant that he who shed man ' s en i WouW dr : down u P ° n him * indignation ot God and excite the wrath of his fellow-creatures ; put there was no command to take tho man and hang him up to a beam . Besides , wo must take Scripture examples as well as Scripture precepts , tarn Killed a man—Moses killed an Egyptian , and hid him in the sands , looking carefully about all the time to see that no policeman was watching him . ( Laughter . ) Simoon and Levi killed the inhabitants of a whole town in cold blood , but he did not hear of any of them being hanged . ( Hear , hear . ) He had been interested in ncaring the opinions of the judges , and he had now . to speak of
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he opinions of the body to whieh ho belonged—a body who were slow to move , and when they were in motion , moved slowly . But they would all come round in time . Ho had had correspondence with some thousands of clergy : ho had received replies trom oOO or 600 of them , tho far greater number of winch were favourable to tho immediate abolition i ° P li ! iment of ^ th . Their learned and excellent Primate gave no decisive opinion , but ¦ bought it was well wonh the attention of thought-H .. ? ° yf hop of Winchester also thought o question would be the bettor ot being well ven-!; i f ? tei'l ! lle Bisll ° P of St . David ' s in ^ funn nf ¦ 1 Sh ° !' ° ° I > wich WeM b ° decidcdlv m favour of immediate abolition . This was a -rest advance on the state of public opinion twenty years ago and l , had no doubt that feeling woul . l increase till tins and nil other Christian and social reforms were accomplished . ( Hear
Mr . Wordsworth , ( barrister , ) supported the motion , lle ^ commenced on the expression used bv Sir George ( jrey , on the discussion of this subjec ' t last session , that the mass of those attending executions were themselves deeply imbued with crime What a comment was that upon the thousands who attended the execution on Tupsday last , more especially upon the west-end folks—the people who ordered the champagne breakfasts and the ladies with the opera glasses ! ( irear , hear . ) To show the advance of public opinion on this subject , ho stated that at the accession of Georga III ., ' in 17 G 0 there were 1 C 0 crimes punishable by death ; at present there were ouly the eases of hi gh treason murder , and one or two others . After statin *
several instances of capital punishment for trilling offences—among others , the case of a man who witliin the present century , was hanged in Essex for cutting down a cherry-tree , value 5 s . ( Hear hear . ) ' The Chairman' put the resolution , which was unanimously agreed to . The Rev . Mr . Richard , ( Independent minister of Marlborough Chapel , Kent-road , ) moved the second resolution—that a petition , founded on the foregoing resolution , and signed by tho chairman on behalf of tbe meeting , be presented to parliament by the representatives of the Borough . He compared the spectaelo of the . execution to tho gladiatorial exhibition of tho Romans , with this difference , that there the miserable wretches hai weapons put into their hands , and had a chance for their liveswhile
, tbe convicts of Tuesday were brought out pinioned and blindfolded to be butchered to make an Engli sh holiday . [ A gentleman in the room : "That isinisreprcsenting the object . " ] His friend said he was misrepresenting the object . He was not misrepresenting the effect . ( Loud cheers . ) He hoped , however , that enlightened public opinion would be combined to say that tho people of England would endure tho gallows no longer . ( Cheers . ) He was quite aware that all super . muated prejudices found their last resource in tlie Houso of Commons ; but lie was satisfied that if the people wore onl y united they would force their opinions even upon the narrow intellect and the hardened heart of that assembly . ( Cheers . )
Mv . John Robeo tsos seconded tho resolution . Mr . Jon . v Scoble supported the motion . This resolution was also carried unanimously . The Chairman here stated he was requested by Mr . Ewart to explain that , on referring to the opinions of the judges , he quoted the names of those judges only who were in favour of abolishing capital punishment , or who gave no opinion on the subject ; but it must be obvious that there were several judges whose names were omitted , and who were against abolition . But he had the authority of Lord . Nugent lor stating that he had spoken to the members of tbo Bench , and ho found that tho majority of . those now on the bench were favourable to ' abolition . ( Cheers . )
Mr . A . 13 . Stevess moved that tho members for the Borough be requested to support the prayer of the petition . J Mr . Webster ( of the Chancery bar ) , seconded tho resolution , which was carried unanimously . The Chairman stated that ho had reason to know that Sir William Moleswovth was favourable to the abolition . Alderman Ilumphory voted for abolition m 1840 , but he was sorry to say he voted against it iu 1 S 49 . ( Hisses . ) Thanks wore then voted to tho Chairman , after which the meeting separated .
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ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . This popular establishment of science and art continues to bo a favourato resort of the public Lectures are given daily b y the Professors of this Institution on various subjects , comprising electricity , chemistry , and many other themes , all discussed u \ a highly popular and interesting manner . Science is hero garbid in a most deli ghtful and instructive form , giving tho pleasure seekers an opportunity of amusement , and at the same time much excellen t and useful information . Tho lectures delivered by Dr . JJachhoffner are of a most delightful and instructive nature , which are rendered more pleasing by the . numerous experiments exhibited by the learned Doctor , aided as he is by the gigantic hydro-electric machine ; the power of this
contrivance must bo sceti to be appreciated . Mr . Ashley is now engaged in civing a series of lectures on " the Chemistry of Food . " Tho present subject of the lecture is the familiar article of food milk , as tho object to which the lecturers remarks wevo principall y directed , described and showed by experiments , the beautiful discovery of the artificial formation of butter . It is by such facts being brought forward , divested of unnecessary technical " tics that we becomeacquaintodwith the loadingpoints inthat most interesting ot all branches to man , the science of animal chemistry . The art ofphotoffvaphy has received great impVovoment of late , by ^' tbo industry and application of Mr . Heard junr . ; to such perfection is the colouring brought that they equal a highly furnished minatm-e .
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THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION . The "Investigator" and the "Enterprise" have arrived in the port of London , and have undergone official inspection . Tlie ships were found in a aoort state of preservation , and the men in excellent health-quite recovered from their Arctic fatigues Accounts of the progress of the shi ps on their voyage of discovery have appeared in the papers ; one of them a full report by the commander , Sir J . inies Clarke Eoss , to the Admiralty . Wo glean the leading points : —The vessels ' . entered Port Leopold o » the 11 th September , 1818 , and landed three months ' provisions for each ship at Whaler ' s Point , intending to press forward next morning . But weather indications induced Sir James lloss to continue where he was , and be frozen up there in preference to a worse berth . The ice had settled round him on tho 24 th . The crew cut a canal forty feet wide and two miles long , w a good , safe berth ; and there tbe ships took position for the winter 200 vards
, apart . The winter was spent in tho old mannerin alternate teaching , games , and lively occupations ; reading , writing , and arithmetic were tau » ht b y the schoolmaster , and a youngster from Greenwich School , named Grunsell , taught navigation . " Scores of foxes were caught , and turned into " twopenny postmen , " by putting copper collars round their necks , stamped with the names and positions of the ships , and the localities of the provision deputs : these foxes range enormous distances , and some of them would probably be cau « ht bv Sir John Franklin ' s party if it still held out " anywhere Detaclu'd parties were sent out in April , ' and on the loth May the princi pal expedition under Sir James Ross set out . It went to the westward about 100 miles round tho const of North Somerset from Cape Clearance to Cape Bunny , and thpnee ldO miles iui-thev-. here the party erected a cairn and buried cylinders , ( latins them loth June , 18 < 19 . Thcv cmilil see forty miles further , and there was no probability that Franklin ' s ships had penetrated in Hint
direction , at least during that season . Sir James Ross regained his ships on the 23 rd of June . A second party , under Lieutenant Robinson , went along tho western sido of Prince Regent ' s Inlet to Fury Point , and thence to Cronwoll Bay , about twenty-five miles further . A third party proceeded to the north shore of Barrow ' s Straits , as far as Cape Ilurd , and thence to Leopold ' s Island A fourth party sot off eastward , across tho ice , from the eastern nameless shove of Prince Regent ' s Inlet They gained " the Peak , " a vemavkablo hill marked in Parry ' s chart . All those parties reared cairns and left cylinders . Tho ships were cut out of tho ice about the Gth of August , and entered open wrtor on the 28 th , intending to jr 0 to Melville Island but the wind suddenl y came on hard , and brought the ico round them so fast that they got packed in a floe , which took them , whether they would or not 240 miles to the west coast of Baffin ' s Bav Thev escaped from this dangerous priion on the 25 t . h s-, L
ember ; stood across the Bay , and made Sandersons Hope on the Greenland coast , near TJpcrnnn ' A ? ri ? Scttleme " ' on th ° 3 rd October . m " « Si ^ h they « randod Capo Farewell , ami on the 29 th the Orkneys . Some incidents are narrated . A bear walked into Captain Ross ' s party , and surveyed them with cool inquisitiveness : guns wore levelled , and the bear was wounded in the head he scratched his ear , and walked oft' with an air of superior contempt . Another bear was seen to slide on his haunches down a cliff of 700 feetliMi , steadying himself with his forepaws , and most "jud « matically , " as the sailors said . °
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Co . vditiox op tub Mvsses . —If the bulk of tho numan race arc always to remain as at present , staves to toil , m which they have no interest , and therefore feel no interest ; drud ging from , carlv morning ill late at ni ght for bare necessaries , and with all the intellectual and moral denciences which that implies ; without resources eiUioi" in mind or f i ling ; untaught , for they cannot be better taught tnan fed ; selfish , lor all their thoughts are required for themselves ; without interest or sentiments as citizens and members of society , and with a senso o injustice rankling in their minds , equally for what they have not and what others have ;—I know no what there is which should make a person of any capacity of reason concern himself about the destinies of the human race . —John Mill .
A Wish Thought . —William Taylor , ( or " Willie Uarrow , " as he was commonly called . ) being visited on bis death-bed , at Dundee , by a clergyman , was , £ } ll 0 was Prepared for another world , Deed , " sir , said Willie , " I dinna ken if I need trouble myscl' muckle aboot it ; for if the folk there are like the folk hero , they'll pay unco little attention to a pmr body like me . " * Tub Srnixa of a watch weighs - <) l o of a cram ; a pound of Iron makes 50 , 000 . Tho pound of steel costs 2 d . ; a smglo spring 2 d . ; so'that 50 , 000 produces £ 115 . * v
The Rich and the Poor . —The patrician bride drives through the land with the proclamation of tour horsc 3 , and white favours , asking the manyeyed world to stare at her blushes ; while the plebian maid goes at the dusk of the day , with unostentatious modesty , to her new-found home , at once installed mistress and wife ! Again wo ask , which is the belter taste—display or secrecy?—Elba . J A couple of Kiscs . —Mr . Macaulay observes , in his History of England , of Charles I ., that , "he neither knew how to refuse a petition gracefully , nor to repel an undue assumption with real superiority , " ami of Charles II ., that , "henevevgave spontaneously , but it was painful to him to refuse . "
_ Professok Bkkexds , my teacher at tho University , said to mo— "Study the works of great ttunkcvd ; and you will learn that every one who does not like living in tho furnished lod gings of tradition must build his own house—his own system of thought and faith—for himself . "—Zscfcottc . We have ever found that blacksmiths , by conversing with them , arc more or less given to iron-y , and somewhat addicted to vice . Carpenters , for the most part , speak plunely ; but they will chisel , when they can get a chance . Not unfrequently they are bores , and often annoy one with their old saws . Caftain Beaufort saw near Smyrna , in 1 S 11 , a cloud of locusts forty miles long and 300 yards deep , containing , as he calculated , ' one hundred and SLXty-nino billions . At the present rato of increase the population of , n ? . ? nitod Stiltos in the y ° 1 < J 0 ° wiU be 101 , 4 bl , 75-i persons .
lios kxkes , feet , and heads arc now exported from l \ ew Tork to Liverpool in large quantities . THE BLACK SLUGS . Iho Gods arc theirs , not ours ; and when wo pray i or happy omens , wo their pvico must pay ; In vain at shrines th' ungiving suppliant stands , In vain , we make our vows with empty hands . Peihiaps Very Fine , but Rmuwi Ouscurb . — aow that I know women so well , and that their masks are only veils , that hoi glithcn their intolleetiiiU beaut y as much as they guard it—now that I seo better than a hundred others , that if tlie female
heart is as pootic as the head , and that it has little more to give to the earth than sighs and wishesthat their May of life , instead of bcins : like ours , as beautiful as that of Franco , is like a German May , cold and frosty ; that like tho nightingale they must collect the wool from the thornes , from which , m a thorny edge , they must prepare their nest , what should , t poet do more with tlie pen , than offer them , not pitiful German flattery , but morning dreams and gentler sighs than they can extract from hie . If I spread for one only a rainbo-v over the cloudy morning of life—if for one heart only I had drawn tlw angel of love from his cloudy Parnassus toboar away tho angel of death , I have lived and written enough . —Life of Jean Pad l <\ Jih-hter .
A Jfisw Tin , !' , which Might be Claimed by many of the EscLisii AnisTociiAcv . — Some years since there was a young Ensrlish nobleman ' figuring away at Washington . Jle liad not much brains , but a vast number of titles , which , notwithstanding our pretended dislike to them , have sometimes the effect of tickling the oar amazingly . Several ladies were m debate , going over the list . " lie is Lord Viscount so and so , Baron such a country , " Ac . " My f ; uv friends ( remarked the gallant " >\) one of the titles you seem to have forgotten . " "Ah ! ( cxciaimed they ) what is that ? "lie is Barren of Intellect , " was the reply . —American pupa ; Mexaxd iirkthues , be not deceived , there is no divine ri ght in these robbers and assassins whereby your souls and bodies should bo pkced nt their disposal . A cow was recently killed at "Wakcneld , and in the stomach were found a couple of shoo solos .
Education-. —A science succinctly summed up in tlie exhortation of the American p hilosopher ;—" Rear up your lads like nails , and tiien they not only < ro through the world , but you may clench ' em on t ' other side . "—Thomas Hood . t Quekx Bee will lay 200 eggs daily for fifty or sixty days , and the eggs arc hatched in three day * . A single queen bec lias been stated to produce 100 , 000 boos in a season . " The hum ov JMWO . OOO and upwards , " says Dr . Farre , " is paid yearly in this kingdom for quack medicine—a sum far exceeding tho united incomes of all tlio hospitals and med ' ical charities in the metropolis .
i in-: Judge axd the Sunon . —A Persian merchant , complaining heavily of some unjust sentence of the lower court , was told by the judge to go to tho cadi . " Hut tho cadi is your uncle , " urged the suitor . '' Then you can go to the "rand vizier . " " But his secretary is your cousin . " " Then you may go to sultan . " " But his favourite sultana Is your iiieeo . " " Well then go to the d-1 . " "Alii that is still a closer family connexion , " said the merchant , as he left the court in despair . Au . Ann nous equal ; no one in cominir into tlie world , brings with him a right to commuml . Only by making tlie few uneasy , can the oppressed many obtain a particle of relief . Some female spiders produce nearly two thotr sand csras .
Lewkxiioek recicoxki ) 17 , 000 divisions in the cornea ( outor coat of tlie eye ) of a butterfly , each one of which , he thought , possessed a crvstalline lens . A suiTEiiixss iieiio . —On the morning of the day of the battle of Brandywine , Hunt , who was called the "high m-iest" by the army ( being seven feet ) , had scarcely commenced praying to his rosiment , when the firing began at a distance , vemleviug brevity necessary , lie therefore concluded with these words— " Komember , brethren , tiiat those who die in the battle sup with the Lord , " and then turned and marched off— vyhen an officer said" Parson , arc you not jroing to battle ? " No , Colonel , I am not " ho replied , "for tho Lord It ' nmvs
never eat supper . " isnux iTcGousns . — one of tbe men , takins : i liirgt ! earthen vessel , with a capacious month , iiiled it with water , and turned it upside down , when all the water ilowod out : but the moment it was placed with tho month upwards it became full , lie then emptied it , allowing anyone to inspect it who chose . This being done , lie desired that one of the party would fill it : his request was obeyed ; still , when ho reversed the jr . r , not a drop of water flewed—and upon turninir it , to our . 'i . «( onis ! iment , it was empty . . . . . I ' examined the jar carefully when empty , but detected nothing which could lead to a discovery of the mystery . I was allowed to retain and fill it myself ; still , upon taking it up , all was
void within , yet the ground around it wan perfectly dry , so that how the water bad disappeared , and where it had been conveyed , were problems which none of us was able to expound . The vessel cmployed by tlie jugglers on this occasion was the common earthenware of the country , very roughly made ; and , in order to convince us that it had not been especially constructed for the purpose of ividinc his clover deceptions , he permitted it to be broken in our presence : the fragments were then handed round for the inspection of his highness and the party present with him The next thin «• that engaged out attention , was a feat of dexterity altogether astonishing . A woman , the upper part ot whose body was . entirely uncovered , presented herself to our notice , and taking a bamboo twenty fot high it
e , placed upright on a flat stone , and then , without any support , climbed to tlio top of it with surprising activity . Having done this , she stood upon one lejron the point of the bamboo , balancing it all the while . Round her waist she had a girdle , to which was fixed an iron socket : springing from her upri ght position on the bamboo , she threw herself horizontally forward with such exact precision that tho top of the polo entered the socket of the iron zone , and in this position she spun herself round with a velocity which made me gidd y tolooli atthe bamboo all the while appearing as if it were supported by some supernatural ajrehev . She turned her cga backwards , till the heels ' touched tho shoulders , and , grasping the ankles in her hands continued nor rotations so rapidly ,, that tho outline of her body was entirely lost to the ovn . ™ l . 1 ,. 81
, ookc . like a revolving ball . Having per 0 m SJ f ^ Vf ^ extraordinary , she slid lottn E ( ' elastic shaft , and , risini- it in the air t 1 ? r herclli " . t » en upon he , rZ 25 fni £ , r > J 0 Ct ? i distanco from to ' , with 01 lt thu S t 1011 , f her hand , . She Ws an elderly \ v om , in and by no means prepossessing in her person , which , I conclude , was the reason that the 3 ' « gl » - he applauded her dexterity , did not hug nor proof of his liberality . We , however , ™ If * i a - VU P > with ^^ appealed perfectly wtisfiod .- ^ Oriental Annual
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ITHE HISTORY OF IRELAM ) . By T . Weight , Esq . PartXVII . London : J . ; and F . Tallis , 1 OO , St . John-street . This rart narrates the history of events during the last year of the reign of Chahies I . The intrigues and double-dealings of tlie "Royal Martyr , " in pursuance of his wretched policy of cheating all parties—English and Irish , Puriijans and Catholics , &c , &c , unfolded in this itark , must strike the reader with disgust , and induce the reflection that never "baser prince
existed , or was more righteously punished . She subject of the engraving in this Part is the first meeting of the gallant and accomplished King CormaC with the fair Eithxe . Of the b (! autifnl illustrations which accompany this vrork . this—thus far—is the gem .
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FOUIilERISM . — The -works of Chakies FOUIUEK , the French Social Reformer , are of ( rreat interest to whoever would understand the workings of continental Europe , in which tOb ideas propounded by him , mingle as * a S ^ st important element , Ko douk also Zse works contain some practical suggestions fl \ Vmn ' he of use to this country , in the j Srat ^ t ifflBi of ih e questions that are pressin g
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iwo Bad l-egs Cured by IIouoway ' s Ointment and Pills , after Moke than Seven Yeatis Sm > mu . vG .-Mrs , „• » it ^ "T " !^' ' ° f Yorlwtroet , Hull , bad been most pamtully afflicted tor upwards of seven years with ulcerated bovcs i }> both legs . Her sufferings , nt times , were dreadful . . Mie Had tried almost every remedy and received the adviuu of several of the first surgeons in Yorkshire , yet all failed to effect a cure until she used Holloway ' s invaluable Ointment and Pr ils , tlio astonishing power of which soundlv healed every WOund , She is now in the enjoyment of the comfort . a " enaWedt 0 walkabout with case and
Fanettctf.
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ovehbeb 24 , 1849 . THE NORTH ER N ST A R ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 24, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1549/page/3/
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