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ef this melancholy ^ ecufenf , " and much minute investigation into the conduct of guards , the use of signals , and such like " small deer " ^ U be imported into it , for the purpose of bewildering the jury , and diverting its attention fr " * « maul question . Very probabl y the de vice will succeed , as it did in the case of the Sutton tragedy , and Railway Directors ^ fll re ceive a fresh warrant and license for jjje wholesale slaughter and maiming of the anBaPPy persons who entrust their lives to jheir keeping . But without any suca force , followed by such , a ^ Mte--waBhing , the cause of this occurrence is clear enough . There was ^ as in the Cheshire case—not sufficient time allowed between the starting of the trains . ^ aMs mdwcMj accident" and much mi- nUte investigation into the conduct of guards ,
The various casualties that might occur , vere not duly weighed and provided against ; and in the case of Railway Directors , who have full and uncontrolled power in their own hands , we repeat such conduct is criminal , and ought to be visited with condign punishment . No doubt theexpresa train travels at great speed , and each minute would increase the distance between it an ( the slow train with goods , despatched immediately after it ; but this very great speed increases the liability to accident in the machinery , by reason of the greater strain and wear upon it , and this is precisely one of the elements the directors seem to have left oat of
their calculation . The consequences are before the country , and it is for it to say how far these private corporationstrading for profit , shall be allowed to arrange the business and trains of their Iine 3 , solely with the view of getting the largest dividend , and without any reference whatever to the safety and the security of the public . It is no doubt a matter of direct interest to railway managers that their lines should be suffered to be idle as little as possible ; but it is still more so to the tra-Teller , who finds all other modes of conveyance superseded , that he should be carried
with life and whole limbs to his place of destination . As the "Railway Interest" is strong , and the Government weak in Parliament , we suppose this is another of the questions that will have to wait till " next session . " The Court of Common Council on Thursday unanimousl y agreed to an address to Lord Palmeksiox , praying that he will promptly and energetically use his influence to procure tho immediate liberation of the illustrious Kossdth and his companions . The Town Council of Edinburgh has also agreed to a similar address . Such interference is needed ,
and it reflects no credit on the Foreign Minister , that he has to be urged from without to perform so obvious a duty . The United States nobly interfered by sending a ship of ¦ w ar , with a request for the liberation of the captives , who were to have been generousl y and comfortably conveyed to America , and aided as far as wasnecessaryby a nation which honours and reveres them for their devotion to the cause of liberty . The influence of Austria prevaile d over that of the more distant Republican State . But Turkey professes to be the ancient ally of England . "We were parties to the detention of Kossdih and his
companions upon certain conditions ; one of which' was that they should be liberated after the lapse of a given period . That time has now long expired , and our Government are bound , in justice to themselves and the country they represent , to see that they are no longer trifled with . If any additional reason was required , it would be that stated iu the Court on Thursday—that KosSUTH is in con-Btant danger of assassination—several attempts having recently been made to take away his life . Should Austria succeed in its bloodthirsty object , either by poison or the dagger , we shall be particeps crimhds in the murder .
The University of Oxford will not be reformed . Nobody has a right to be so impudent as to ask them—not even the Qbkex herself , Has it not a right to do what it likes with its own , even a 3 other possessors of property "i That is just the question at issue . Is it your own ? "Was it not given you in trust for public and specific purposes ? Are these purposes fulfilled as they ought to
be—not to the letter , but to the spirit and intent of the testators ? Such was the object of a commission issued by the Queen . On TVeduesday last ^ Convocation decided , by a majority of 249 against 105 , to petition for the revocation of that commission ; or , failing that , to be heard by counsel against its legality . This is certainly carrying the axiom that " possession is nine points of the law " l > an audacious pitch .
Last week a Police Magistrate electrified the country , by daring to act impartially . A Captain in the Guards—a scion of a ducal house—disregarding the arrangements made for public convenience in Hyde Park , and wilfully and openly violating them , whipped the Policeman whose duly it was to see these arrangements observed , until he drew blood . To the wonder of everybod y , and of nobod y more than Captain Paulex Somerset himself , Mr . Hakdwicke—the name of this Police Rhadamanthus—would not allow this wanton
and gross outrage to be paid for With a five pound note , but absolutely sent the " gentleman and officer" to the House of Correction for ten days ! Great were the lamentations in Belgravia—deputations thronged the antichamber of the Home Secretary—but public opinion does rule in England , and Sir Gr . Grey did not dare to reverse the jnsfc decision of the magistrate . The courtly and aristocratic sympathisers were , therefore , compelled to lighten the disgrace as they best might , by driving their carriages to the House of Correction , and showing that they , at least , despised the stupid law which made no distinction of persons , and the still more destestable officials who carried it into
execution . In order that our readers may comprehend the difference of ten days in the HouS 3 of Correction and five pounds to Captain Somerset , let us tell them what becomes of a man vrheu sent there . Ho is immediately deprived of his every day attire , and clothed in a prison garment , abed is allotted to Mm of a kind suitable onl y to those accustomed to the coarsest description of accommodation , he is placed on a diet of gruel , and cast among rogues and vagabonds to listen at least to their brutal ribaldry , if he has
no disposition to share in their conversation . It is a tender mercy , entirely discretional with the governor , if the prisoner ia allowed a clean suit of clothing , and a bedonwhicb a filthy vagabond has not recently slept . On Wednesday the Captain was liberated from this delectable residence , having served his " full time ; " and , no doubt , his class , when they next feel disposed to break the law and whip policemen , will have a salutary recollection of Mr . Hakdwicke and the House of Correction .
t The Great Exhibition absorbs public attention to a degree which its most sanguine promoters never anticipated , but that absorption is aceompauied by results equally unlooked for . Everybody connected with the trade of London , imagined that the resort of so many persons to the metropolis , would convert it into a species of ready made California . On the faith that this would be the case , speculations of all lands were set afloat ; and preparations made for the reception and the amusement of OUT
viators of the most extensive and expensive description . As yet , these speculations have proved downright failures . The Exhibition empties every other place of public resort . Theatres , publicgardens , dioramas , panoramas , all are deserted for the Glass House in Hyde Park . As yet , the influx of visitors has scarcely "een equal to the ordinary number at this sea-Jon of theyear . The hotel keepers are not overburdened with business—and the extra accommodation provided has sot been called into re 9 i Ue 5 t ; and , worst of all ; the regular trades-
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men , especially at the " West-end , " complain tnat their usual customers are driven away , and they are not doing one-half or one-third tne business they are accustomed to do at this time of the year . How far this may be remedied , when the admission is reduced to a shilling , and the crowds come with fine summer weather , not only from our own provinces but from forei gn countries , remains to be seen . We expect , however , the end will be that the Exhibition , like Aaron's rod , will swallow up everything else in London this season . men , especiallyatftT » Wo . »^ i ' ^ uw . that their usual - customer * a ™ dri ™ , *™ v
FOREIGN . As the time for the election of PRESIDENT draws nearer , the various parties in France increase their exertions to turn the balance in their favour . The royalists on principle have openly declared their intention to restore legitimacy at all hazards , and have thus alienated the Orleanists , and weakened the monarchial party as a whole . On the other band , Louis Napoieon seem 3 to be playing a double game . Through bis Ministers , he sides with the majority of the Assembly , who are for maintaining the
disfranchising law of May ; while in the Constitutionnel , which is alleged to be under Mb inspiration , the abolition of that law and return to universal suffrage , is advocated with great force and power . The crisis is evidently appproaching ; and it is as evident that , as yet , the Republican party have all the chances in their favour . They are , numerically , the most powerful . The others are split up into sections , each having separate and irreconcilable objects , none of which can be accomplished , save by a revolution . In
such a revolution the defenders of the Republic would fight on the vantage ground ; and , already , even Lamabtisb has cited a passage from history , for the benefit of the Legitimist conspirators against the Constitution , which has produced a powerful impression . The conspiracy of the Royalist Club of Clichy , to which he alludes , waB crushed by the Directory , who pounced upon the Fichegru ' s and the monks of the day , and packed them and their generals off to Cayenne . The safety of the Republic demanded their expulsion . But these conspirators had some excuse
—the Royalists of the present day have nothing to complain of . They have been treated not only with lenity but favour . Not a hair of their heads has been harmed , and they have been allowed a full and large participation in power—the only use they make of it being to destroy the Republic that has treated them so mildly . M . Lamartine warns them , if they push their plans to the ultimatum , that eighty out of the eighty-three departments , and 3 , 000 large and small towns , will only
have to change their tools for bayonets , to enable them to turn out immense armies for the defence of their liberties . It is evident that when even a politician , like M . Lamartine , writes thus , that the cause of Republicanism is a hopeful one in France . All its friends have to do is to be united , act in strict accordance with the constitution , and resist all aggressions upon it by others ; and they will , in 1852 , place the Republic on too solid abasia to be disturbed by any of the factions in future .
In Spain the elections have gone in favourof the Ministry . Marshal Saldanha , though he has succeeded , as far as the ai-med portion of his operations is concerned , keeps at a safe distance from Lisbon dreading the treachery of the Court . The probability is that , against his own will , he will be compelled to go with the party who seek of the misrule of the Queen , are determined that she shall abdicateperhaps iu favour of a Republic . Bnt Portugal , we fear , is not fitted for that yet . Matters in the Italian states have a threatening appearance for despotism . In Rome the illfeeling between the French and Papal soldiers breaks out almost every day in open encounters , in which blood is shed and lives
taken . The papers publish an appeal to Austria for protection against France—the government of which may soon be in the hands of the Red Republicans—but Ub authenticity has since been denied by the Papal Government . The restrictions on the press , and the espionage of the police become more severe and oppressive in Germany . The sovereigns have appropriately met at Warsaw , to concoct plans for tile maintenance of despotism , about which , however , they must have sundry serious misgivings . The mere restoration of the old Diet , its the best possible proof that tyranny is effete on the continent . That system had worn out before 1818—to restore it in 1851 is an absurdity .
From the United States we have nonewB of political importance . Gold comes iu plenty and with it intelligence gratifying to traders , and those engaged in business . The only item of political interest is , the decision of a convention at Charleston , in favour of the secession of the Southern States on the Slavery question . They will scarcely be bo foolish as to commit suicide in that way . Much excitement has been caused in New
South Wales by the conduct of the Governor of Van Diemans Land , with reference to the Irish exiles , Messrs . M'Mastjs , O'Dohhoe , and O'Dohertt ; having been guilty of the heinous offence of visiting Mr . S . O'Bbien , were thereupon sentenced b y Sir W . DENISON to three months' imprisonment at Port Arthur . The Governor was ultimately obliged , in deference to public opinion , to mitigate the term to one month . A requisition most numerously signed was presented to the mayor , requesting him to call a meeting to sympathise with the three
gentlemen named , the mayor convened the meeting , one of the largest ever held in Sydney , and it petitioned the Queen to remove " Gaoler" Desison from his Government . The transportation question was also hotly discussed . The authorities in Downing-street are openly accused of having deliberately violated their solemn pledges to the Colonists on this subject , and we should not be surprised to see the question shortly end in the formal separation of our Australian dependencies from the mother country .
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GLANCE AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE AKD ITS CONTENTS . It 13 , probably , the " secret of tbe universal and growing interest excited by the Exposition of the Works of all Nations , that it provides for the entertainment of all classes of minds . Interest does not relax , delight does not begin to subside , when the great centre aisle has been traversed , and its wonders or beauties surveyed . It ia then that individual taste is called into exercise—the fashionable invited into Austrian boudoirs ; tho artist into the studio of all his contemporaries ; the husbandman into a collection , some acres in extent , of the implements of his primitive vocation ; and the mecha-QT . ^ nw » «™» ^ i nurf m ITS contents
nic into a corresponding area occupied by the latest aud grandest achievements of his craft . Entering , as before , at the south end of the transept , we ascend the western nave on the right hand aide . We notice , then , on either side of the transept , figures of Falkland and Hampden—the too faithful servant of his sovereign , and the dauntless champion , of his country . In a line behind Hampden , is a group easily recognised aa Milton and his two daughters—the poet'sface sadly marred since the Italian Bummer day when he fell asleep beneath a tree , and bewitched with his beauty the heart of a fair country-woman . Advancing westward , we observe , for tho first time , one of the objects of Hugh Stowell ' s iconoclastic Ire—ft cross , in Caen stone , designed by a lady ( Mrs . Eoss ); bearing an image of Christon one side the
, heads of four apostles , and on the other of four prophets , with representations on the transverse of scriptural scenes— % piece of workmanship that makes one sigh , and wonder whether humanity be really too weak to admire without adoring . The next set of ecclesiastical decorations make us ask whether grotesque forraB inspire solemn emotions ? But all such thoughts are pushed aside by the models of a mile-long brid ge over the Russian Dneiper , and other triumphs of English engineering . Turning off to tbe right , we find ourselves in the midst of " machinery at rest "—the giants of locomotion in grim repose . On one side of us is tho enormous hydraulic engine by which the " tubes " of the Britannia-bridge were raised to their place . wonder
We no longer that they were swung in mid air , an iron roadway from shore to shore for iron steeds and caravans ; admiration is transferred to the natural law which has impregnateda few buckets of water with power to lift such ponderous masses . We turn round and behold the famoHB Naamytb ' a hammer , quietly resting on a piece of wood painted to resemble hot iron ; there being no provision for supplying it with motive power , in the absence of which it is immovable aa a rock . A little further on , are massive engines of seven hundred horse power-magnificent in their vast proportions , elaborate finish , and the sense of measureless force they convey . In front of us is a railway , on which a number -of locomotives , tenders , and carriages , are arranged Brunei , Stephens , and others in
™« . * Si e a n l certain ' y » > n this department , although there is little of variety in construeturn or appearance . The London and North Western contributes the Bucephalus of thia matchless T £ r ?\ ? l ? ' the dl ™ ng-wheel of which is eight feet in diameter . At either end of this line are the rooms appropriated to carriages . The collection is numerous and showy enough . There 1 b an evident eye to the accommodation of luxurious gentility on limited means in carriages of multiform construction and xise-phajtons easily convertible into the full-blown coach , chariots that need no footman , the step letting itself down as the door opens , and gigs that enable the " respectability" of which , that vehicle is tbe special symbol , to swell into tho stylishness of a cabriolet . There are , too , invalid cavriages of admirably convenient build
and furniture ; and one of them has a . wax-work figure of a consumptive young lady , whose couch is being run into the carriage through a door which bears an unhappy resemblance to that of a hearse , ihereis a cab or two , and a couple of omnibuseseither of which would be avast improvement on those in general use , if not too bulky for London streets . To complete the adaptation to all phases of life as well as of society , Shillibeer exhibits another of his mournfully-caparisoned equipages Several exhibitors in this room have attached to their vehicles lay figures of horses , so really equestrian in form and air that one almost wishes the gilded statues of her Majesty and Prince Albert were at liberty to change their bronze charges for these wooden steeds .
A really musical sound—the hum of the cottonspmning machinery , vastly more pleasant than the incessant clack-clacking of the loom—attracts us to " tha cotton machinery in motion . " Tbe appearance of this and the succeeding rooms is highly pleasing . Several " factory girls" are in attendance on the machinery—their features , complexion and dress , including generally such simple ornaments as necklace and earrings , quite characteristic of their tribe ; a very numerous one , though but the growth of half a century . Within the railing that surrounds the machinery , are several bales of raw cotton . We are not , however , enabled to watch the progress of the material from the state in which it arrives at Liverpool to its final form .
To the vast majority of visitors , however , the scene will be wholly novel , and to the intelligent highly instructive . There will ho observed tho " carding" machines , iu which the cotton passes under cylinders covered with a sort of wire brush , cleaning and smoothing it—the "drawing frames , " by which it is drawn out into long skeins , received into tall tin cases—the " roving frames , " by which the woolly " slivers" are elongated into threadsthe " self-acting mule , " an advancing and receding carriage , at once twisting and winding up the thread— " the power loom , " by which the fabric is woven—and the printing rollers , or copper cylinders , engraved with the required pattern , and covered with the required colour , between which
the woven stuff is passed ; eight of which rollers are employed by one exhibitor , five being the greatest number heretofore used . These are all in oneroom-the next , keeping eastward , contains the machinery employed in the woollen , silk , stocking , flax , and lace manufactures . Immediately on entering is seen a power loom of some fifty year 3 ago—its wooden frame and lumbering motions strikingly contrasting with the polished appearance and rapid movements ot its neighbours ; but it is useful not only as showing the improvements effected , but also as exhibiting the principle of the power more clearly than is seen in its more complicated successors . The same may be said of tbe Jacquard machine , and the improvements upon iteffecting what , to the uninitiated , is the mystery of the weaver ' s craft , the production of pattern as well as fabric by the shuttle , whether with or without
the perforated " cards " used in the Jacquard but dispensed with in recent inventions . In the different machines employed for the production of many different substances—from the coarse canvas or sail cloth to the finest silk and delicate lace , a common principle is evident , with one exception ; and that is furnished by a machine invented and exhibited by M . Claussen—placed in this department for the ad-Vantage of steam power , as are also several American contributions . This machine produces a sort of brocade by the rotatory motion of a large drum The similarity of the action to that of the work so popular with ladies , in which one s titch is caught up after another by tho knitting needle , instantly strikes any one who has observed the fingers of the fair at their favourite amusement . The walls are hung with variously coloured and patterned samples of tbe productions of these varied and truly beautiful mechanisms .
Another class of machinery is that employed ip the construction of those just noticed . First of these is . the card making—the wire brush work being produced with astonishing rapidity , and very simple action . We have observed a calico printing press—here is an invention for multiplying the delicately engraved copper cylinders , by bringing them in contact with a steel die . Another exhibitor shows , wish pride , a contrivance for cutting spindles from iron , or softened steel , at a stroke . A third , and very attractive automaton , cuts the common household cotton reels—a little wooden block is dropped down a channel , and ( he next instant emerges a perfect reel . But as to lathes , yonder is a monster , as it should be for its
workthe turning of wheels for locomotive railway engines ; and , against the farther wall , is one of thirty-eight feet in length . There are a number of smaller lathes , ingeniously multiform in their adaptation to tbe uses of amateurs ; and what elegant work may be turned out from tbem , a tasteful little building is fitted up to exhibit . Of drills there is a large collection , and some of remarkable power—as is also that rivetting machine , by which a red-hot bolt receives a blow at either end simultaneously , and is safely driven home . The common motive power here employed is steam—of which the supply is drawn from boilerB , in a building outside , and wbich supply being at present insufficient , many engines are motionless , and others iu a panting state . The variety of steam engines is a very observable feature of the department . It may be well first to take a good look at the sectional models , exhibited in the lower part of the
room ; from wbich the most uninformed can obtain an idea of the principle on which they are ordinarily constructed—namely , the cylinder and piston . But the cylinder is found to be , in scarcely any two cases , similarly situated—in one place perpendicular , in another horizontal , in a third oscillating , and a fourth inverted . By and bye , we come to an altogether new design—for the cylinder is substituted a disc , in which the steam enters and acts the part of a wedge alternately on either side of a flange ; the chief advantage of which , we are informed , is the reduction of that mischievous attenda nt on all power , friotion . We meet , also , with Mother , which might long defy our unaided efforts to discover its method-a " reciproeator ; " the piston revolving , instead of aeeending and descend * lug , mttvitt tins ey tinder . As an instance of the minuteness of mechanical ingenuity , we observe that tbe engine pipes are in some instances wrapped
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MONIES RECEIVED For ihb Week Ehdino Thursday , Mat 22 sd , . 1851 . ros . ¦ THE H 0 IE 8 T-Y FUND . BECEIVED OT * T . SIDES . £ e . a . H . Merrick , " Worcester .. 0 2 6
NATIONAL CHARTER FUND . Received by John Abkott . —Arbroath , per J . Y . Fair ' weather 5 s-Hoxton , per J . Edmonds 1 b 6 d-Marjlebone , per J . Gaottirin 5 s—Birmingham , per Mr . Bider 11—Conw w- , £ oilWitre , et MMsGd-Staljbriage ll-Bingley , per W . Wilkinson Ks-Stockport , perT . dews 7 « J 6 d-Had dersfield , per T . Ewsall 5 s-B . Topham Gi—Total £ 912 s . FOR THE EXECUTIVE . Iteceivea bj v * . HraEB .-Froni the Finsbury locality-On Account of Cards 2 s _ From Mr . Page , for thereof Executive is-J . Tajtov . StoBr Provost Is . FOR THE HUNGARIAN ANO POLISH REFUGEES . Receivea b . v ^ . toa-Nottingham , etc ., per J . Sweet ^ T ^ T ^ I JoHS ¦ Mwon ' .-J . Moi ^ Debtford , per J . Hugh * £ 6 a .
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US m !?« . T felt > the labeI to wh 5 ch ** i of twen \ y . 8 ^ c e ey Mous P ° ™ *> «» «»<™ than , / wLaf S iOn - ^ -power , and striking StuMS ? tfcW > 19 , another and a very Sr f * ^ vrassras " " « 2 SrtneSrr f ' , enSlne * w 5 = i ? p S » R ? - ¦ rttoffi j&A' lSL i HtereStin e ' ^ of " ma . nrintinV TlTt- 18 thilt con . ° ted with the art of printing . A working comDni » it . m > ovk ; k ;» 0 „ ~_ . _ i " 1 Zoi ,. * A P . ° e of felt , the label to which as :
Hi' ? S One . or two of th * ordinary steam Sit thP won / T , et 0 rVf the llk ( Straied S ™ «" Mint the wonderful machinery recent put up at the SS&ft ? J an ( 1 of " m ™ - » » m b ! SanL lh I ° / Obsmer ' tbat > whi 'e in one the 11 % ' a ^ e f 0 l"m tfjypetravels to and fro beneath S . 7 h"der ro ™ d which the sheets clings , in the other , the cylinders are placed upright , revolve upon their axes , and have the " forms" arranged SnM iI f ^ > ^ - r 0 tiltin S ffith them - « i » 2 f , thtt 5 ] lle tlme is 8 aved tha *' ioskin wkWckwards and forwards ; and tho result is , t&at the amazing number of 10 , 000 sheets are printed in an hour . Puper-makin ? and
bookbinding macninery , and other implements used in the manufacture * of a volume , are adjacent—but as they are not yet in motion , they must be taken in another visit . Before quitting these two rooms , let us recall the miscellaneous objects which have attracted tjs in passing . One of the most popular of these is the needier S Stall ; at which the operation of punching * nd grooving ia shown . Nigh to this i 9 a wire drawing apparatus . The electrotype process is explained to an admiring group by the covering of a penny piece with silver . A ropewalk is coniDreased
into a maciune ten or a dozen feet in height , in which tho cordage is ingeniously twisted and intertwined , to the saving of labour as well as space Tho Irish metropolis contributes a large bell , which hangs in a position easy of approach ; and a ribbon attached to the clapper being jerked by the curious , a startling comment ia given on the doggrell boast of this piece of Dublin casting" Second to none
Of my weight in tone . " Bath illustrates the operations carried on in its famous quarries , by steam saw-frames , the first successfully adapted to the purpose . In the model , eight saws are seen cutting the atone in a slantine direction ; and it is pointed out , that should any one of the eight break , a spring instantly releases it from the others , and allows the work , to go on . When tne blocks are thus sufficiently loosened , they are dislodged by leverage , and a sort of go-cart lilts and removes them . The sama exhibitors , we believe , show a recently-invented brick-icaking machine , into which lumps of day are put at one end , to re-appear at the other of any length and shape required . By another set of machines carpentmg is done without hands-planing , grooving , morticing and tennoning , and gutter-cutting for the roof above us . A woll-known coffee-seller shows hia
roasting process—a French chocolate maker exhibits an ornamented addition of what may be seen gratuitously through his window on Ilolborn-hill Biscuit-making by machinery is also to be seen and the " nobility and gentry" are invited to the inspection of a malting and brewing apparatus , by which it is specified , as one . advantage , the excise duties would be avoided . The manufacture of sugar is also illustrated—ov will be , when the huge cane-crushers and vacuum pans are set to work and explained by an attendant . A model colliery , with ita three shafts , its mimic excavations , and its representative ventilating arrangements , is a highly interesting object , and may be made as instructive by oval information . A collection of the less sightly marine models , and of weighing machinery , occupies the lower part of this immense room ; and along its walls or in the neighbourhood we notice a model of London Bridge , streets , courts a * « nn
structed to explain the inventor ' s notion of street cleansing-namely , by substituting iron for stone Kerbs , and fitting them with apertures from which water may be squirted from the mains , cross the roadway and to the opposite path . Another model shows bow railways mi ght penetrate into the heart 01 the tity . An atmospherio railway train is put in motion by propulsion from one station to another . A yet more daring exhibitor has the model r . L i ! . M L ? ° / l ? " ? « the Gunnel , from Dover to Calaisinfla
- ted bags supporting the roadway , and themselves being detained by anchorage . The process of hat manufacturing is seen in the several compartments of a glass case . The extraordinary tenaoity of a certain " marine glue , la shown m the resistance it offered to a force that preferred to rend the mai ! timber Something of the same sort is shown by its enthusiastic inventor for more domestic purposes-such aspannellmg houses with coloured glass at tbe rate of _ eightpence a foot . The impetus ei ™ ) , v * h «
palace in which we stand to a new order of architectare , is indicated in numerous articles-such as an iron roof , an iron cottage , an "imperishable water shoot , " ov roof impervious to wet And passing back into the nave , we go through a court appropriated on one side to the " Society for improving the Dwellings of the Poor "~ who show not only plans and models of their establishments , but rooms the facsimile of those in the set of acricultural cottages whice Prince Albert has jus completed in the Kensington barrack-yard ; the fittines up of which are such as a class of persona above the poor in their capacity to appreciate but not to
obtain them , may well envy . It is also pointed out , that these cottages are built with hollow bricks , from which considerable advantages , economical and sanatory , are expected . Opposite , is an apparatus for tbo exhibition of a " waterproof bnck" —the inventor of which calls attention to tno fact that ordhiarj brioks absorb moisture quite sufficient to account for the dampness of many nouses , and tho dirty appearance of many moro . In the same compartment are numerous other evidences of the undeveloped capabilities of such unpromising material as clay , for the oomfort and adornment of our habitations .
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12 , 000 rix dollars ( 66 , 000 fr ) des ^ TTT ^ i— TT ~ * SJ ^^^^ aft 2 Thr Crypt at the Guhdhau . -A vast number of the metropolitan visitors have been within the last fortnight to see the Guildhall . The crypt under part Of the great hall in which the civic entertainments are given , has been completely cleaned , and the splendid columns Iuvg been to a certain extent polished , and the arches , which are considered specimens of first rate skill , have been completely developed . There ia in the middle of the crypt a large led granite bowl of enormous weight , which has attracted much curiosity . . A JDSSBRTBD VlLMQH . l-Wnnxr nf * k a vnDnn ») . k ^ 12 . 000 ri * ^ uZTUTZ
SKE ? * , ° p 3 ham ' * Denshire * & u £ Thl te t ared t 0 Visifc the Gl ' eat Exhibition . formtw 'i 7 eVer > * SH n th 0 Potion to inform tneir customers of tho same bv ciimW a wS % f& ^ ^™ A « SI , of ffisS ^ i The Crystal Palace , - ]* would seem as if the genius of invention had presided over the erection £ ? £ 2 ffT Buildi " even t 0 ita S 53 S novel meant ' SfY > T oted W 2 ° ncies met ^ dWSwwtft leoftheonterbMementa « ia SdSrf £ h 2 , q « V K T P ^ ted a raw and wd § i §^ mm s ^ ip ^ sa rial and Th ^ d l , WOaT J . ? " ingandllatldsoinematerial , and thus aWet herdisnenKimrwithfi ^ ^ a ; ' . _
^ SSSSttttL when our gracious Queen , surrounded by all the SXWl - laXy - ' and tottnctkX Si on S ?« mL . 3 P , fl S , drawn on stoeeby the artist himself , will be printed in tinted lithography which will convey to the imagination of those no present some idea of tho splendid scene . Messrs Ackermannand Co , of thc ^ trand her MSS
yumnum , are tne fortunate purchasers of this nalon ^ L i « ? ; and , with their U 8 uaI enterprise , looking to a large sale to remunerate them for their great outlay , instead of to a limited one at a high charge , have determined to furnish copies to the public at such prices as will enable all classes to ff Kd'SS ? P resentation * the opening of As on and after the 26 th instant the charge for admission will be reduced to Is . for . four daVs in tno week , the commissioners have again had under their consideration tbe question of making amusements for the accommodation of the workiog-ohmes who may be expected to arrive from the country The general result of the inquiries which thn onm .
mtssioners have made is , that it will bo better for them to leave this matter to the exertions of visitors tnemselvee , and to abstain from attempting to organize & system for their accommodation , a ° s it anpears that by so doing they would interfere with many praiseworthy undertakings of private individuals , by means ot wbich it is now probable that their object will be more fully accomplished than it could be by any system of central action . The Commissioners have learnt with much satisfaction Kaan LTV » esvery liberal anangemenU have 13 , 1 o aZ 110 rece ? tion of Persons coming from K } l f W . hero thi 8 i 8 nofc the case t ^ y recommend tha t mechanics should endeavour , by mutual co-operation , and by arrangements made before leaving their homes , to obviate tho inennvn .
mence which might arise from their coming toee ther in large numbers , without previously pre paring for their accommodation
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EFFECTS OP FREE TRADE UPON WAGES . TO IBB EDIIOn OF THE NOIWnBRK STAR . S « .-A writer , whose name I cannot now mention , has the following words : — " From their birth to their grave they never meofc with anything but slavery in a thousand different shapes , which , if it does not bow down the courage of the most daring , while hunger oppresses the body , I know not what will effect it . " Wo have often been promised that " Free
Trade was to give the working men ol England Plenty <« work , good wagea , and caeap food . Tho Free Trade and cheap food " measure was made law in 1846 , and came into operation in 1849 . Let us see how far the Cumberland Hand-loom Weavers have realised the fulfilment of such promises ; and , as it is dangerous to state the full truth , and as hunger tends to destroy the courage of a poor man , you will excuse me , if I underrate the physical and moral suffering of my own class .
\ In * J ne'gMourhood of Carlisle there are about 1 , 833 Hand-loom Weavers , weaving both broad and narrow cotton cloth , varying in breadth from about thirty-three to seventy-two inches , or fifty-two inches mean breadth . At the present time we get about ninepence-halfpenny for weavine twenty skeins , or 16 , 800 yards of a cotton thread , beaidea preparing a larger amount of cotton yarn in the warp . If tho above-named 1 , 833 weavers could weave 200 skeins of weft in the week each that would be 7 s . lid . each , or £ 725 10 s . 3 d . The above nmopcnce-halfpenny for twenty skeins is the hish
" wages " of 1851 . I will now show you our condition in 1847 . For performing the abovo amount of labour in 1847 , 1 find each weaver had J la > «»•» "Ktead of 7 s . lid . of the present year J J ? A J ? 1 > m weavets S ° ^ 1 . 019 5 s . instead 01 £ 725 103 .. 3 d . in 1851 . The differenco in favour of monopoly in 1847 is £ 293 14 s . 9 d ., for the same amount of labour . When it is considered that the weavers , during the present year , aro not above half-employed in this neighbourhood , with present Y . ?^ - weaver ' 8 incomo is reduced from £ 1 , 019 OS . in 1847 , to £ 302 15 s . lid ., or a reduction of money wagos to the amount of £ 656 9 s . lOid a week , that is £ 31 , 137 8 a . 6 d . in tho year , for 1 , 843 weaver ' s alone ! . * ' '
Aa there are about 280 , 000 hand-loom weavers in Great Britain ( I take tbe government statement made m 1834 ) , and aa 1 , 833 weavers have lost in thoir wages the sum of £ 34 , 137 83 . 6 d . pei- annum what rauxt be the loss to the above 280 , 000 weavers ? -Answer , * 4 , 888 , 776 6 s . ej , or moro than one half of the English , Irish , and Scotch poor . rates . -and that too in the one and sole branch of British Labour called Weaving ! In England , Ireland , and KSfft Ain n £ considered by many that there are about 6 , 000 , 000 people employed in all branches of production . If such be the total of British subjects employed , and if their money wages have been reduced ra the same ratio as the hand-loom weavers then the loss m labour and money waees is morn
than * 1 U » , W » , 486 . I do not say that all other arcana have suffered in the same ratio with the weaver ; if such had been the case the system would at once break down . Who gets the benefit of thia cheap labour ? I answer , in the language of O'Connor , 'the faxed-inoome class . " In 1847 , when wheatnour was 3 s . 6 d . the stone , and wages Is . 2 d . for weaving twenty skeins , and in 1851 , when the same quantity of flour is Is . 7 d . the stone , and the same labour 9 } , what difierence is there between the two periods of 1847 and 1851 to that gentleman whose inoome has . been flxod at £ 100 per annum ? To answer the question , I say , put the cost of flour , 3 s . M . ( the cost of agricultural labour and capital ) and tha cost of weaving , Is . 2 d ., together , and you have the sum of 43 . 8 d ., i . e ., the cost of agricultural and manufactural
labour . Now , divide the £ 100 by the above 4 s . 8 d ., and you will find tho rate of command a . rich , man has over a poor man ' s toil , i . e ., 428 times and four-sevenths . Kow , put down the ls .. 7 d . for flour or agriculture , and the 9 Jd . for weaving or manufacture , and you have the sum of 2 s . 4 * d . for both agriculture and manufacture . Divide the £ 100 by the 2 s . 4 Jd ., and you have 842 times and a small remainder . The last statement is for 1831 ; while the statement next preceding is for 1847 ; so that you see " Free . Trade and Cheapness" have benefited no class but the fixed-income clasa , and that in a double proportion ; therefore as " Labour is the source of all wealth , " it must lose in proportion as idleness gains . .. Neither will it bo otherwise \ mtfl labour nnds its lawful position in the House of Commons . I am , Sir , yours obediently , Peter Rioby .
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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . T . B . Dcscombe , Esq ., M . P ., President . Established 1 S 45 . " FIAT JVST 1 IIA . " biuinKSg S ^ r «^ r orkin scksses . i * <*» - rate of wages 5 it ST , ' , i ? ^ - ° , r kee P P B eneral ^ not &bVSa ^^ tt ^ S ^ I Stuabt ilai .
Iu the long catalogue of caces in which th « Executive of the National AssocilS ta been engaged , m the character of mediators between their members and their employers there never has beon tho slightest pretence to charge them with a violation of fclio law . Their policy has been uniformly one of peace and persuasion . When we have required concessions on behalf of our members , wo have claimed them as acts of favour , rather than of liglit . Reason and argument have beon , in truth , our only weapons ; and the great success which has attended our operations , is a powerful testimony in favour of our policy . We have not only ourselves avoided all those doubtful expedients winch have been so fra .
qacntly tortured into crimes , by the ingenuity of lawyers , and the pliability of juries , but have as constantl y—by our advice and correspondence with our members-endeavoured to guard them from these dangerous pitfalls . Above all , \ t has beeu our study to make our members acquainted with tho law of combination We have , upon several occasions , printed for their information the enacting clauses of the act , -with Judge Rolfe ' s lucid and masterly exposition of their application to the unions of workmen ; and , we beliovo we Have , m no single instance , travelled out of the path pointed out b y that learned judge as proper and lawful . Violence , threats , or intimidation have never been used or sanctioned , directl y or indirectly , by this Committee ; and
we snail certainly bo no little astonished if any such charge is attempted to be set up against us . This being the case , we are at a loss to discover wherein we have violated any law . Baron Rolfo , in his summing up to the jury in the case of Jones and Potts against Selsby and others , explains tho law in these plain and unmistakeable words : — Now it is doubtless lawful for people to agvee among themselves , not to work except upon certain terms ; that being so , I am not aware of any illegality in their peaceably trying to persuade others to adopt the same view .
If it is lawful for half a dozen people to agree together , and say , "Why wo will not work Unless Messrs . Jones and Potts raise our wagos , " so it is perfectly reasonable to say to a third man . " You had better do that too ; " if they do not use threats to deter them from doing it . Again : — My opinion is , that if there was no Other object thau to persuade people that it was their interest not to work except for certain wages , and not to work under certain regulations , complied with in a peaceable way , that it was not illegal . If I am wrong , I am sorry for it ; but my opinion is , thai that is the law .
Upon this high authority , all that was done in the Wolverhampton case has been within the spirit and letter of the law . The men were legally justified in agreeing together not to work except at certain wages ; they were equally justified in persuading other men to adopt the same determination . That is all the Committee ever sanctioned , or participated in ; and in this they acted upon Baron Rolfe ' s viowof the law , and conceived they were performing their duty . That these proceedings wore excessively inconvenient to the employers ; that the difficult y they experienced in obtaining hands for the conduct of their business
was pecuniarily injurious to them , was tha natural consequence of their refusal to pay the market value tor their labour , and cannot , we should think , with any fairness , be charged as a crime against any of the defendants . Otherwise , is the law , to use LordDenmau's memorable words , " a delusion , a moclcery , and a snare ; " and the sooner the working classes are undeceived upon the matter the better . And this is the point to be decided at the forthcoming trial : " Is it lawful to persuade a man to leave the employment of another ? or
, is it lawful to persuade a man not to accept work except at certain wages ? " I ! our view of tho matter , founded upon Baron Rolfe ' s construction of the law , is erroneous , then may we dissolve all our trades' societies , for assuredly , for any practical or useful purpose they will be altogether worthless . The great importance , therefore , of the coming trial to the interests of labour cannot be over estimated . It is to us indeed a question of comparative liberty , or positive and abject slavery and degradation .
A conspiracy to persuade ! What a solecism ! They may as well talk of a conspiracy to think . At this rate , to imagine ought against the interests of the tyrant , capital , will presently be an indictable offence , and the British labourer will be reduced to % condition infinitely worse than that of tho serfdom of the middle ages . " The glorious uncertainty of the law" is proverbial ; and we cannot , of course , speculate with any certainty upon the
issue of a" contingency of SO doubtless a . character as tho verdict of a ' middle class jury , or the ruling of a judge ; but we wo uld desire , for the honour of labour , that tho question should be met with candour and boldness , and no decision be courted or accepted that did not involve a final settlement of tho legal question , what are the rights of labour ? Is the opinion which Baron Rolfe tells us was once entertained in Westminster Hall , the correct one He says : —
The law certainly now on thia subject depends entirely , I believe , ( that is the law about the rights of workmen ) , upon the last statute ( G Geo ., 4 cap ., 129 ) which has been referred to : before that statute it always having been considered , whether rightly or not I will not now say , that masters might meet to say that they would not give more than a certain ratoof wages , when I . first had the honour of becoming a member of the profession that was understood to he the law . But though the masters might meet to fix tho rate of wages , the workmen might not . Tho masters might agree nofc to give more than a certain sum per day . , . '
There was a meeting of Coach Makers in London , and a variety , of other places , at which that was done ; but for tho workmen , to meet and say , we will not work unless they will give us five shillings a-day , or whatever sum they might demand , that was always held to be illegal , and it struck every body ' s mind as . being an unjust sort of a distinction . If there is to be any distinction , perhaps it ought tobe rather the other > way , but being felt to be an injustice , it was altered rather more than twenty years ago . .. .
There can be no doubt , therefore , of the statutable right of trades' combination for the fixing of tho rate of wages , which , if higher than any individual master has . been' in' the habit of paying , the enforcing of their legal resolve by the workmen must necessaril y tend to impoverish and- irjjure the master ; and M this is an indictable offence , what a farce ia the statutable ri ght of combination . Of what earthlalue to
y v a man is the recognition of j Ztt of S S ' . P ^ ctical enforce Wehone hnMh * 8 ^ ° iB ™^ ^ p siK ^^ shi
, ?* W& upon the trades of England tbe duty they owe to themselves and their order , oiuS f ; v their . as 8 i 8 tance » t 0 obtain a solution of this seeming paradox . But this assistance , to be of use , must be promptly given , Tho machinery of law cannot be pu $ into motion without adequate means . There are preliminary steps to be taken requiring a large sum of money ; we hope , therefore ; the old adage will he considered —that ' he who gives quickly , gives twicet " Wilijam PfiEi , Secretary 259 , Tottenham Court Road .
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, s . On Monday £ 2 , 345 * ras taken in 5 s . fees , and the sale of season tickets produced £ 488 , so that the total receipts for the day amounted to £ 2 833 On Tuesday the receipts from 5 s . entrance foea rose to the enormous sum of £ 3 , 800 ' 15 s ., which with the amount drawa from the sale of season t , ^ J Us > ) vomite d altogether to JEu , 711 Js , ¦ ¦¦ ' ¦ ¦ ••¦' .... The Derby day had no effect whatever on"the flow of visitors to the Crystal Palace . On the contrary , the numbers who flocked thereon Wcdnesdav were greater than ever , and £ 3 , 512 was taken at tho doors . . The sale of season tickets amounted to £ 279 , and the total receipts were £ 3 702 On Thursday AW ^ - * ew taken at the doors , besides £ 175 7 s . for season tickets , and the whole receipts were £ 3 . 972 18 s .
£ 2532 5 FACTS AND INCIDENTS OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION . The funds were increased on Saturday by the sum of £ 3 , 089 16 s ., which was made up asfollows —From season tickets , viz ., HI ladies , and eiehtythree gentlemen's admiasions , £ 557 Us 6 d receipts at the doors , from 10 , 120 visitors at ' sg
Professor Ansted has announced a series of eiffht lectures ^! successi ve Friday and Saturday morn . in 8 , between the hours of nine and twelve o ' clock in explanation of the mining processes , mineral products and manufactures forwarded for exhibition from various parts of the world . On Tuesday the chairman of the Metropolitan Local Committees gave a grand entertainment to the fereigR commissioners charged with tho care of the industrial products of their respective countries to the Great Exhibition . The dinner took place at the Castle Hotel , Richmond , arid was most sumptuously provided . Fire o ' clock was tho hour
appointed for meeting , ' and when at that hour tho guests arrived ,, the whole population of the town turned out to receive them . Triumphal arohet spanned the streets , and flags of all nations flus . tered with surprising profusion from balcony and House-top . Inscriptions conveying a hearty welcome were displayed- on every side , and SO bMi did the general enthusiasm run , that repeated cheers broke forth from the crowd when the grangers made their appearance . Arrived in the grounds 5 ii j- tel ( an agreeable mode of passing the time
"" . ""' was announced had ken provided ; a Eencs of rowing matches took place on the river , each heat hemg contested with great spirit and by experienced oarsmen . During thia interval , also , Mr . Chapman presented to Lord Ashburton , the C r tho dft y > a congratulatory address , T !? * u LordahiP acknowledged in suitable terms . Alter the dinner , speeches were delivered by the £ IW' Yon Vkbnbn , M . Van de Weyer , M . O . Dupm , the Chevalier Do Burg , and Mr . Paston , in proposing or responding to appropriate - - -
toasts . o ,,,..., The Lords of the Admiralty have granted the workmen in the public dockyards two days' holiday to visit the Exhibition . Other departments will do the same . A letter from Stockholm , of the 3 rd , says : — " It may be remembered that the King of Sweden bas sent , at his own expense , several distinguished artisans to London to examine the Great exhibition . Now the Diet , on its side . h as just voted a sum of
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tJ m \? , < "i Hdngaut . —At a meeting at Sneleld on behalf of the Hungarian refugees , an able advocate of the cause of Hungary was found in a clergyman of the Church of England , the Rev . F . Owen , incumbent of Crookes . He has lately travelled in Hungary ; before he went , he said , he had read the jHwikb , and was almost an Austrian , but " ho caroo back a Hungarian . " Since then , he had read , as far as his time would permit , both sides of the question , and had come to the conclusion that there never was a more perfidious ; a more wicked act of villany committed than the Austrian Cabinet
was guilty of . He saw ' one of the bravest , one of the freest , and ono of the most illustrious countries under heaven , in possession of the _ stranger and the foreigner—its ancient constitution utterl y des » troyed , its ancient Diet suppressed , and its great men , its nobles , and its patriots in exile imnri soned , dead on the field of battle or the scaffold ™ driven to a state of mental derangement " Thk Earth Going the Wrong Wat ' .-The Rev . Mr . Longrauir made a nawiollir . T . attempt inhisow ., church on Tuedav ESS asw ; . «! aa 5 £ 3
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The Fatai Coixisios ox thb MiDtAKn Rmw&f —Anotjbxed Isquest , —The coroner ' s inquest was re-opened , on Thursday morning . From the evidence , itappears that the breaking up of the pumprod of the engine delayed the train four minutes , and the stoppages at the various stations ten minutes , added to which the goods train started five minutes after tbe departure of the passenger train W . M . Mills , Esq ., had travelled with that train at least 150 times , and not in a single instance had it arrived at the Chesterfield station a t its proper time . The inquest was adjourned , and the jury were taken by special trahi to view the locality of the disaster . Detachments fob Queen's Regiments in Ibdja . —Nearly 200 men are under orders to proceed this summer to the Bengal , Madras , and Bombay Presidenciesto join their regiments there .
, A Steamer has been burnt to the water ' s edge On tbe Mississippi . Forty lives were supposed to have been lost .
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'Y J ST toI ^ 241851 THE , NORTg ERN AR i ~ 5 ^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 24, 1851, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1627/page/5/
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