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FRANCE . On Friday last the Council of State held sn importam debate upon the . bill for regulating the te . sponsibility of the executive power . Three plant have been proposed : one by M . Kfnneville . in strict conformity «< ith the constitution ; the next liy M . Bouher , tending to mate the President , as undrr the taonarchic system , an inviolable and irrespunsi . ble agent ; ibe third hy the comruiUee , coraliiuine
the character of the two others , in accordance with the spirit of the constitution . At the cl-ise of Xhn dfbam the principle of M . Rennevilk ' s bill was % & . p-. ed . la the cowse nf the debate a question was mooted which is at the present mt . njent of the highest importance , end stands in close connexion with the report of M . de TocquRville . Th « ca ; e of responsibility was put , in which the Present should provoke the subversion of the 45 th article of iht constitution . The hill of M . R- ! iinev : He would in
this case subject ihe head of ihe executive to impeacbraeni for high treason by the high court of justice After a very aniraated discussion this clause of the bill was adopted by eighteen votes against In consequence of the discoveries made by the seizure of ihe clandestine presses of the Committee of Resistance , M . Demosthene Oiivier , member of the constituent , and father of the young jouma ' ist recntly killed in a du » l at Montpellier , has been arrested . M . P . Olivier had recently published a letter complaining of the search of ids bouse by the police , and their abstraction of Beveral documents in the handwriting of bis son , while the bereaved fa ther was in the first distress of mourning for his Joss .
The presentation of M . de . Tocqueville ' s report y >\\\ give rise to -s . ry animated discussions , not only on account of the all absorbing nature of the subject but also in consequence of an alleged irregularity in the precip it ate reading . In fact , it appears to have been agreed in the committee that in consequencs of M . Odilwn Barrel ' s remarks the report should be modified and submitted to a fresh examination before the public reading . But this arrange * meet was not observed by M . d « Tocqueville . M . de Montalembert compiains sharply that the opinions of the majority of the committee are not rep resented in the report ; and he is going , it is said , to demand from lit .- tribune that the minutes of the committeB ' s debates be printed for distribution .
In consequence of the publication of the bulletin * Of the committee of resistance in the conservative press , the ' Monrenr * contains a warning that newspapers which insert seditious manifestos will be henceforth prosecuted with no less rigour than if they seriously intended to propagate the doctrines contained in such publications . Three important members of the legitimist party , namely , MM . Btfr . rv . er . Benoist . d'Aiv . and de St . Priest , proceeded to Claremont to visit the relict of Louis-Philippe , itlalive lt > the fusion of the two bouses of Bourbon . On Friday last M . Benoistd'Azy was surrounded upon his appearance in the ChamliT , b ? a number of representatives , who
app eared e&xer to learn the result of trie visit . The Bonaiianist version differs a good deal from that of the fusionists , the former party alleging that the £ uke de Nemours and the Duchess of Orleans were absent from tbe interview designedly , and that tbe legitimist trio met with a cold reception from the Que ^ n Marie Amelia . In tbe meantime there appears at the head of the ' Assemble Nationale ' a Eort of manifesto tending to neutralise tbe inferences unfavourable to fusion which might be drawn from the marked reserve of the Orleans princes , and to protest aeainst the positive construction attached by the ' Debats' and other papers to such a negative attitude .
THE REVISION * OF THK CONSTITUTION . Monday . Jni-v 14 . —At half-past two o'clock W . Dufin , Pre 5 'dent , took the chair . Thirty members laid on the table petitions for the revision of tbe Constitution , and eleven petitions prayinz for the repeal of the Electoral Law , M . itans next rose and begged leave to address a few words to the Assembly previous to the opening of the discussion . During the last sixty years , he said , Legislative Assemblies bad been called to frame constitutions in place of those overturned
by revolutions . But this was the first time an Assembly had received that mission by virtue of an existing constitution , although a majority of threrfourtbs was required for that purpose . The Assembly was accordingly in a totally new situation . The discussion should be serious and peaceable . Parties should be moderate , reserved , and list en patiently to their opponents , if the ; wished to be Us * tened to themselves , always bearing in mind that the country was attentive to the discussion and would judge them . (• Bravo ! ' )
M . Payer then ascended the tribune , and sai d that he considered the Republic to be the Govern * ment of the country . It had been accepted by alb and solemnly , proclaimed by the Constituent As " sembly on the 4 th May , 1848 . There was no government in Europe whose origin was so imposing , so universal . An old King , be said , to use the expression of General Grammoot , bad suffered ( he crown to fall from bis head . It was taken up by some generous citizens—( laughter)—not to keep it , as the 221 in 1830 , but to restore it to ( be people . He then undertook to prove that tbe Republic offered . 3 B much stability as tbe Monarchist form , and certainly more
security . To demonstrate it he recapitulated tbe ententes which had occurred during the four years of the reign of Louis Philippe , which in quality and qaintlty —( laughter )—exceeded those of the first years of the Republic even including the sanguinary collision o < June , 1848 , whicb the Monarchy would not have had the same power to overcome . Tbe Republic , to use M . Dupin ' s words , was the sole Government practicable , and the only bulwark against anarchy . Under the Republic there were a 9 many elements of prosperity as under the Monarchy ,
and he need only confine himself ts compare tbe returns of the imports and exports —( murmurs)—of 1849 and 1850 with those of 1846 and 1847 to show that there bad been an increase in favour of tbe TepuMc . M . Payer then contended that the partial proposition he had presented for the revision of the Constitution would not be attended with the same fatal consequences as tbe total revision recommended by the Committee . What he proposed was merely to improve the Republican in-BtilUtions . M . Payer then concluded amidst the noise of private conversation .
M . de Fat . loux , who followed , said that he bad been deeply struck with a few words written by Louie XIV- The Monarch said that ' nothing shold he left to ehanee that could be achieved with deliberation and reflection ; that the anxiety to win often made a player lose . ' Fur his part , no personal sentiment induced him to ascend that dreaded tribune . No hope incited him to accept this meeting Of parties , which bad been assig ned by the Constitution itself , and which had neither been desired by
bim or his friends . Tbe representative of the people who on this occasion was not actuated by disinterestedness and patriotism was not an honest nan . The right of revision was contested by none . Nevertheless some demanded that tbe electoral law be first repealed . He thought its repeal should come afterwards . Universal suffrage was daily attacked by its most streimons advocates . It wa 3 attacked on tbe 15 th of May . the 23 rd of June , and the loth Of June . Now it was fundamentally at . tacked . M . Girardin lost bis election at Paris
becauas he refused to place the Republic above universal suffrage . General Cavaignac , he regretted to say , was of that opinion . M . de Falloux contended that the Assembly had a ri ght to revise ( he Constitution . A partial revision was a mere illusion . To gain time should be no consideration . What they should look to was the foundation of a durable fate of things . To found the republic , Republican wtutB w ere required . ( ' Very well , ' an the Right . M . Burgbart on the Left , * What do yon mean by " Very well ? '" Laughter . ) To revise partially « ould be doing nothing—less than nothing . His
adversaries objected that a total revision would lead to Mjnarch y , tor which the country was not ripe . This objection was the stranger , as two years ago SL « l , T Oftbc most competent Republicans J ^ ** tFf T ; »" noty « tripeferthe Republic . SKTfi ^ -irSi ? -.- ^ infertile protection of a guardian , and those who * : ""* ™* PA ? ^* a »^ ation . It 8 miE
was me rwuitoi inedwirfow on that side of the Anenblj ( pounmg to the Ri ght ) . The Kepubie said a gerat statesman , is the form that divides us ' leatt . M . de Falloux thought that it was the form t !« t permitted men to be longest divided . The country fcadsnjoyed that form for the list three year * . ( Lao $ hter , ) In bis opinion it was that
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mniien that ruitird Fiauee , paralysed her po » er , and condemned the patty of order to impotence and to a state of lethargy , to which death was pre . ferable . M . de Falloux then referred to the inability of the different governments , during the last forty years , ro check the march of Socialism , which had in turn concealed itself under the appellation of Liberals , St . Simonians , Republicans , and the present eovt-rnm « -nt was as incompetent as the others far the task . The remedy , in his opinion , lay iu the Radical revisien of the Constitution , and the substitution of Monarchy for the Republic . But , all the factions of the psrty of order , obeying only be voice of their conscience , should sincerely unite for the purpose . This disunion had sadly compromised the country . M . de Falloux did not contest he great guarantees snd the conquests favourable trt liberty achieved by ihe revolution of 1789 . But , he said , in a material noint of view Frane « had
declined , whilst Prussia , Russia , &c , had grown in power , population , and prosperity . Europe was profoundly moved and alarmpd . Russia , that Hcccu . les in her cradle , as M . Tttim ca led her , was L . oki ' d to by all for protection against the invasion of anarchy and demagogy . Should Europe throw itself into her arms , it would be vain to proclaim insurrection the holiest of dutieg . Europe will respond to you that coalition is the most legitimate of interests . This will be the result of our divisions . The celebrated Hoche , at the head of the victorious army of the Sombre and Mcus , feeling himself consumed by pulmonary affection , and his end approach , said to his physician , ' Give me a remedy that 13 not TepoBP . ' Franc is in the same position as : hat celebrated General , but , more fortunate than his physician , you have the remed y in your hands . Los * n > time in applying it .
M . de Morxat next rose , and expressed reerel at the necessity unrier which be was to separate > iim . « elf from his political fri ends . In the histo cal annals of France was a day called La Journee des Dupes . He thought tha ; the present day mi ght be called the Journee dies Masques . He was ready to admit the defect of the Constitution , but those who spoke of improving it were not sincere . He bad not changed since the 24 th of February , when he was ready to devote himself for the salva-¦ ion of a Prince , tbe object of his affections . The revision , in his opinion , was contrary te both the It-publican and llonarchial principles . lie neither recognised the divine right of the Republic or of the Mouarchy . The present government was neither
one thing nor the other . It was intended to found a new Monarchy . He was a good Catholic —( laughter ) and the partisan of a real and sincere government , He did not love paganism , and should never adore false gods . ( Laughter . ) Before he became the champion of '> h * Republic , and sacrificed to it his dearest affections , he inquired into its origin and results . Tbe present movement of opinion was not the vox populi . vox Dei . It was tbe work of the Administration , and he would prove it . - M . Leon Fauel . er he admitted had no part in promoting the signing of petitions . Nevertheless the Prefects of several departments met , particularly at Tulle and Avignon , and it was evidently in CdnSfi . Quence oi tbe resolutions adopted by those
functionaries that the petitionnement coraroenc-d with unparalleled violence ( Laughter . ) What was the conduct of the government ? Did it reprimand the Prefects ? No ! He would ask the Minister of Justice if he recalled to the respect of the laws the Mayor of Clermont , who at a recent solemnity ¦^ dressed an unc onstitutional speech to tbe President ? If the prolongation of Louis Napoleon ' s powers was to be sanctioned by an election , what should the government do under thn ? e circumstances ? The Presidential press had agitated the country by frightening it with the phantasm of the red spectre , and seduced it by describing the prolongation of the President ' s power as the forerunner of the golden age . Those petitions did not contain the
expression of public opinion . They were all copied on the same model . The signatures affixed thereto did not exceed 1 , 300 , 000 , and he would ask if that number represented the opinion of 35 , 000 , 000 of men —( lauEhter)—or , if tbe Assembly preferred , of the 8 000 , 000 of electors ? Notwithstanding the significant speech of Poitiers , and the mystic speech of Beauvat 8 , he did not believe in a coup rf ' e / a / , because he did not wish te insult the elect of six millions of suffrages by believing that he could violate the oath he bad solemnly taken in the face of the world . An 18 th Brumair was no longer practicable . There existed no analogy between the two periods , the men and things . In conclusion , he declared that he should vote , for the present , against the revision .
General Cavaigxac , who followed , said that he felt bound not only to prove himself the champion hut tbe second of the Constitution . He had us-d tbe expressions cited by HI . de Falloux , and would develop his system at the tribune . If he opposed the revision , it was because he did not wish the country to traverse against tbe same collisions aud the same dangers No party could triumph singly , and if M . de Falloux wished France not to succumb , he should g ive the victory to all , and not to a party . Monarchy was no longer possible . —( murmurs on the Right)—for it bore in its bosom the germ and principle of its destruction . That principle which once constituted Us power , and was now a cause of weakness , was the dynastic interest . The Revolution
had overcome Monarchy in August , 1702 , July , 1830 , and February , 1848 . ( Murmurs . ) M . de Falloux bad said that he believed in the Divine right of the Republic . That appellation was not his . It was invented by its adversaries , who , knowing that inaiitutions of Divine ri g ht enjoyed little favour in France , and thus stigmatised tbe Republic . He would tell M . de Falloux that a government that allov > ed its principle to be discussed was verging to ruin . For his part he could not admit the right of a Constituent Assembly to decide in favour of Monarchy , and he had been happy to find the great majority of the Committee concurred in his opinion .
It was a victory be little anticipated . When you have established your monarchy by virtue of the principle that the people have the power to do as they like , will you aliow us to come here and propose to appeal again to the people to dismiss their monarch ? if you say yea , I tutoe ibe liberty of telling you that you do not kw >« yourselves . ( Laughter . ) Show me a monarch y which shall not be a negation or an abdication of the great principle of national sovereignty , and then I will allow you to discuss the liberty of the Republic . You may perhaps spr ' ak of the national sovereignty expressed la tlie Character of 1830 . That was a false national
8 jvereignry , recognised for an hour , just long enough to commit suicide ; the true sovereignty is that which cannot deny itself , cannot abdicate . If you say that national sovereignty is only an accident , tiien indeed ( he Rejiublic is but a form ; but the moment you admit that sovereignty to be a principle , you admit the Republic to be a right . I proceed now to examine the question of revision . To those—and they are the greater number—who in demanding revision wish to ameliorate the Republic . I say that we have never asserted that the Constitution was perfect , but if it is to be revised , it should be done impartially , and in a moment of tranquillity . Is the country now calm ? You daily tell us tho contrary , to justify your
repressive laws . Is public opinion calm ? An examination of tbe public journals which would impose the revision upon us , would abow the present epoch to be imbued with a spirit of aggression against tbe law . Is this assembly calm ? No ; for it is not firmly confident in its own power , and has been told as an argument for revision , that the Jaw which it would maintain may be overturned in spito of the Assembly . The demand for revision cannot be based upon experience , for we say that the constitution ha 3 never been fairly tried . The arguments against the constitution are those , and no others , which were brought forward in 1818 . When we see what you have done under this constitution , we may justly feel alarmed when we think of what
you would do with one of your own making . Bas the coastitution hindered you from passing laws against the right of public meetings ? against the press f against universal suffrage ? Surely in these respects revision cannot be necessary for you , A second chamber bas been asked for , and we are told there is a natural aristocracy , an aristocracy of genius , an aristocracy of services rendered , of experience acquired . So thought our fathers : and framing a constitution on that princi ple , they compromised liberty and prepared the way for usurpation . Before we consent to have two ' chambers we must get rid of all royal and imperial pretenders ; we must be assured that another aristocracy , which we desire not to have , will never seat themselves
upon tbe benches which we ahould provide for a natural aristocracy . Till then we will confide theprescrvationof therepublic to the concentrated energy ofa single Chamber . Againgt Art . 45 , the examplo of the United States and Washington is cited . France has not yet found a Washington . In the meantime , let us ke ' ep oar Art . 45 . It is our palladium , The prolongation of the terra of the President's power is demanded in the name of stability . Does that mean the stability of government , or of those who exercise it ? It is this latter stability which has destroyed all the governments of France for the last Bixty yeara . I am far from intending any personal application to tho President of the Republic SSLi-IP ^ , P rol ° ngation is the first and natural step towards usurpation , which in what tre
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will not have . I come now to those who a »» k for the revision in the hope of destroying the republic . They comp lain that the constitution is a work of suspicion against the President of tho Republic . I do not deuy it . It is a work of distrust , not of his person or ef hia character , but of the pretensious which he is supposed to entertain . The constitution was right to be distrustful of its enemies . For those to whom I now speak , the republic can produce nothing acceptable . The constitution ib good in our op inion because it is bad in yours , because it is au obstacle to your projects . A hundred times over , wo do not say that it is perfect , we will consent to have it revised whenever we do not see monarchy concealed behind the revision . The constitution will issue triumphant from the presGntordeal and those who now most furiously attack it will perhaps one day be too glad to seek for themselves in ttie consti tution a protection which it alone can afford . ( Much applause on the Left . )
Tuksday . — In the sitting of the National Assembly tbis day , M . C « quBREL . a Republican member of the Tiers-parti , made an effective speech in favour of revision , lie said , on opening fche resumed debate , that he should grapple more closely witfi the question , particularly as related to the possible re-election of the present President . lie began hy refuting the doctrine of Cavaignac , as to the sacred immutability of the Republic . Passing in review the interests and opinions of different parties , he endeavoured to prove that aJl of them were equally bound to admit revision ; the Orleanists , because the irovernmcntof Jul y was based upon the national consent ; the Legitimists , because they now admitted that the right divine ought to be confirmed by the popular sanction ; the Republicans , because , notwithstanding the doctrines asserted by General Cavaisnac , the essence of the Republic Jay in
consulting tbe will of the people , and in obeying the dictates of that will . For his own part he had long been a Republican , and believed that tho Republican principle would eventually triumph among all nations . He demanded the revision of the constitution , to restore to the nation its completo unshackled liberty . Although he foresaw that Louis Napoleon had a great chance of being re-elected , not less on account ; of his being at present in possession of power , than because his name was tlie only one universally known in France , still he ( M . Cuquerel ) was far from desiring the renewal of the President ' s authority . But he thought that the probability of his being again the elect of the people , would be greatly increased by the refusal of revision . lie ( M . Coquerel ) would greatly TC ' gfefc such a result , not becatiBe he was insensible to the services which the President had rendered to
the country , but because it was inconsistent with democratic institutions to continue , under the Republic ^ power in the hands of one who bad the fruit of being a prince . He concluded with expressing the hope that France , who had abandoned herself once during the saturnalia of' 93 , would retain upon tbis occasion all her self-possession , and save herself by the wise use she would make of her sovereignty . This speech made considerable sensation in the Assembly ; but w-is bitterly complained of by the
Legitimists , of whom tliu greater part protested against motives attributed to them by M . Coquerel in demanding revision . The vote of legitimists in favour of revision was not to be considered , they said , as an admission of the sovereignty of the people . The tribune was next occupied by M . Grovy , who brought his speech abruptly to a close , and descuuded from the tribune without having fully explained his meaning . After a suspension of the sitting , M . Dupin announced that M . Grevy desired to continue bis speech on Wednesday .
ROME . Advices from Rome dated the 4 th insr . state that since the departure of his Holiness for Castel Gandolfo , which took place on Tuesday , tbe 1 st at half-past fire , p . m ., the gossips of Rome have been inventing a hundred 6 toriea to give tfce jaunt a Character of immense political importance . The most accredited veraioa of the Pi > pe 8 motive in going to his country residence is the desire he entertained of holding a conference with the King of Naples , strictly private and confidential , which ; of C 0 U ? Sfi , eould not have taken place in Rome without all the world being set wondering at it , leaving out of the question the very strong aversion which his B-jurhonic Majesty is said to feel for the interior of the Eternal City , now that it is garrisoned by the troops of the French . Republic .
Orders were received at the Minister of War ' s office on the 2 nd inst . to send out seventy dragoons towards Albano ( independentl y of the Pope ' s escort ) nhere they would receive instructions as to their ulterior destination . On bearing such a mysterious order the major of the regiment determined to 50 in person , and when he had got to the Fratocchi , about three miles from Albano , where the road turns off to Porto d' Anzio , he was met by a messenger from Cardinal Antonelli , who deli vered him a packet of instructions , directing him to take the road to Porto d' Anzio , to leave thirty men under a lieutenant , half-way , and to go on with the remainder to the town to meet bis Majeaty of Naples , and escort him to Castel Gandolfu-Small parties , under aon « corjira \ s&voned officers , patrolled meanwhile up and down , to keep the coast clear . The intelligence of the King ' s arrival
appears to have been somewhat sudden , since Cardinal Antonelli , with another escort , get off from Rome on the evening before last , two b , 0 lU 8 after dark , and went at once to the sea caast , to wail on his Majesty on his landing . An interview took place yesterday between the two soverei gns , who dined amicably together at the Pope ' s suburban palace , whitherKing Ferdinand repaired post haste from Porto d"Anzio , at which little seaport town he had arrived the evening before . Most of the ministers left Rome to be present on the occasion , and it may be easily imagined what a sensation the event produced in tbis city , whose fate to a certain extent mar be considered to depend upon the colloquy . The sub . ject of the conference is supposed to he the mode of c&uying out Cardinal Aniouelli ' s plan for delivering Rome frem the presence of the French . The project at present stands thus—Tbe Austrian * are
to retire from the northern provinces as far as Bologna , which city they would occupy , leaving the rest to the papal troopB . The French are to leave Rome , and hold Civita Veccbia only , whilst King Ferdinand offers 10 , 000 of his soldiers to garrison the Eternal City . Will France consent to tbis ? TheTe s the rub . In other respects the absence of the Pope h » a produced no change whatever in the state of Rome . On the 2 nd inst , the day after bis Holiness ' s departure the coronation of the Madonna , a ceremony to nhich the cardinal vicar bad called the attention of the people by repeated edicts , termed invid j « cr » , or BBCtefl inyitfltiuuB , tOOk place at the church of Sant' Agostino , amidst an immense crowd of persons of the lower orders . In the last of the sacred invitations , his Eminence
declared that Rome was an especial object of the p . iy vir g na affection beyond , all other cities . ' It is undeniable , ' writes the cardinal , That tbe mother of God mercifully extends ber tender protection over all the people of Christendom ; but it is also proved that Rome is really the inheritance of the Lord , in which the most holy Mary in special manner bas fixed the residence of her vufircies . Thence it happens that the whole history of Christian Rome is a history of the tender affection of Mary towards her , and of the gratitude which tbe people feel in return . ' The Cardinal Dean and Chapter of St . Peter ' a performed the ceremony , crowning the statues of the Virgin and infant Jesus with two magnificent golden diadems , enriched with jewels amounting to the value of several thousand dollars .
ITALY . A concordat concluded between Rome and Tuscany , and which does away with many guarantees decreed in the last century against the authority of the church by the Grand Duke Peter Leopold , has just been published . The leading points are . — Article 1 st declares , that the ecclesiastical autho « ritics are perfectly free in the exercise of their sacred office , and that the lay authorities are to aid them in the protection of morality and religion , and in the maintenance of tbe episcopal authority , By Art . 2 bishops are perfectly free to publish whatever docu ments relate to their functions . Art 3 provides that the bishops alone shall have the ri ght of censorship over works treating ex-prttfesso of reli gion , and shall moreover have the power . of warning their flock to avoid reading any book they may consider contrary to reli gion and morality . B y Art . 4 ,
bishops shall appoint those they may think proper to preach within their dioceses . By Art . 5 , all communications of the bishops and the faithful with the Holy See Bhall be free . Art . 6 admits the ri g ht o » lay tribunals to take cognisance of civil cases relating to tbe persons and property of the church . Bv Art . 7 , all esses relating to the faith , the sacraments , and other matters belonging to the spiritual jurisdiction by the sacred canons , shall be deferred to the ecclesiastical authorities . Nevertheless ( Art . 8 ) , lay tribunals may take cognisance of matters concensing lay benefices . By Art . 9 , the ecclesiastical tribunals shall take cognisance of matrimonial cases in so far as the validity of the bond is concerned : the lay tribunals may , however , judge the civil questions connected with such cases . By Art . 10 the Holy See contents to let ecclefiiantics be tried by lay tribunals in criminal casei not connected with
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rali g mn ; i' condemned , they are to sufffir thfir penalty in distinct prisons purposely set apart lor them in tbe prison establishments of the state . The pccl' -Biastical tribunal shall , however , take cognisance of religious crimes , such as apostacy , heresy , sc hism , simony , the profanation of sacraments , &c . and pronounce canonical penalties , the execution 0 which s hall be claimed hy ; h « tnshop from the lay authorities . By Art , 11 , lay tribunals shall only be ciimpKten , t to inflci fines upon ecclfsiaatice detpcied in tbe perpetration of minor ofTHiices agamst ihe revenues , the game laws , &c . Art . 12 , provides that , in the case of provisional arrest an < l imprisonment , priests are to be treated with a due regard to their " office , and private rooms provided for their reception . By An . 13 church prop erty h undrr the control of the histi'ip * and rectors thereof .
By Art . 14 , in case of vacancies , such property is to be placed under the manavement of a mixed commission , composed ot priests and layman . Thfi proceeds 0 ' such property during the vacancy are tii be applied to the churches of the Grand Duchy , and no long leases are ir > bft signed in \ h <* \ nt » ml without tbe consent of the Holy Sre . Art 15 provides that in the case of legacies to the church establishments , or of derogation from peculiar provisions , for the purpose i > f changing the destination of t-cclesiastical property , the secular and ecclesiastical authorities shall act in concert , according tocircumsiances , reserving always the rights granted to bishops by the Council of Trent . ' This documen t , bears the date of the 25 th of April , 1851 , and is signed by Cardinal Antonelli and Signor Baldass . ; roni . the Tuscan prime minister .
We learn fmm Turin that the proceedings against tlie sons of the late Lord Al . lborough , in Tuscany , < > Koite great interest ; everybody i » anxioua to know what the English government will do to protect three English gentlemen . They are urid « r accusation of aiding ami abetting the plans of conspirators against tbe Tuscan government , and surely their character as Englishmen cannot protect them ngainst a legal trial and punishment according to ihe laws of the country where they live , and where they are accused of having committed the crime of high treason . No doubt they are liable to all tbe legal consequences of their deeds , but we know tluit , a « cordin . !); to the criminal legislation of Tuscany , all the trials are public , the publicity of
tho courts being one of tho remnants ot Imhnn liberty throughout the peninsula . The inquisition : ilo » e was , by exception , a secret tribunal , and to this day the state trials are public even in tuples . But in spite of the law , tho proceedings against the sons of Lord Aldborough are secret , and they are to be tried , not by Tuscan judges , and according to the laws of the country , but by an exceptional tribunal—by a secret court-martini ; and even this court-martial is not a Tuscan , but an Austrian one . On the public authority of the Duke of Wellington , we can say th « t martial law is no law at all ; but of all courts-martial the Austrian is the worst . It \ $ enough to know how it is constituted to seeth . it the administration of justice by such courts is a derision of justice . The chairman is the major : a captain ,, two lieutenants ,
two non-commissioned officers , and one private , all commanded to the trial , are the other members of the court . The judge-advocate ( in Austria he ia called auditor ) makes the inquest , pleads , and proposes the punishment j no counsellor is granted to the defendant . The ouitvioaof the judge-advocate , the only person in the court who knows the details ot' the case , is therefore equivalent to the sentence , so much the more , as the judges , if they bnppen to have a different opinion , are obliged to give a legal reason for the difference of their opinion , and the judge-advocate overrules their demurrer . Moreover , the court is not bound by the laws of the country , as is the case in France ; but the proclamation of the general , who declares the country in a state of siege , and its interpretation by the judgeadvocate , is the only law .
Such being the case , the fate of three Englishmen rests entirely in the hands of an Austrian judgoadvocate ; and the English consul , Mr . Scarlett , has yet been unable to obtain the authorisation of being present during the inquest , in order to ascertain if these Euglisb . subjects have committed a felony . Everybody who knows the brutality of the Austrian officers , and their profound hatred against every Englishman , must , be horror struck at tbo idea that Austrian officers should be the judges of these poor men ; it is as if they were in the power of tho Khan of Bokhara , who murdered Colonel Sto ;! dnrt and Connolly .
Yankees are treated in a different way , even by Austria . About the same time when the Bons of Lord AJdborougJt had been arrested in Leghorn , an American tourist was imprisoned in Hungary for having spread seditious pamphlets . These pamphlets turned out to be the well-known correspondence of Mr . Webster with Mr . Hulseman , the Austrian charge d ' affaires in America , and surely they are as strong as any publication of the Leghorn clandestine press Thestyle of Mr . Websternot being in strict accordance with the European diplomnticnl language , and Baying plainly the truth , the correspondence is naturally treasonable in the eyes of every Austrian judge-ad vfocate . But Mr . Mac Curdy , the American diarge d ' affaires at Vienna toolt a yerj different view of the mutter . He WYOte im . mediately to Prince Schwarzenberg , and put him the alternative , either to release the American
traveller , pledging himself that his ¦ countryman would not avoid a legal trial , or to send tO the charge cP affaires his passport . The prince objected that the inquest is not yet concluded , but Mr , MacCurdy insisted , and the prince yielded . The American is free . Were the prisoners of Laghorn but Yankees , or had we a Mr . MacCurdy at Florence , we would not fetfr for them , but our Secretary of Legation , Mr , Petre , courts Cardinal Au . tonelli at Rome . He does not c ^ ire whether three Englishmen are imprisoned in Leghorn , and banded over to the court-martial ofa foreign power which h .-id no more right to exorcise a jurisdiction in Tuscany than England has . To enforce the very questionable claims of the Gibraltar Jew , Don Pacifico , a squadron was sent to the Pirajus ; but the eons of Lord Aldborough havo not the good fortune to be Gibraltar Jews—they are but Englishmen !
For those who do not know the brutal msolenoe of Austrian officers , we mention here that womanflogging is up to this day nothing unusual with them , Lately a young woman of Perugia , Maria Biagio , has received publicly twenty-five lashes by order of the Austrian court-martial , for having spoken against the Austrian * , ThQ Austrian officers think flogging the moat convenient punishment for such offences ; but the Italians have a different notion of honour , and two days after the execution placards were posted every where threatening every commanding officer with the poniard who would dare to inflict flogging on political offenders . The military commander Of I ( 0 ( li took no heed of this threat , and was stabbed . There is not the least doubt that such scenes would daily happen had not the agents of M . izzini exerted all their powers to prevent such crimes , and to restrain the outbreak of personal revenge .
PORTUGAL . AnViceB from Lisbon dated the 7 ch inst . state that on the afternoon of the 3 rd , the ministers had a meeting at Saldanha ' s house , when he frankly told them that his generals had abandoned him , and the state of things was fearful . On h . s asking theif advice , they told him they had already given it many times , and he had not taken it . They then left him , and proceeded to the palace and tendered their resignations ; at which tbe Queen was extremely surprised , and it is said disliked it much ; but as the situation was unsustainable , there was no resource ; three of the ministers are therefore politically dead—Pestana , Franzini , and Sotire , and two , Louie and Jervis d'Atouguia , dying ; there fore if Saldanha survives , as it is said he is illhe . falls into the net so long prepared for him . .
To trace the causes of these sudden events , it is only necessary to refer to the electoral decree . It was too liberal in the consideration of the party oi intrigue ; that party caused dissatisfaction by their representation that it had its origin in the Septembrist 8 ascendancy , or generals commanding divisions colonels in command of regiments , and government contractors would not have been declared inelligible ; tbis breught upon Saldanha nearly the whele of the influential comroandera and the monied interest , who could aee no hing but a constant move towards sentiments ot a democratic nature , while he wa 3 taxed with his ( violated ) promise to support the Cartista influence ; this powerful array could not be withstood , and consequently it may now hs considered that Portugal stands in the
position of \ 2 > i ) t with only thia difference , that the events which followed that period are matters of history , while now each one looks round and asks what will be done ? To this , of course , no positive reply can be given , hut the majority think that the electoral law will be revised , and the grand inarch will be through tbe hi gh road of Cortisra to the suffocating an 4 gagging road of Cabralism . Further accounts state that the ministry is formed : Saldanha , War and President ; Rodrigo Magalhae ? , Interior ; Franzini remains with Finance ; and Jervis d'Atouguia , Foreign Affairs ; Fontes Pereira de Mello , Marine ; Biehop of Algane j is nominated to Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs , l > ut , not being here , the portfolio is reserved for him .
SPAIN . On the 9 . h inst . extraordinary roeiBures of prcr ' . ution were adopted in consequence of Alarming
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in telligence received by tbe authorities concerning a projected etneute . The night , however , passed ( iff quufl calmly . The President of the Council , having been interpellated upon this subject , declared that the pr ecautions had been taken to preserve tran-^" on ' tho 10 th inst . Colonel Zucehi , a Swiss , who has served in Italy and Hungary , and was present at the battle of Novara was arrested . GERMANY . Tlie' Prussian Gazette' of tbe 12 th inst ., contains the following important declaration : —It
announces that Fiance and England have protested at Frankfort against the continuance of the Prussian provinces and of P-sen in the confederation , as also against the total taBMrpowtttm oi tatan Prussia h erself desires the separation of the Prussian provinces and of Posen ; but , m concert with Austria , she has declared that this question as well as that of the total incorporation of the » ast-n ; m « l power , are two internal questions for German ) , sal tha t no foreign power has a right to interfere
. . . ... A circular of the Prussian Minister of the In . terior invites the presidents of tbe provinces of Brandenburg , Prussia , Silesia , Saxony , and West , p halia to proceed forthwith to the filling of the places of deceased members of the provincial Diets , as also of those of members resigning or having resigned .
AUSTRIA . A telegraphic despatch from Vienna , dated the 10 th in 8 t ., says : —A decree on tbe press bas app eared . In substance it decrees that all foreign periodical prints nay be forbidden at a moment ' s notice . Austrian prints can only be suspended after a notice given two months beforehand . They may , however , be suppressed instantly by a ministerial order . '
HAMBURG . Our Hamburg correspondence , of the 12 th inst ., informs us of ihe auWal \ u ti \« , Ho | st , e \ a Caulonmenta of a detachment of 600 Austrian troopB to relieve a similar number which are being draughted back into Austria . Several persons who arrived at Hamburg from London have been arrested at the request of the Governments of Austria and Prussia . Domiciliary visits , too , have been made by the Hamburg police , who have examined the papers and letters of suspected persons , and who , not finding anything , ' our correspondent assures us , 1 confirmatory of the suspicions entertained , have arrested the owners of the houses for that very reason '
Tbis conduct has excited the greatest indignation throughout Hamburg . It ia , however , said that the King of Hanover has refused to lewd himself to such proceedings , and that he has firmly resisted the overtures of foreign powers , who promised him a reciprocity of prosecutions against persons suspected of political offences . Great < lisgu&t , too , has been , excited by the decree of the Austrian government , prohibiting the use of any books in public and other schools tbafc have been written by Protestants . Accounts from Copenhagen of the 11 th inst . state that the Ministerial crisi 3 continues , and no authentic rumours have transpired as to its final result .
INDIA . By our usual despatches in anticipation of tha Indian mail we have news from Calcutta to the 2 nd , Madras the 9 h of June ; Hong Cong the 23 rd , and Singapore the 3 ht of May . There is no Bombay mail . Simla , says the Madras Athenseam , at present holds within its cool Tetreats the greater portion of the official aristocracy of India . The Governor-General and suite ; the Commander-in-Chief and staff ; the Lieutenant-Governor of the North Western provinces ; the magnates of the Punjaub ; with an exceeding great army of collectors ,
magistrates majors , and captains , have all sought shelter on its bracing heig hts from tbe- lassaitude of an Indian summer , and the still severer exhaustion of arduous official duties . As for the lesser gubernatorial lights , the Governor of Bombay has been recruiting his flagging energies on the bref zy hills of Mahabuleshwur ; while Sir Henry Pottinger seeks rest from the dust and excitement of Madras , on the quiet banks of the Ennore lake * How admirable and beneficent the provision of nature ( hat has thus placed at accessible distances from each seat of government some quiet shady spot of cool retirement , where the dying sound of wearisome politics
Falls a soft murmur on the uninjured car of the exhausted statesman . But f ; r this opportunity of occasional recreation , how many a valuable life might have been sacrificed to the Herculean labours of an Indian government . The news from the north-west frontier is of & more pacific character than it has been lately . The hillmen are all quiet i no apprehensions of any immediate outbreak are entertained ; and all our own troops have been withdrawn from the advanced posts to which they had been moved in expectation of an outbreak . Let us hope our unruly ne ghhours may after all prove more reasonable than we have been anticipating ; .
At Lahore itself , the military hospitals are fast filling with English soldiers labouring under fever . It may be remembered that last year this fever , supposed , Yrfthout doubt truly , to be generated b y the miasma arising from tbe stagnant water in the numerous hollows about Anarkullee , laid prostrate great numbers of our brave soldiers . Government have , however , placed between two and thr ? e thousand rupees in the hands of the sanitary committee
for the purpose of its being employed in the removal ot these and other causes of unhealthiness . It is now doubted whether the expected visit of the Governor-General to the capital will lake place or not . His lordship ' s mind would appear to be rather changeable ; his present inclinations being understood to be in favour of a trip to the more agreeable climate of Cheenee . Sir Walter Gilbert bas arrived at Calcutta .
From the Nizam ' s dominions there is nothing new , From the kingdom of Oude our latent advices are dated the 23 rd of May . The Zemindar of Ktippradeen has evacuated that fort , but ba& now fled into another stronghold . Captains Magness and Bunbury have cannonaded it for nine days , and at last shotted him out . UlcknOW ( 10 . 9 ] U 8 t 116611 tuG 8 Ce » 6 ofa most riotous proceeding , causing the loss of more than twenty men killed and wounded . The scene of action vm at Hosseinabad .
During the storm with , which Southern India was visited in the commencement of May , the bridge in process of construction over the Cauvery , near Trichinopoly , sustained Berious damage . The progressof this important and expensive work has been singularly slow and unfortunate . People are beginning to surmise that a change in the engineering department would not be unadvisahle , The marriage of Nuddeem ool Moolk liabadoor , adopted elder brother of his Highness the Nabob of the Carnatic and son of Sburf ool Omra Bahadoor , with the daughter of Goolam Jeelanee Khan Bahadoor , who died at Mecca while on a pilgrimage there , has created some stir in Madras .
CHINA . The accounts from Canton , with reference to the disturbances in the neighbourhood , report that they continue , to be ray Berious . k \\ the efforts of the government have hitherto failed to put them down . It would seem that more than one-balf of the entire province of Kwang-si is iu possession of tbe banditti and their chief , Tunteb , along with the principal towns , and the command of the navigation ol the Pearl river . This circumstance sufficiently accounts for the depressed state of trade in Canton * and for the injury sustained thereby both by Chinese aud foreigners .
The Government of Pekin has appointed three high functionaries to visit the province , in order that it may become informed of the actual state of matters . At the same time a considerable sum of money has been drawn for on the Canton province and a large body of troops thence and from other provinces have passed on to the scene of disturbance . The annual competition for prizes at Canton bv about 3 , 000 of the literati occasions there at present considerable excitement . « F ^ Hf J ?" f " 6 ma nolh ! n £ 8 ti ' ™ B- The Friend of China ' , _ * We . have again to report upon the improved health 0 / t ?( troops in garrison . To the present date there have been on ! r three deaths in both European and iJJS ments with a s . ck list now numbering forty-two . lAM ^ i ? ? lr ! S y Wilh lfce « a » il « y report Zr * : ZtX Ma ? l 8 ' yCar ' ° fifteen *»**
General Jetvais is directing his attention to what may tend to amuse the men , i . rel 8 * ing 6 Ome Of their restrictions , and endeavouring to disrate in some measure the monotony of their lives . SINGAPORE . TheOvfriana Mail brings advice * and joUrDal 8 from Singapore to June J , T&e cbojer . 8 , which
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had b .-ohen out some six weeks pien .. uaiy , js ^ ,, j , mated to have swept away nearly one " thou sand persons , Malays , Chinese , and natives oi ] ll (] j t At the date above mentioned the dhnase had sub .. ' , sided , but on the Malayan peninsula the most f ew ful ravages w * re being made , especially amon gtt ihe . inhabitants of Calantau . Trintanau , and pRhang The cholera had likewise broken out in Siam and Cochin-Chuia , where its ravages were unniiii ggtej } by medicinei reliance being placed in ch arms to stay its progress . Complaints were marie of the great number of tigers on tbe island of Suigap ore many persons had lieen carried uff by ihrae beasts '
and the utmost consternation prevailed amonim the cultivators whose plantations are chiefly surroiiurjpfj by d « n 6 e jungle , now in course of being cleared by convict labour , but the work necessaril y pr uc-eds with much tardiness . We observe a greai tailing off in the annual immigration of Chinese , amounting to one-third of the number which arrived in the previous year , In 1850 only 8 205 arrived ; 3 g ^ in twenty-five square-rigged vessels , ami 4 . 561 by twenty-one junka . On May 4 ih t ) ie new Governor-General of Netherlands India , arrived in the mail s'eamer , and shonly afterwards proceeded , in . j Dutch war steamer to tbe seat of government « t Batavia .
CANADA . A motion has been made in the Legislative Assembly , by Mr . Mackenzie , for the aboli ion ( if the Court of Chancery , with a view of investing equity jurisdiction in the law courts . The motion wit resisted by tbe ministry , but the court was feebly defended hy its advocates , who could allege noihit > ir in its behalf except that it had not yet had a fair trial under its present constitution . The members of the bar were unanimously opposed to the court
on the ground of its enormous expenses and ruinous delay . The motion was finally lout hy a vote of 34 to 30 . Great complaints is made that the question was decided by tbe votes of Lower . Canada members , while the court is confined to Upper Canada . The bill introduced into the Assembly by Mr . Ross , for vacating Ve seats of members who have been guilty of ( reason , has been modified by the mover . It now has only a prospective reference
Letters from Canada announce that Attorney *' General Baldwin had resigned his office , on account of being deserted in the vote to abolish the Court oi Chancery by the Upper Canada menibirs . Lord Elgin , who was entertained at a public dinner at Toronto to promote British American railroad enterprise , had delivered a long speech on reciprocity .
UNITED STATES . On Sunday last the British arid North American Royal Mail steam-ship Niagara arrived in tbe Mersey , from Nilw York direct , which place she left on the 2 nd inst ., with the usual mail * from the United States and the British provinces , and having on board ninety-five passengers , and a large amount in specie on freight , with a good general cargo . The news hy this arrival is wore than usually scanty . The New Y . irk Tribune ' reports that 1 everything is in a state of Midsummer tranquillity . Some interest has bet n excited in New York by a requisition from Mr . Bulwe . r , the British minister
to the United States government , for the extradition of a deserttr from ihe British array in New Brunswick . The accused is charged with stealing sundry arms and equipments , in order to make his offence indictable under the conditions of the treaty . He is a man of some intelli gence and conducted his own cause at the primary examina . tion with a good deal of shrewdness . The deci . sion of the court had not been rendered , but it was supposed that the accused would be discharged . A large meeting of the friends « f Mr . Webste bad taken place in Virginia , at which ths British Minister w& 3 present , and where his health was proposed in the following terms : — ' Our distinguished
guest , the learned and accomplished Minister from the Court of St . James ' s , who upholds the dignity of his eminent station , guards the interests of bi 8 own people , and win 3 the guod wUI of ours . ( Loud cheering and applause . ) Sir Henry , in the course of an elnquont address , acknowledged the compliment , and made the following observations : — ' If you wish to know the value of health , you must not exp « ct to ascertain it from inquiry of the strong and robust . It is the invalid who will tell it to you ; and thus it is with nations . If you wish to learn tbe value of national power and national greatness ] you must ask the quBstion of the Pole , the Venetian , the Genoese ; of the people who , owing to
their divisions and their weakness , have lost a national existence ; or you must direct your inquiry to the people of those small states in Europe or America which still exist , but while they enjoy the name or independence , are alternately undt-r the dictatorship of domestic factions or foreign force . ( Applause . ) Honour , then , to tbe man who collects from the aggregate wisdom of a great community a sufficient moral power to assuage local passions , and keep within appropriate limits party discontents , ( Ap « plause . ) For my own pare , gentlemen , whether as regards the union between the different states of
this federal Republic , or whether as regards the union between us Englishmen and you Americansj or whether as regards the union between woodland and , waterfall , and good cheer and good company , or whether as regards the best and closeBt of all possible unions—that between warm hearts and willing hands—I declare myself professedly and emphatically a union man —( great applause)—and , so such , have enjoyed your festivity , partaken of your senlimenls , and now beg to leave among yon my kindest thanks and most hearty good wishes . ' ( Three cheers for Bulwer , and shouts of ' Bulwec for ever . ' )
New York journals report the release of WeJsbj he deserter , claimed by Sir H . Bulwer under tbe Aahburton Treaty . The steam-ship Arctic ( United States line of vessels ) arrived on the 15 th at Liverpool after a rapid passage across the Atlantic . She sailed froE the port of New York on the 5 ih iust ., three days after the Niagara . Tl \ e iwivfitrar 01 passengers 5 b 123 , and the amount of specie 986 , 000 dollars . There was little to report of business generally at Nev ? York , the excitement connected with the celebration of the anniversary of American independence fully occupying the public mind . From California we have accounts to June 1 st , received hy the United States' steamer Prometheus , at New York , with Chagres mails of the 23 rd ult ., and advices of the receipt of 3 . 500 . 000 dollars in
gold dust at Panama from S » n Francisco . .- « n Francisco is rapidly rising from its ashes . From the mines the accounts are very encouraging . Keports come in from the raining regions , and the amount of dust shipped shows that mines have not given out nor run short . The mercantile interests was not recovering so rapidly as was expected after the late fires . Lite advices state that the provinces of Pests and Turquerres were in rebellion against Bogota , and Ecuador was likely to join . A battle had taken place , in which the rebels had been defeated and fled to Ecuador .
Valparaiso dates of May 24 th had been received by the British s teamer New Grenada at Panama . Many parties had been arrested for participation io recent riots , but trials had not taken place . The New Granada bad 800 , 000 dollars of aiUer on board . The accounts of a battle between the Dominidans and Haytians , on the 30 th of May , are confirmed , The Haytiang were defeakf 6 .
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Tbe death of the celebrated discoverer of the daguerreotype took place suddenl y at Brie , avillBge near Pans . He distinguished himself early as a scene painter by the happiness of his effects of light and shade . The Chapel of Gleathorn , at the Ambigu the Rising of the Sun in Les Mexicaim , were saluted by the audience with enthusiastic applause . His inventive genius then erected tbe
Diorama . Every one remembers the series of enormous pictnres of c thedrals , of Alpine scenery , producing almost the effect of illusion upon the spectator , and diversified b y magical changes 0 / light , which M . Daguerre exhibi ted in tbe Regent'spark . Later , he succeeded in immortalising his name by fixing the images of the camera obscura , ana realising in an instant effects which leave at an immeasurable distance the moat elaborately finished engraving , '
Searl vffrJ % - > with hia S ™ ™» « ifr ' n -r , 1 18 lt | d the pnncipal churches and buildings ? n VnThn J P rday laat > At the library , he wrote , rav first 2 & ? ? u togra P ' " In remembrance of 3 tc tfcJ v the cr ? dIe of English civilisation , ture . ' lest t 7 pea of her reli 2 i 0 U 3 arcbiteC * ^ l ! K S ? mIs ' P 'of the 3 rd in the CoHitu-~ WMle Ol Florence , states that forty-six persona tort ir . 7 v . « ?" eBted On aCC 0 Unl Of tbe P thCJ ' took » the agair of the 15 th of May 181 ? .
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2 . THE NORTHERN STAR . July 19 , 1851
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 19, 1851, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1635/page/2/
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