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WATKINS'S LE&ACF TO THE CHARTISTS . 1 ECTPSB in . COXCLtJOED . A s Christianity has been perverted , polluted—as it bM been reversed by those who " profess and call them-B&rea Christians , " there 1 b much need of a revival of ifr--of a restoration of it to its first principles—of a rgaewsl of it , and -what ia to do thiB ?— -what bat Cbarjjgm ? Politics led religion aatray , and politics must jgiBg her back again . By the Charter alone can the iefonns d be transformed . It is necessary therefore tfm t -we shouia show the analogy between Chartism
aod C hristianity—that we should compare the two . j ^ mi fiftt , there is this one great prevailing and perva ding p rinciple common to both—they are both essentJaUy democratic . Nothing can be more opposed to eJass-le giilataon , clasa-distinctions , usurpations and oppre ssions than Christianity is . There are numerous p&ssages in ibs New Testament that prove this . Were I to quota them , they would fill np a sermon of themagres , —I will , therefore , leave that part of the subject to yourselves , and hasten to some minor points of r ^ amblanee or coincidence which are not so obvious .
The Reform Bill was the precursor of the Charter , even as John the Baptist was of Jesus Christ . The aid John was no " finality Jack "—he always modestly represented himself as one who was merely preparing tbe way , untiring the patii straight—as an inefficient jjerald ox harbinger of a mighty reformer and Saviour to come , " whose fan , " said he , " is in his hand , and be will thoroughly purge his floor , and gather his wheat into the garner , but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire . " Will not the Charter do this with the present despotic form of government and the accursed system which it has brought forth—even as death was born of sin ? Yes , the Charter ia the axe laid to the root , and every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit will be hewn down and east into the fire . *"
Among tbe poor ibe gospel was first preached . The higher classes did not come forward to set an example , except a bad one , but were compelled to follow the examp ' . s set by the lower classes . Christianity took its seat at tha lower end of the room , bnt -was presently bid to walk up higher , and in toe end she sat at the bead of the table . So will it be with Chartism . Bnt let Chartism in prosperity not forget wfcst it was in adversity ; not forget its true end and Latent Christianity began in the villages—it flourished most in the « oantrv . So with Chartism . Jesus Christ could mafee but little impression in the cities ; ia the hello wand rotten capital , in Jerusalem , he could make none at all .
Tbe doctrines taught by Christ were not hia own—-they were not new ; they were founded on truth , and troth is old , old as God himself ; but his manner was -something new ; it was something new to ££ 0 a poor man , a carpenter , a working man , out of an obscure city —to see him coma forth , and in the teeth of prejudice , privilege , and power , in spite of general corrnptioa and -degradation to hear him preach reform , and with a fearless disregard-of all personal consequences , not caring what friends he lost , what enemies he found , boldly tell tie truth , . fearlessly denounce the fnVnyriaw rich , enter the very places of publie worship , places which he told them Mh&j had made dens of thieves ( themselves being the thieves ) , enter iato the solemn temples and tear off the veil of hypocrisy from those who deluded
to oppress the people , give a true exposition of those doctrines which they had wrested and perverted to serve their own sinister purposes , and not only minister to mind ' s disease , but to diseased bodies also , for the Jewish priests were physicians as well All this be did unpaid ; he did it though he suffered for it- Now no cue in modern times has had the daringness to do this , unless we except George Pox , the Quaker . He went into what he called the " steeple-houses , " and rebuked the parsons in the face of their congregations . They who saw and heard those things thought them strange —thought them the tricks of a madman , for " truth is Btrange , stranger than fiction . " A good man was to them a great novelty , but , as I said before , there was nothing new in the doctrines taught by Christ , nor in the pnctiplea which we Chartists teach . They are not the creations of sur own fancy , the inventions of our own imaginatien . 1 * 0 . TVe take them from God and nature , as btit suited to the welfare and happiness of man ,
boti here and hereafter . They are the wisdom cf tbe pa-t experience cf all ages , stamped with the simplicity of trctiJ , with the sublimity of all time ; they have the impress of divinity itself to give them currency ; they aze nn new-fangled notions ; they were in fort * in ancient Greece sad Bo me , and mads those republics so famcts that they axe still quoted as exemplars to all nations . Many heroes , many martyrs have fought and died for them ; America owns them ; England once owned them—yes , our Constitution was founded on them—was formed cf them ; for , like Christ , we ccme aot to destroy tut to build np—to fulfil the taw which has been turned aside , made a tool of , a destroyer of Justice and humanity—those sacred principles -which it was mea ^ t to preserve . As Chritt entered into the labours cf the ancient prophets to continue and conclude them , so are we perfecting the labours of tbe good men and true before us , the Paines , the Cart-wrights , the Huats . the Cobbetts .
Those who teach for doctrines the commandments of men , in- opposition to G ^ d—who , having possession of tha vineyard , beit the messengers tent to them , and would kill the heirs , the rigktful owners—those unjust judses and wicked stewards s ^ y that we blaspheme wbtn we ieil the truth—that we are madmtn , liars , spoilers , d £ 3 \ royeT 3 ; but wisdom is justified in her ckildren . We care not for their misrepresentation , their caiucmy , thtir abuse ; we know that we are in the ri £ ht ; they know it too , and therefore they avoid discussions with is ; they dare not ask "us questions , for they dread our answers ; they harden their hearts ; but we take Christ ' s advice respecting all such— " Love ¦ you r enemies , bisss them th&t curse you , do good to them tint bate yoa , and pray fsr them which despitefully ass you and persecute you . *"
Christ's celebrated sermon on the mount—what is it but a maBual cf Chartism—a manual for Chartists ?—oi comfort to all in tribulation , of encouragement to all who agitate , of exhortation to leave off worldlinesa , and to beware of f ± lB 6 jrophets . " Many false prophets shall arise , and sball deceive many . " Has it not been so with us ? " Bscause iniquity shall abound , the Jove of many shall wax cold . " Has it not been so with us 1 Have not some been seduced frcm us , others been alienated ? " But he that endures to the end the same shall be saved "
There were many who believed in the doctrines taught by Ghxist , who acknowledged them to be just , and yet would not confess so much openly , lest they should become marked men and be put out of tbeir synagogues . S : > with us . Chartists have been turned ¦ out of religious soeisties , and out of employment for no otber crime but Chartists . Acd on the other hand , there are others -who follew , not for the sate of the f STi « fl . but far tbe loaves and fishes . Again , a farther point of comparison . I own a point not muth to the credit of either Chartism or Christianity , but cases of defect are stronger proofs than even cases of excellence . An additional example is , that there was a strife among the disciples of Christ as to who shouid be greatest " Let him , { said Christ ) who would be greatest among you >* s tbs least . " He himself was so . He -was their servant , as well as masttr . He stopped to -wash their Vcr . ftet , - but in tfcos humbling himself , he exalted hircslf— be Ebcsred himself the greatest .
Christ wished for more labourers in tbe field—he employed all who offered their services , whether at the Bit : or at the eleventh hour—is wished none to be driven ont—he wished not that th 9 usefulness of any OEfe fchouid be lessened , but rather increased . He sccsht not to engrcss ill the honour , all the merit , of - the good wcrk to himself—whether dene by himself \ or by others—be sought only the advancement of the csusa . and he sent forth his disciples into every tcwrr : and viiiaxe to promote its progress . We have mis- Bocaries ' wbo meet with a similar reception to those of Chnit—tha ; is , they are better received in some places , th ^ ri in others . i
Jtvi-ns Christ said a man s foes should be of his own bou-t . hold , but be alsa said that he who was net ¦ wiiiiUij to leaTe father and mother , or sou or daughter , ] to follow the good cause , and to suffer all sanDer of ; evil ior it wsa not worthy of it . They weie to leave \ ¦ wealth for poverty—a home for a wilderness—to take j op the Charter , and meet all adversaries and all ad- versiry in carrying it forward . Christ ' s sayings and j doxEgs were misrepresented—his motives misrepresented ; and his character maligned , as ours have been—his price-pies were hid from , that is ; they wer e rot re- " ceiv . a by the worlsly wise , but were revbaled . unto : babris—mito tha giiaple-mindes and the Eixuie hearted . ; We Chsrtists Co not scmpla to do Chartisi bufciBHS on ; tbs Ssbbath-dar , and we have been reprehended for . ; thii by lie plantr-seraping scribes and Pharisees cf onr , da } . Christ w&s an entmy to all humbug ac < l byp <> ; crisy . If he were living , would be cot iash our chitf j priests ?—not with a whip of small cords . BnS i
" Our weapon is tho whip of woros , a . cd uuth " s all-teaching ire . " ^ T 7 t at Christ most lamented , what be found the baroe .-t to remove , the most oifficuit to overcome , -wv . s the tpalhy , the delusions , the prejudices of the p ? r > pltthe a ^ - . lTes . There was rot onjy the d . fSecity of getting men to receive the truth ; but when they xeceivea it ,-there Wis the greater dimc ^ ty of getting them to retain it end the still greater difficulty of getting them t- > preserve it pure from £ 31 admixture of error , for ene- ; Ea-s erase siter him and sowed tares . He saw that ; presefcing plain doctrines was dry work ; th » t abstract ; truths were not easily anderstood or reiiabed ; that ; &tj needed familiar images to render them intelligible ; j the sense to be ikown by sensible examples . He j therefore preached in p&rablea , and bis Christian parafor | i j
ilea zrs as applicable to cur times ; as suitable our Farposts ; as well adapted for Chartiam as foi Chris- 1 feniry . Witness the parable of the sower . Have _ we j cot fcad those who received the seed by tfie -sray- side , j and the kwli cf the sir , Cora Law Bepealers , have come j sad caught away tbe seed ? Again , have we not had j others who htard the word , end understood it , and j loved it , us a ! i wfco bave any love of truth must do ; let \ h j kebid penistire comiancjj fcr when tribu- j latifin cr jri-secuiion can ^ e btcuse cf the . word , thej j ¦ Were ct ' rECfa . ara havicg no root , - withered away , j Again , Lave there tot tt-en others wbo received the : K * d , lut the cares of this world ard deceitfolnrss of j * ittti , ch-. k . d it like weeds , and it became unfruitful ? iwsly , i-sve net c-tbere , and , thank God , they are the Sf tat Stfjorit ; -. tfce rest are bet ex ceptions ; are tbere net cuiiions vto bi . re recciyed the seed into ' good . j i ; j i
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ground ,- who have heard Chartism , -understood it , borne fruit , and brought forth some an hundredfold , some sixty , some thirty ? "He who hath ears to hear , let him hear . " There is also tho parable of the mustard seed , which is said to be the smallest of all Beed but grows into a giant tree ; so it ia with the seed of truth , when sown into the heart , it is a mere word , an idea invisible ; yet , let it take root , let it be nourished , and it will grow , it will expand , it will enlarge itself , it will became too great for what contains it ; it will burst forth and scatter its seeds abroad into other bosoms .
To whom shall we liken the Tories—they are like . © Id bottles in which if you put new wine , the strong and vigorous wine of Chartism , wine made from the very Tine of Christ , it will be too much for them , they will crack—they will fly—and the Whigs are like those old-worn-out clothes , those tattered garments that U you patch them with the stout broadcloth of Chartism , the new tears away the old , so that there is not much difference between the two . Both travel in the highway of the world , they go through the wide gate—we have entered the straight gate of principle—we have taken tbe cross of Chzitt for oar guide-post it points not to Buckingham Palace , nor to Lambeth Palace , but to Heaven , and the Charter is nailed to it , an everlasting scroll , in which is written our title to freedom here and to happiness hereafter .
There are more parallel cases in the parables ; but I am afraid of taking up too much of youi time , of tiring your patience ; I will , therefore proceed with the other points of comparison . Have not the Chartists as many and aa heavy complaints to make against the Bishops and Archbishops as Jesus Christ bad against the scribes and pharisacs . He boldly reproved them in their very presence , and some of our brethren have done this at Norwich and other places . Bnt Christ bowed to existing laws , and so do we , net that wa revere them , but that by law we may mend the law . We have been tempted by Cora
Law Repealers , and we have resisted their temptation as Christ was tempted by the devil in the offset of his ministry . The devil took him fasting , and it is when we are hungered , when there is a famine in the land that the Corn-Law Repealers come to -us and tell us cf the cheap bread , tbe cbeap sugar , the cheap timber , the cheap everything that shall be ours . If only » e will yield to their proposals , if only we will agitate for them ; , but we bid them get behind us , for they savour not the Charter . And now the rich are subscribing to give alms to the . pori ^ wh om they hav e beggared ; but we tell them that t » widow ' s mite is worth all in our
eyes , and more than all when given for the Charter . The same kind of enemies that conspired against Christ conspire against us , and for the same reasons , because we are opposed to their class-robberiea and classcajoleries , and as the chief priests and elders would have taken him long before they did take him , had they not feared the people , bo it is their wholesome dread of the people and that alone that keeps the banda of our oppressors off us . Christ was betrayed by one of his own disciples , and it was a disciple of the Charter—they are professing Chartists that seek to betray u « A robber was loosad and pardoned In preference to Christ , and our Government is more inclined to favour tho worst felons and indeed actually does .
Now these are a few of tbe parallel cases or pointa of resemblance between Chartism and Christianity . I could adduce many more , feut let these suffice . They are sufficient to show that a strong , a elose analogy exists between the two , and that no man can be a Christian unless he be a Chartist , and vice versa . Ought not this to be matter of cotufjit to us—cf consolation—yea , of exultation . Does it not shew that in working out our political redemption , we are actually at the same time working out our spiritual salvation The bishops may tell us differently but we know that they are not Christians—their lawn sleeves and silk gowns , their bushy wigs are not the weddiDg garments
of Christ—all who are not Chartists are not Christians . It is the evil we are striving to lesson—the good that we wish to put in its place that entitles us to the appellation of Christian Chartists . Wo are doing the work" of God on earth—we are instruments in bis hands , and think ye not that the afflictions we eudure in endeavouring U amove affliction from others will not be rewarded hereafter ? If we wipe away the tears of injured excellence , of innocent distress , will not God wipe away the tears from oar eyes ? Yes , and were it not so , there is surely sufficient reward for doing good in the satisfaction of our own conscieEces—for virtue rewards itself compensates itself .
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ADDRESS OF THE COMMITTEE -APEOISTED TO SfPERINTEKD THE EKECTIO . N OF THE M 0 . SIMKM I > i MEMOKY OT SHE LATE HErmr bvst . To ihe Chartists of Manchester and district , and all those . in the United Kingdom who support those principles , namely ( he lights and liberties of the who'epeople , of ichich that distinjuished patriot teas the urmi-ei-ein < j , ¦ unconquerable , arid persevering advocate till death . Beothes Democrats akd Co workers is the righteous cause of tkuih akd justice , —yen , who with us , aro striving to redeem yourselves from political bondage , and for the salvation of your country from . impending , and if judicious steps are not speedily taken to avert it , inevitable ruin .
The teas of thousands ef yoa who assembled at Manchester oa Good Friday last to witness iho ceremeny of tbe laying of the foundation slone , and onr numerous friends who resided at a distance who re ¦ . d irom the newspapers the proceedings cf that day , and of the grand and numerous demonstrations on that occasion , will , we feel assured , be anxious to ascertain ¦ what prcgrtt 3 we have made in our patriotic and responsible undertaking . It is therefore with feeliDgs of pieasnre atd gratification that -we hereby inform you that we are getting on with it rapidly . Tho monument is already raised twelve feet from the ground , and will be considerably higher by the time this appears in print . There are four stone masons constantly employed at it , and will be until it is finished , the architect ,
their employer , having guaranteed to have it compj-ted by the 16 th of August next , the stme date on which the evtr-memorable but cruel and atrocious Pctsrloo 2 tlassacre took place in tbe year 1819 To form a striking contrast betwixt the two days in the two separate year 3 . and to bhew the onward march of democracy and the omnipotence of public opinion , we have exerted ourselves on behalf of its completion , and it is our intention to loose no time , spare ntither pains noT expense bo far as is consistent with oar duty as public servants , itf preparing at ones for a national demonstration , to be held on the 16 th of August next , to celebrate its completion , and thus hand it down to poita . ity as a national token of respect for virtue and iDtegrity .
To « nat > le us to perform the task wfeich we have set OJirsslves ;•! gtiiLcg it ficLsbtd , and , if possible , paid for , we take this , tbe first favourable opportunity , to make an humble , but urgent appeal , to our brother Chartists , aad the Democrats generally throughout the empire , -who wish to show their respect for , and attachment t : > , thoss principles of which Henry Hunt , Esq was decidedly ons of the bravest , most faithful , and unflicching advecatts that ever lived in any age , or any country . , for a contribution of their m * te for so worthy an object .
Any donst : o :. 3 or subscriptions , however small , will be thankfully rtce've-d , and duly acknowietlged , when we publish our balance-sheet of the incucie and expenditure . Out dtTi : ei 3 I ) mske it a plain , neat , and elegnnt token of esteem ; such a one as will be worthy the liftj , character , conduct , and principles , of the n > an whoni it 5 ^ init-pfiecl to honour —t o fcand it riown as a personifiest " : on cf gr ^ t principles , which will be creditable to oarsilvrf , wh-j have been entrusted with its erection , sni we trust will nflec ; a n « vcr- ( ijiDf ; honour and tiomira ' . ion on tbe heads and hearts of those who shall contriiute towards carrying the intention of the eomnr . ttie into full tff = ct .
we hereby b . g nr-st sincerely to acknowledge the pecuniary aid rendered us so fir , likewise to tender our grateful thanks to the Chartists and Trades of Manvhtst ° r and district , for their assistance , and the prompt and enthn ?' astic msimer in which they responded , in their acclaiming thousands , to our last appeal for a jJeniohstnLtJon of pu ' tlic opinion , whtu thu foundation stene wa 3 ia : d . In an especial manner do we thank FearguB 0 Connor , Esq ., fur h : s kind and punctual attcntiou , for his valuiW- - trS ' . rfions , wh ch -were properly appreciated , and for coa-icg to accommodate ihe conmiittte upwards of twohinored miks , a » his own expense , ^ Ed , at tint time , great irconTeniencs to LitnscJf , to make yood hia promise , as-. i perform n public ( iutj \
We beg likewise that thB Rev . William Hill . Editor of tbe Norihei-n Mar will accept our tbanks for the long , txc * . :. ! -nt , and fj-thful-report which he gave of the proceedings of the people on that d 3 j . We pay the same cenxpiiiseiit- U > Mr Jjshua H . ' bson for his libtral ( V ^ nation tf the prii )* -fd ci rcn ; ars ; and all thosa frie =. ils who honoured us with their prt-scnee from a riistsn&s—Messrs . Cooper , of Leict'sur , Harcey , tf S . ' ; tffijM . and J > - -n . s , cf Liverpod , &-. ' . We desire thus puWeiy to acknowledge the services of tfco exc-.-li * -nt musicians ;
. | ¦ ; U ; e ladies and youths who so cu jieruus ' . y graced the ; jTCcessir-n with tbeir p . ese ^ cs . and in short , ail who before , tben , and since , Lave taken an acuve p ^ it in \ ccnnectiott -with us in so lau-. ' . abl © an uadervaking . We ' hope tisey will iiot think us presumptuous—and asking \ for too much by mikisg auotber call upon them colj lectively—and by t ' -ns tilling them that we rely upon i their support and pressneo , if possible , at the forlh-! coming demonstration . We fesl assured that we shall receive their patronage in getting it up , and cheering us on in our arduous duties . Tbe committee tare passed a resolution authorising ! tbe secretary to forthwith specially invite the successor of Henry Hunt , Esq ., the man of the people , Feargna O'Connor—hoping that tfter this has met the eye of that patriot te mil make do other engagement Ior that day , 'bat will held hiuistlfin readiness , and free ; so that , if possible , as he laid the foundation Etoce , he may wke ~ iiia propsr position wiien the top stoca is laid . . Tbe hst prottssien , as allowed by competent jn ^ ges , -eatiivalled anjtlang of the kind in ZUandi 53 wr for nnr ^ beri , order , and granieur . Such s oca as ( he gold of the faction ? , their prsss , and exertions c-nmbined could net cosveiie . Still we flatter ourselTea that the desira cf the ia-oerUlwbie , industrioua portion of the cetnimuity to see * the splendid monument—and a whole train :-f cirenmstences which : «~ der it noewsary to give 5 KT- , * i ! - - " r Ir-e-fttiabls argument uJ tbe um . a ; mity &a < i
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power of the many to the tyranical and monopolising few , will tend to make the coming one even outstrip the latter , and by such testimony of eur unity , numbers , sobikty , and good order , strengthen the agitation for liberty , and hasten the popnlar ( and never to be stopped by all the powers combined ) moremgnt for the natural and immutable rights of the now excluded and consequently enslaved millions . Brother Democrats ,- ?—To more widely and universally fxtecd pabiJc opinion in favour of the principles contained in the People ' s Charter , to show that we do not wish to tike all the credit to ourselves , that we in
Manchester and district do not wish to monopolise all tbe glory , but rather make it a national subject , we humbly but emphatically call upon the Chartists and friends in every large town and district in Great Br itain to send a delegate who sball be present to represent them at the demonstration ; bo that the active , good , and true , from all parts , might witness the honour paid to virtue , and by that means stimulate them to step out of the routine of their former energies for tho salvation of themselves and country , —always bearing in mind that the most prominent feature in the life of a public man is , that he prove faithful till death .
We call upon the good men of London , Bath , Birmingham . Lseds , Sheffield , Liverpool , Glasgaw , Edinburgh , Sunderland . Newcastle , < fcc , to send delegates , because by so doing it will give an impetus to the agitation for liberty by sending the democratic fire which will be then kindled in every breast through the leng-. b and breaoth of the land , to rnrn up the embers of apathy and indifference now lurking in any patriotic bosom , and plant in their stead a motive and stimulant which must urge them forward resolutely and determinedly in the gigantic struggle , until tbeir labours are crowned with success , by arriving at tho ¦ wishful goal of freedom , namely , mental , religious , and virtuous po ) itical regeneration .
To carry out effectually the preceding recommendation , we advise and request tbe sub- Secretaries of the Natioaal Charter Association to lay the suggestions before the members of the General Council in their respective localities , for tbeir approval , or ether wise . If the fwrmer , as early as convenient , discuss tha propriety of electing sober , til en ted , and judicious staigbtfsrward men as delegates , and forthwith collect funds to give their quota towards the monument , and bear exptnees We also make the same appeal to the county delegate meetings , hoping they , lifcuwiss , in their Collective capacity , will give the matter a due consideration ; and if they agree with our project to txeit themselves in its favour . The Committee held a long and proper discussionaa to whether we have the power , without being considered to have outstepped the power delegated to us , by offeiing a suggestion to the members of the New Executive , which ended in a
resolve"Thatm order to msuie the gathering of good men from various parts of the country to be doubly uaefal to the movement , and answer two purposes , we most : espectfully suggest that they , the members of tbe Executive , discuss the propriety of calling a National conference of delegates to be held on the following day , August 17 tb , in the Carpenter ' s Hall , Manchester , when perhapB a friendly understanding cculd ba established , all ill-feeling and bickering amongst leaders put an ead to , the plan of orgauizition read , discussed , and if necessary ,, revised , and all jealousy for ever
banished from our ranks . Differences arise frequently through misunderstanding—men who have done wrong unintentionally are denounced and looked shy uponwho if remonstrated with could b 8 made acquainted with their error and have some chance of reform , and for the want of which the cause sometimes loses both their tilentd and influence . If this desirable end cou . d be achieved it would give an opportunity for the delegates when assembled to adopt other meam .-ts which they in their wisdom might deem necessary and prudent for the advancement of the cause . '
To tha trades of Manchester we say that we are right glad once more to have an opportunity of giving j them a chance of coming out and identifying themselves , with the popular movement for the rights of labour , and by their joining bb trades , to set an example to those | who have hitherto let reason slumber , and in cohse-! qnence have been npathetic We rejoice to have it to i record that the bricklayers , carpenters , painters , me' chanics , fnstian cuttera , smiths , and spinners have already made a move in the Tight direction , and wo I hope and trust that others betwixt nsw and then , will J see it their duty ( every other scheme Laving failed ) to i go and do likewise . — .
We wish most respectfully to say to the aristocratical portion of the Trades , who have hitherto stood aloof and treated us with indifference , suspicion , or contempt , that in our opinion , judging rationally from passing events , that the same circumstances are at -work still which have brought down tbe wages of , and impoverished other trades , and will continue , if not checked , and operate alike upon theirs also . Let us seriously impress upon you the necessity oi beholding the signs of the times . Remember that the system is like unto a round ball set going from the top of a hill , every turn it receives incveaets its velocity . Remember that while Nero was fiddlinc Home was
burning . Read , we beseech you , the history of the rise and fall of other great nations , and compare it with your own ; and if you are determined'that politics ohalJ not be discussed in your assemblies as trades—if you have not yet begun to study or penetrate i .-ito the state tf the country in all its minute and inward workings —if you still persist in excluding the mobt essential ingredient from your deliberations , de for once take a more general an 4 outward view , and then ask your&e . ves , uny cf you , whether the black cloud which now hangs over thousands of your fellow-creatures , who wera once in tolerably good circumstances , will not overshadow you with its dreary and gloomy despair ?
Do you not know tbat every scheme which genius ecu d discover bas been snatched at by capitalists , for the purpose of obviating the necessity far manual labour ? Has not this been done , and is it not now being done , both at home and abroad ? Yes , thousands are being thrown out of employment , to wander in despair in the streets , creating poverty and hunger in their domestic circles . Encroachments are daily made upon the rights of labour , and wcgea are reduced . In twelve monSfas no fewer than 116 , 000 have been compelled to leave their country to seek a living . in another , not been able to obtain one in tbeir own ; and it must be evident to every sound thinking mind that in proportion as every industrious labourer leaves this country and joins with its competitors , it must , in the same ratio , impoverish us , and strengthen our rivals .
we&re now in an unnatural , artificial , ruinous competition of nation against nation , of maBter against master , and of artisan against artisan . The word competition means neither more nor less than blood , sorrow , groans , and tear . ? : it means if you do not beat us out of the market—if you do not starve us to death , we will beat you out of the ma : ket—we will starve you to death . Money is being taken out of circulation , which injures shopkt-f-pers , ckatroys the best market , namely , hyine consuinjj ;> i . > 2 ] ; cottage property is sinking in va ' ue , in c . insrqMi ' - . icc of tenants nut beir . 3 ablo to pay rents , or aro compelled to leave them to live thrte or four families in a house . Poor-rates aro lising almost every week . In one town , not njore than six miles f / om Manchester , there was 0 , discussion in tha Court Room , in tbe year 1836 , as to -whether the
rate should be Is . 6 d . or Is . It . -Was resolved by the rattpavers to try the latter , r . nd if found insufficient , to make another grant It was tried ; it met t . ie demand , and left a surplus . But now , in the same town ( Stockport ) tbe same rate amounts to tbe extraordinary sum of eitht shillings , and even thu . t is not sufficient to meet the demands . Churehes are beine hulifc on almost every hill , for a full-bellied and well-dad backed parson , to preach contentruont and submission to an almost empty belly and lacked back . The industrious millions who wish ' -employment-and food as a right , are insulted and degraiiiugly mocked by begging letters . Bustik-s are being buiit und fitted with the Bystem-nwle victims . The pawnbrokers' shop shelves aTe actually bending beneath the clothing cf the miserable and starving working classes . The furniture brokers * warehouses are crammed with articles of
furniture , which people out of employment have been driven to sell to obtain money to purchase somet ' -. ing to eat , and keep them from either coing to a bastile , go cut to b ? g , or be literally starved to death . We read cf nnnibirs of poor m « .-n in one part of the country being glad to get np a cot ? which hod died of a fdVer , on purpose to eat to stop the cravings of hunger . We read o * another poor man -who was in tho act of boiling a dog to eat . Can an allwisa , merciful , omnipotent Creator r . nd Ruler of the universe , the God of nature , of truth , justice , and purit 7 , who has sent abundance for all , were it not . or misrule and stslflt-hntss of men , look down with his irrespective and impartial tyo upon such a wicked and atrocious system as this with his divine approbation ? No : perish the thought . ' it
would be direct blasphemy , having revelation and tb . immutable and eternal book of nature to gaz- * upon , to anppose ssuch a thing . To carry this black catalogue a little further , we hear complaints justly made from every quarter . The dissenting religious societies are crippled , and cannot many of them carry on for want of funds . Benefit societies ere going to rack ; one of the best lodges amongst ths Old Fellows sunk £ 80 In two quwters oniy . The bankrupt list filliDg more and more every week . The land cf the country monopolised by tbe few , and locked up by class-made law from the many . We Bee the Whigs and Teries only carrying on a factious fight ; we have a Government which will not listen to , nor remove the miseries under which the people are groaning ; we are pestered with a corrupt and factious press , whose apparent object is to keep the
people divided while those whose interest they are paid to serve , is robbing them daily ; in fact , nothing but ruin and misery stare the industrious people ia the face , and slavery and wretchedness of every description will be the lot of their offspring and posterity . Let the trades only view this but faintly-drawn picture of the system which is sending crime , poverty , murder , disease , and prostitution , with their concomitant evils , through the land . Let them reflect seriously upon tha position in wWcb . they s&nd—let them remember that acot&er dark dreary winter will coma and increase ths stagnation in trade , an . i that employers now can take aimest nny advantage , and they will rspt only respond to par eiii and the caii of millions of tbeir fellow-creatures , but they will come forward in : i tone and spirit oC repentance for their sina of o : cusioa ia Eat coiaiag to our standard before , Tbe Ciirater is net the object
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of a party it gives to all alike , if virtuous . It is a nghteousinstrument ; and bad as our condition ia , we believe there are sufficient etemente in Great Britain to 8 » ve Plenty to all , both of food and clothing and sbelter . We have examined all project * put forth by faction to benefit ns . and have conscientiously come to the conclusion that the Charter and that alone , will be a lever to lift us out ef our diacalties . We entreat , most urgently but respectfully , the Edi-¦ /« the N ° ' te » ' * Slar , British Statesman , Commonweatthsmm ^ a ^ ii ^ drm ^ nuf ^ iM ^ atua br'i ^ sorting this address in their current publications , a * theyare devoted to the interests of the people , and aive ns tueir nelp , io every way which to them . shall appear best calculated to forward the object . We virtually appoint and ^ empower them to open books for subscriptions from Wends in thtir district If Hunt had been a general , be woold be honoured with either a marble
w ££ OPrn « monamept ??* also appoint Mr . George Wnite or Birmingham , to receive money in that town and dutocfc ¦ Mr . G . J . Harney of Sheffield , Messrs . Williams and Burns of Sunderland , Mr . Sinclair of Newcastle , Mr . Bartlett of Bath , andMr . M'Cartaoy , Liverpool . .- . •¦ ¦ " : ' - ¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦ . "' , ¦ r .: '¦ ' -,- ' - " ¦ '' . ¦ ¦'¦ ¦' - ¦' All monies for the monument to ba sent to our treasurer , Mr . T . Scholefleld , Every-street , Manchester ; that gentleman having , on the good faith of the resolution passed at the last demonstration , which prormsed to render him support , paid part towards the monument , and pledged himself . ' to see that the other is paid when finiBhed ; unless , therefore , we receive some assistance from the thousands who voted on that occasion , pledging themselves to contribute their mite , he will have to make a serious sacrifice , in addition to a f baa done already . He has given the ground ann all his labours , and many pounds besides .
We need net say that this ia aa &ct which but fuw , moving , as he does , in society , that few parsons , at any rate , would be guilty of ' towards the much Calumniated and persecuted by the factions , but revered and esteemed by the working classes , Henry Hunt , Baq . _ jrcose from the surrounding towns are bereby informed , that tho procession wiil assemble at naif-past ten o clock , in the chapel-jard belonging to Mr . Scoleflela , Where the monument is erected . A large platform will be provided for the committee , the press , and speakers . V The chair will be taken at eleven o ' clock . When tfie monument has been viewed , and the Bpeaking over , the procession will form in Erory-street , and march , accompanied with bands of music , fl *; s , and banners , through the streets , a route which will be kit ! OUt . : ' . Carriajfa . wiil be provided for the delegates from a distance . r ' :
A tea-party and ball will be held in the evening . Every arrangement the committee promise to attend to- ' . - . '¦ ¦ ' . .- . ¦ ' " .. .. ' ... . - . -.,. " In- conclusion , we intend to do our duty , and believe that you , to whom this humble appeal is made , will do yonr 3 ; and may you and we work harmoniously together , until every man possesses his rights and liberties , and may the Ruler of the Creation stamp your and our exertions with the seal of his divine approbation . Until then , ¦¦ ' . "; We remain , In the bonds of Friendship and Brotherhood , Your humble Servants . Signed , on bohalf of the Monument Committee , William Griffin , Secretary . Every-street , Manchester , June 8 th , 1842 .
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CHARTISM , JOHN COMPANY , AND CABOUL . " It is the height of virtue in Hindostan or Afl ^ haniEtan never to keep faith with a Feririghee !"—A WootWiciI Cadet . — Northern Star , 27 lh March , 1842 . The accounts lately received of our position in Affghaniatanare anything but satisfactory , and we must point te our motto for the truth of what we have hitherto asserted . GhuZuee has surrendered , and the Commandant , Colonel Pa ' meiy with his regiment of Sipabees , 1000 men , laid down their arras , on condition of being marched in safety to Cab jul . But the terms wera not adhered to ; the nat' . vea -wtre massacred , end the European officers were tept for ransom . Great encouragement this for our native troops to protecuto this deadly strife ; this war of esterniinaV . on I Another body of onr troops under General England suffered a check with some loss at Quotta , © n tbe inarch to Candahar , to receive General- Nott , and were obliged to retreat and wait for reinforeements .
Mark how niceiy they mince their words in the various despatches ! and people here at home talk of a game at war as a schoolboy or sick gjrl would talk of a game at chess , or some old dowager recount her triumphs or disasters and fight over the battles of the last night's rubber . S : ile bas again made , a gallant sortie from Jollalab : vd , and burnt Akbar KbanB' camp and re-capturad fonr guns lost at Citboul , but Colonel Peniire with a number of brave men were hilled . Wo fear much that Ganeral Pollock will find immense difficulties in hia way in imarching to Sale ' s relief ; as the road ( ? ) from the IChyber pass to Jellalabad , within fifteen miles of the latter , ia very rough and stony , " leading over an undulating hilly country ,-which ia
cut by deep ravines , having a ciesceut of 2400 feet before reaching the plain in which Jellelabad atiinds . ' From the Khyber Pass to Jellalabad the distance would be about sovehty or eighty miles , consiating of barren and stony plains , and also through narrow gorges and high hills , and through the Laadi Kar . nv Pass , where there is an elevation of 3400 fiet . The Khyber Pass is a narrow raviffe between steep hills , and twelve miles in length ! The elevation at the top is about , 3000 feet , and four miles from the top , on a conical hill , which rises up in the centre of the pass , is the foit of AHMusjitf . It appeals that Goneral Pollock with the Bsngal division , huagnined possession of the entrance of the pass , anil 'taken . the forts commanding it , but the question now seems very pertinent , has he fouelit his
way through the twelve miles , has he carried the fort of Ali-Mutjid in tao centre , and has ho got out of the pass ? We fear the diffii : uHies he will have to encounter will be great , and his loss already has been very consiaerrvble ; and once more , with tbe aid of the Duke ' . of Wellington , we call immediately -on" Ministers for a compromise , and an honourable withdrawal . The Commons House of Parliament has shewn us many adepts lately in the former , and it would be a fine opportunity for Siioy-Hoys * to descant upon and inundate tha reading public witti sgecimenB of their pvatpry , liberality , ftelia ^ a for tho oppressed , dis ' mtereateduesx , and ' / patriotism . The opportunity should not be lost , and their power of eloqutnco , now at such u grievous discount , might find credence evsu at a Iidx - d Mayor ' s fieasS , or among the
saints uf-Extite * Hall . It la stated that forged orders were brought to Col . Palmer at Gbuznee , by RohilUi Khau , from Gen . Elphinstune and Major P . otting ' er , an : l that the people of India have a remarkable facility in imitating writing , coats of arms , &s ., ciui that tbey moke a common practice of forging such oiders p . ud communic : ili < ns as cei'vo-their purposeB . To corroborate this wo-will recount an anecdote which we heard from Sir Charks Metelfa some years a ^ o , himself . When be was resident at D ^ ihi , tho capital of the once-famed Mogul Eaipira , ha wa ? one day undergoing the operation of shaving , and noticail , after a tima , that , his hnj inm , or barber , ( coniinonlycalls'lin Bangui a Nappy , ) was fldgetting about biin in an extrnordiuary manner , smirking , grinning , and big with some portentous
events , which he souaied--buuiins ; to . relate . to the Burra S . ' . hib . The Nappy has invariiibiy a twofold eiiiploympiit , a chronicler of daily events , as well as tousor , in the former of which he is completely at home . ! Presently , ho asked Sir Charles if ho raraoinbered a case which , ho had decuied' a f ^ w day s ago , bBtween two Mobamme'lan merchants , respecting a large sum of money , one of whom claimed the . -wftote- from the other , for which he produced in Court ; d bond duly executed and attested , ami legally- . witnessisd . 8 v Charles said be had not fo / gotten it , as it v / ns » very fcxtraordinary affair ; but ths other merchant a ' . so , although be had formerly denied any kno wlerlgH wbatovtr of such a bond , now admitted hw rival ' s claim , but produced in Court , a . receipt in full for tbe . ' wii ^ le
amount ! Tho receipt in full' was found td be poyfectly correct ,- the several parties withdrew forthwith , and the case terminated , apparently to the satisfaction of the Court . . ¦ ' . ¦ ' ¦'¦ ' " . '¦" . "'¦ But Sir Charles waa yot to ba ¦/ . enlightened' , anrt through the medium-of hia "Nappv . " These merchants wtre at ' variance ; each -waa striving to circumvent the other , and iui » him in bis property an « l the estimation of the -world- By uinans of a forged byini bti thought to effect this ; . ami-in its operation skewed such a complicttioa of candour and cuuniiit ? , that the world thought-him ' a periect martyr , aud . tbe other a swindling villain . The ' poor browbc-iten wretch in vain declared he owed him nothing—that tlie bond was a forgery : justice donaiided a speedy settlement ,
and he wna orclttre > l to pay the whole Eum into Court the next day . ' The creditor and debtor made their respective .--appearances at the time nppointtrl with tbeir train of ' -frU . T . ds : in < i acquivintancts The bond was produced ani-. a . il-wn * in order , and payment was immediately to take pln . es by order of the Court .-A il seamad to . go on smilingly , arid , like Shylock , tbe holder of tby bond deman'itjtl nothing buc his due . A change cam 0 o ' er the spirit of h : s dream , and I 0 f to his astonishod vision a receipt in full was produced ! To dispute it would have b- ^ en worse than useless ;; the ftdverssry had fought him with his own weapons , and " Non mi ricordo * was tha order of tbaday . In the words of the Delhi Nappy , after acquainting Sir Charles
with the whole of the circumstances and making him laugh ^ flt the result . " White man miy boat black man in the field of battle : but devil himWif can't beat black man in justice court !" For the sake of the hostages , fbty ' the sake of Generals Sale and Xott at Jellaiabad and Caudabar , and all tho brave men belonging to us ; for tiis hike of our honour , safety , and moral Bupeiiorftv-iu 'India , - let us for once sbow an example to the worl-. V , and let civiliaition pat a stumbling bleck in our unholy patus , acd Bhow that we are capable in-reality of b < iiii «"' th 8 envy and admir&Uou " of . nation ' s- ' at homo s-id . abroad . ; Let Sir Robert Pbel dwoll amply on the Duke of Wellington's- statesunn-lSLe a 7 o ' wal , and let him ordae forthwith an honourable withdrawal .
Bat we must have men of another stamp I' an Ellenborough to effect tbis , and - . noiftne muat bo lost . Sball we mention one v , -ho wi ; uld bts peculiarly . avinp . ted for sucUa 3 eT 7 lce lU & 1 K ^? Colonel Ssudsmoro Wlnde
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Steel , formerly Quarter Master General of the Madras army , and latterly Secretary to Government in the political department at Madras . We have had the happiness of being personally acquainted with him , and we can attest his merits and capabilitieg . ' ; ¦/ V .- A ; Woolwich Cadet . Chichester . June 9 fch , 1842 .
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THE NEW PATENr CO 5 IPOSING MACHINE . Hitherto in spite of some abortive experiments , the compositor branch of tho printing business has been deemed secure from the operation of Di » chinery in diminishing the demand for manual labour . This security Is now , we suspect , at an end , for we think that no practical printer can examine the now patent "Composing machine , " now at work , and exhibiting at 110 , Chancery-lane , without being satisfied that it will lead to a greater change in the compositor-department than the steam-press bas done in the branch technically called press-work .
Although the public are generally tolerably familiar with tfae art and mystery of putting typea together , we would require to begin in some sort ab initio , in . order to render a verbal description intelligible . Not that the machine itself is complicated . It combines in its construction , beauty , precision , aud simplicity . Any compositor may understand its action in ten minutes , may wpifc it after an hour ' s practice , and should be able to do" so with facility in a day . But let us reniind the general reader of what is the business of a compbsitbr .
A compoBitor , in " setting up , " as it ia called , stands at a frame , suppartiug his cases , which contain the type , each letter haying its separate box or compartment Holding the composing-stick in hia left band , he picks up the types with the thumb and fore-finger of tho li ^ nt . convej'iiig them with a rapid motion to the camposing-stick , which is adjusted to tec exact breadth of the particular work he is engaged on , be it quarto , octavo , or the coluinn-siz ? of a ^ nefspapoiv Each line must ba justified , ' that . is , extendetl to tfee full breadth nnd rendered tight , whieh . is effected by placing more 01 less space between the words , and by dividing words where an entire word cannot be introduced at the end of a line . When the compiisingstick is full , the masa ia lif * 9 d out ( an operation of some dexterity ) and placed on a galley , the compositor re-fllling hia " stick" as before .
The labour of putticR typea tocether does hot require much of absolute muscular exertion , but it requires great activity , considerable dt-xterity and facility of hand , with no small portion of endurance . A clever compositor will put together as many as 2 . 000 types in- au hour , but tae average is about I SCO . In this calculation the sjMces which divide tiie words are included , for though' of course ,, they do not appear in print , they must be picked up by the composiror as well as the letters . Now , the new " composing machine" enables two
individuals , with the subsidiary aid of two or threa boys , to put as many types together in an hour as can be done by four clever compositors , and that , too , without a tithe of the physical po : wer requited by the present mode of compoaiMon . Htnce , too boys , or two intelligent girls , - -. may ' perform the work of four men , and the type by this process is put together in a continuous series , without the necessity of dividing the copy as it is called—a necessity which frequently causes inconvenience when work is in a hurry , by reason of one man having his portion of copy dona before another . -
Tee " composing machine" is a patented invention , by Messrs . Young and D ^ lcambre , who bave now triumphed oyer former obstacles , and produced : a felicitous contr ivance . On entering the room where the machine is at work ( 110 , Chancery-lane , ) the visitor perceives what one of our contemporaries has termed" something cf the appearance , viewed in front , of the interior of a cottage piano forte . " At the instrauient sits a yoang liidy , the copy before her ; precisely in the attitude 0 ! one about to charm a drawing room . Suppose she is about to compose the words Northern Star , she touches tho key which communicates with the letter N , and immediately the letter flies down an inclined piano ,
through an open channel cut in a brass plate , and straightway it will be found in its proper place . The other letters follow ; and the completed words are propelled by a wheel , along a brass slide , towards the person vihojustifies—that ia , whose business it is to divide the continuous stream of metal words into lines of the reqttisita length . Eor this purpose the juatifler is provided with a box , divided into conipartmeiits , containing spacea of different thicknesses , with . Vixens , the marks indicating divided words . But we do not know that we can better describe the instrument than by quoting a portion of the description already given to the public : — ¦ . - ¦ -: ¦ ¦ . ; /_
•• The maouin © itself has something © f the appearance , viewed in front , of the interior ef a cottage piauo , and has P (? venty-two . keys , precisely of the shape of the keys of that instrument . To these keys niro attached upright steel rods , which communicate witti the same number of brass channels at the top of toe machine . These channels contain a complete fount of type , each channel having its proper letter . At the beck of the machine is an inclined plane , ¦ w ith thirty-six curvoa channels , all of equal length , into which : the , letters , Ore made to fall , ani through which they proceed to a sort of spout , down which they ara gently forced ,. by an ingeni ous eccentric movement , towards the . person who justifies . . , ' ¦ ¦ \ . . ¦ ; . ¦ , - ¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ -.. . . ; : ¦¦;¦ , < j
" The key , when struck , moves a small lever , which > as it were ,- cuts off a letter f / om the coiuom in the brass channel . The lever inatantflneouEly reaunics its position , and the column of letter , by its own . weighb , as instaiitaneoufly descends , the holtcm letter being ready for the lever to let it out imnjsiiiately it is required ; and so on till the whole column of that particular , tetter may ba exhausted .: Tbe letter , falling into the curved channel oi the inclinsd plane nt the back of the inBChine , desctnda into the spout before spoken of . This spout is very little witter than tha type which falls into it , letter by letter , with its face towards the person playing the machine . This spout is curved downwiirda , from its mouth for ten or twelve inches , and , when the machine commences work , is filled with quadrats tbe wbele length of such curve , as a support for the letters to fall on . The eccentric movemtrnt alluded to touches the letters abova One-third
up as taey fall into the spout , and gently lorces them through the curve , and thence along a hor ' z ^ ntMl chaniiel of brass towarfls the justifying box . Here the typo is drawn into what the compositor . would call a stick and when tSe proper number of lines have been justified , they aro taken out and placed in a galley precisely as the composing stick ia emptied . Any process more simple to effect such a . purpose it would eeem ituj > o 3 sible to acconiplisb . " The peraan playing the machine musi possess th * ordinary intelligence necessary for conipoaiiijt ; and tha type thus composed ia as liable to be fiiloii -with blunders as by % he present mode of composition . The player may omit to touch & key—may misspell a word —may omit a sentence ; or , it the copy be manu ? cr'pt f commit sonie of those mistakes ¦ which occasionally . inflict " agony of agonies" on the s « ul 3 of secsitive authara . But the facility with which the modus operandi may be
acquired 5 s evinced by the circuinstancothattije machine is worked by young women , wiih the assistance of b ^ 'j's , who are thu ^ occupied : —Th 8 young women r . re alternate ' y , for-tw . ty . hours each ! employed in -piaying the njachine , in justifving , and conectijig . Two of the boys are engaged in filling the seventy-t ^ ro channels wiih tbeir- , respoc-tiva lettt-rs , two in ' :. distributing tho typay and the fifth boy in giving motion to the wheel by whicii the typa is pushed forwards into and along the spoat towards the justifying Una . The work done atpresent isat Uast tqual to that Vvhich couki be accompli ^ liecl by four able compositors , at about a tliiifl of the expyncs , while the machine occupies no more spaca tbau a piano . <• ¦ The maker of the machine is Mr . J . O . Wilson , of f-lfl , - Percgval-atreet , Clfci-kenweil . , Its txpmoo is about jBIOO , aid the one now in operation was made in about five weeks .
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with great injustice to tbe public , many . : oi whom never heard of the Acts of Parliament or proclshiationa on which the present order i ? founded . About onethird , perhaps , of the gold circulation is under weight , and yet passing currant without let or challenge . A large proportion of light gold has been issued from the Bank of England , who have refassd to issue sovereigns of full weight when tlio exchanges were unfavourable , and theirbullion stores at a low ebb , to prevent farther exportation for proSt . According to coinage weighty 1 , 000 sovereigns should be equal to 21 lbs . 4 ez . IS dwts . 10 grains . According to the Qaeen ' 3 proclamation , they will be allowed to pass current , if equal to 5 dwts . 2 k 4 ? rains , or 21 lbs . 3 cz . 4 dwtis . igraios .
making a diffdrence of 1 cz 12 dwts . 6 srafns , which * at £ 3 17 a . 10 | d . per tz ., is equil to £ 5 5 a .-ad ; ,, or 12 s . 6 d . per . ' of , or-1 ^ ' 3 . per piece . Many of the sovereigns now current , and half sovereigns , will be found below the new stamiard weight ; and tho holders must , in-that ease , Bell them to a bullion dealer , or present them for exoh ^ nsje at the Mint The recsptioa whicti the hoWor of a light sovereign wonld receive from the officer of the Mint we can easily imagine , bnfc no information or guide to the public on this subject has , as yet , come Under our observation . Every soveroigniDU 3 t now bs weighed before it is taken in payment , and mnch confusion and delay will probably arise inconsequence ; ; : . -
The < 3 totD Coinage . —The msasure of the Govcrnnien |; , ; in ' caUin / ir in the Ji ' ghfccoiD . is iikvly to giva more currency to Back notes , and especially to those of tha Bank of England , aa these when < f fi-nall danbininationa are far more readily- ' . ' passed , and without the ir . conveiiicnce of weighing . It is UEquestionably the duty of Government to appoint the Bank of England its receiver-general of light coin , at the actu 3 lvaiis 3 by weight , in order to get the currency in a eouti ;! it-. to as soon as possible . ' A notice has been posts ' . ! at the Bank of Eneland , partly meetivjg the oVjtcions above utged ,
but still- being of : relief to tha large nouiers rather toan tbe snialler and more defejiceleas ones , and > ve must rayifat ,: 95 wo have said above , that tho only method of withdrawing the light coin Is by establish re Government receiving offic :-s aud for tbe very ' . '' smallest sums . There is in fact , no other security against the re-olrculatbn of light sovereigns for -which the holders may only have received the actual value in weight .: Ia the country districts the braccbea of the Bank of England should ; be directed : to txecange , . ' au ' d at ono © deface tiae deflcieiit coin . The notice is as folld-wa : ' . ' —
" B . vnfc of England , June 9 1842 . "At th ' 3 requ'ist of tha R : ght Honourabla tha Lords Commissioners of " 'Lei . Msjtstj'd Treysury , and for the le ' . ifcf . cf those -who have in thbif pcsst . saion ths gold coin of -this kingdom below tha Ie ^ al current weight , " Notice is . hereby given , that from and ; : fcer this dr . y any quantity-of such gold , in amounts of not less than £ 50 , will be taken at the public-cffice of the Bank of Bnylandat £ 317 s . IQ ^ d . phr bunC 3 , from tlie huurs of nine o ' clock in tbe morning to three in tho afternoon , untilfurther notice . "
Light Sovereigns—It is almost impossible to describe the inconvenience , annoyanc » , and confusion created throughout the motrop 61 i 3 by tbo jpublicatiou of Her Majesty's proclamation relative to tue present gold currency . These fcavo been felt more or less every day since that document -was publisheii ; but on Saturflay last they were at their height . It is hardly necessary to observe that most of tha working classes in London are paid on Saturdays ; too niany of tiwm cot till a very late hour , Upon thes-s classes the rumours which had bBiiji in citculation for fse two or three days previoualy had no practical effect : until they cume into the markets on Saturday to . purchase tkeir nt-CBSsaries for the coming week . They then found to their surprise and annoyance that moat of the shops refused to take
any gold whatever , and otnera -would only change a aovtreistt upon a deduction cf a sliiUicg or ; sixpence , whether the coin was heavy or light . We allude particularly to tha populous districta of Lani . b&th , the London , Borough , and Kent roads , and down to Ber-Hiondsey . ' : A reppit was -circuited , and obtained very extensiyecredence , that the Quten had called in all the old sovereigns at 19 a , and that after next mftnth they would not be ric&ived for moro than 15-s . This tended greaily to increase the preseure ua the working classes , and sovereigns were readily parted -with , in many infitances , -for IS ? . How fur the evil here noticed was occasioned by the somewhat ambixucua reading of the
proclafiiation it is not necessary to inquire , but certain itis , that most extravagant notions vFcre circulated and beHbved as to tbe actual loss that -would accrue on a sovereign which liad been rejected a 3 light . This wa 3 varied fiOm eixpeuce to five sliillicgs , a ; : d will sufiSclentiy account fir the panic which prevailed generally amongst the poorer holders of gold coin . It is probable however , that the w orst ia now past , and tMt before the next market day the gruat mass of tee working classes will have a more correct notion of what the proclamation is intended to convey ¦ if not , sonvo wieana will pro ' uably be deviasd for preventing a repbtitisn " of the prsaaurc of last Saturda ? . —Times . " ' / ;
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LORD ASHLEY'S BILL . A now measure ^ has been Introduced to ths Commons this week , -with every prospect of fceiag carriud by tLCclanvation—a bill to-prevent the t-filB recently iliaclosed ' in the' uiinea and-collieriea . ¦• Tuis . iaa blxUiiiig instance of the- praotical -advantagea of ioquiryj , jind the''law' ijroverhineht , mneh as it was t !? ltittl with its comnrisitidns , is entitled to soms . slUive ; of . appiobation for the ffeedem and readiness witU Avhisk it wquircdinto anything- -aud everything-. St > Ei « time- tfeo item was an investigation '; into the emjiiojintnt of the . chiidren in factories ; atid it was . discovered tli&t mismanagenwnt and- " mercenary briituiity had {> riiliu . ' Jy . built uo a , aysteni which was . r'is'torUng / and crippling the ' . ' ris-iiig gfneration of cur most . imi- ! orl , i : U districts .
A law wa 3 passed to prevent the coi . t-. i ; tisi ; ce of tbrt eviL It was then allayed that the coui' . ition of ciiiirtrfn in other employineiita was even iToxie ;; and . .-ths tXertions of L ' » vd Ashley procured -the appointiaent of tha . Childrea's Employment . CoiniiiusiontJ : 3 . ; 'They have examined into t ? ie fitata ' uf yoi : » g ; B < . r £ fchs in one branch of industry , mines and coiiio . ies ; and in the course of their : inquiry they have ciieclcss .-d more than the Buffijrings of tha cJiiMr ^ n alone , for thoy found tho case -of the women in mauy places no lesa pitiable . The frequent Ccjineid v cce vt . great jLidividual wealth with national distress has been ler . iarkbil . as one of the eliaracterietics of England : the Kt-cort cf tha Coninrissioneia exposes , iu conjwiietion -with tho highest
civiiizttion in the world , -wivule stctiocs of tiio people sunk in > be lowest bii-bariism . In soias districts infanta are condemned by their puruata . to perpttnal Jaboar , at a work—to call it ' beyond- . their strength in sayiug nothing , fi . r it iloviKia thuirx to pre » Hiature adclescsuce , ditcai " . ciiu mistry ; ifc is bo conducted , . 't b&t tba infant is carrkd . alinost from the cradle to tuat moral degradation a : i 1 physical suffer ing in wiiicii Iia is -to .-perish ; and-it is ptrformed in places ho st ait and noisome , iku ! w ptrilous , that iha very ; bsir gin them is a . - fata . f ? yiu which brutes would-.-. be . ehW : . ( sed-. Faniiliarity wi ' . h ilangar and raisery , nnd eceiuiio ¦ from moi ' ai or civil controi , foster in tho grown men "feelings of fi-rccity . and reckltssness ^ cf which tha < i ( ifur . cflvfl 3 < chilGr' ; n und Vfoinen aro tha
viciims ,- ¦ and the Utter are driy . n Vr «; i th ' :. ir ncnitsac dutlea to bfiar . . 'ibtuierable-luadrt . T ; . e i-liiid of the : « o 6 t refined civilisatita has rolled ic hia Cii-iiagca , pcrchanca reading , to beguiis ' 'the ' . way , cf V . it . tant . iau « . ! s and savage races , over ttiosa murky labyi-iuliis v / hura t ! iC Br . tisli troglodytes tf tlse nirii . t . H-T . vh c n ojry lead a life .. dtgraded by the traits oi fwngv ' -bozii .-f . h : c ) n-Mv , g tha worst of all , the subjection ci . - tho-Xeissale sex t-p - tba condition of a , t-eait ot barusu . We ' liUo ? all that is eudur ' ud by the inaUn . mjviiw . ; aiiy- tl-. iM cjuivi tell you that , tha-WLnion of PuiyEosuv p ^ -f t tii t ' v . J
cirudeery of life ; but . -ft co : r . 6 a ui-ou moss of ui with the < ffa ! t of painful siirp ; : «» , . lU , t a . y- 'fct- ' e c' . s .: 'S of the cjuutr > wo ; noii of ¦ Qii ' . 'eu VIctOiix r . ciitriiO a iii-i . a horrihlef and degraded fata thin uuy which a-yago life entails upon t !; e 6 vx . Ex ; . < t ncij in squkj < i th * inh < e 3 apptara . t-o differ from -that of Ea-v :-' : ; t'r , cjufly 112 t ^ t it is tmried ' fro ' ni the buh su air , -juni ' that tha t'jii j ever ends . -Hiire : s a fiaid for tho ... «' . s-.-r « ise . of tfce snperabundaut corpora ' e phiLinthrrpy of G : si Bntain ! Societies ft > r ,. tba em&ucipation— ay , eT ^ n of Blacksnted not seok for oVji . Cw of ' . eyaip . toy . in distant quarttra of tae-clooe ^ tfiey La ve . --theai i ^ iv , under ihaif ¦
very iebt . . .-. -.-. : . -..-, ., - - , ¦ :.- . ;¦¦ : ;¦; : .- .-. . ¦ . -. ... -, -, To kao-w thes 9 tUiiigs ,. and not . t « b-. « i « : i change at once , were scaicaiy possihlc ; nz& Lo : d A-h' . ey ' a bill wiil iiistau'ly ex' ! B ., u ' -ili tha niu : i i ; . < ,. . t 'us tvii ? . It v / ili toiaiiy piohibii , the eaiployuser . t of r < : ! ui ; ta iii'thu minea and cbliiefi «; boys . ^ tiClv thut < n jcara vi itgo will Iw ^ xsUi'ied ; tha caac li : . ; ig . \ ji tsioiing upi'reaticesh ' ip ' -indL-nfares , and tbo tobu ' . iv . r . ^ v't" ;• .: ! fcuvii upl > rtuticcship for the -future , tviil . c : ; .: r . ; ipato . £ c- ¦ ' -5 of white slaves ; and chiiCTun vili no ii . iu tr b'j inliustcd with' - - the duties of tr ; gineer . '—a . ^ -aitci ; . ' -R-bii .- ; : products so \ ue cf the Tuost v . hole ; -ale dik-. sV ;! s ' -aart' r-. Gkiessa-: s 3 cf the present Fysteru . To this ine ^ ur . ; little cbjsction is bint-id ; . Somethin-, ; ia said a > xuv the liijiJtation of age for boys ; f r ii is tupposeil i / jat they cuniio ' t aftXT . twelve Tears of nse c .-nrrac ; . - " the peculiar
bend of the back" ¦ wiiicii I ' -tfiw » c-jl-icr—eiO ^ nmen , it aife-fct-be ' KiM . 4 «» i : ' ct cripple- so rj-u-Uly ^ Ji-fdnta ! The instant ¦ withdra . wal , of all ft-iua ' . o huoav . dots not appear to cause any app . ehGnsiua on vc ' -n- ' -i ^ J g : uunds . C ^ uutihg on tha cniiuransa cf tbdc hi- ; p > . t .-j acpti . denta the men lead a yeiy irrcguiar life , aiLtynatii ^ fits of debauchery with Sea of mcluetrv : dt pri 7 « them ef the aid tvhich they now exact froa ; t : w fit bio , aedtkey mu 8 fc- ' diyit ! o-aB 2 ongsS . tfcciT > £ clv «> --iI ; r » i VTor ' i wijicb -will not be alt-ogttht-r sup £ rf ^ ed by / 1 uifroveini ' . ata in the mines ; aad is seems to bave fccwi fcttn ;*; In practical experimenta , that the families ara do poorer , and of coarBe iacalcn ' . ably Iwppier , Iwhf-. » - . »¦" ifce . -woaieu are excluded from the mines aad left to their domeatic duties above : ground . It is very se ' iiom tbafc ; ft measure receives such approval from ill secHum of OfpcsJti « ioat 8 and Ministcrialista fi 3 Lerd Asb-ley ' s bill——Spectator . : /¦ ' . " - ' : ¦ ' ¦ :. :. - ¦ : ' ,. : ¦ ' ;/ ' : - . -- ' . ¦ ^ - ; : - ¦¦
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L < iST .. 5 vE ^ J ( i , -fn' > War . wic ] c .-i > 5 rty a ycurjr isan natneu , MiUsj . w ' ho V ** eni ^ sg . e'I as . uuScf-keeper iu Wright' s jjTii v < i , \}>" - ^ r » Elio . w , ' act bh dca : ! i in the fbliowh !^ siWki * rj ? ' -, nia ' iJJ 3 sr i—H « S with Jfce headkcep ^ r , went in * p &e . < ifno $ thtJivscp uii-i Kupnrpoao of cleauingjOr vepsi 4 i ^ J't vm ;;? i tha supejij ^ r . l ; ; ivia « occasion to is ^ e -ihiden ior a ehOsi l ^ i ' , 51 tll-s was ieft . jd ^<\! ffiih '* hq ar ;^ lilm &nd : l $ ccr # ed . liJna , ia ' . the . " hic ^ i ' , p ^^ ia ^ mzr Aftcp lsBgcriugJa ^ rcs . i iagony ti ; l * te s < xt , day , d « aiii termiflaited hid mS * tiv& ^ Xw ? iC ? i Ztenury
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THE GOLD COINAGE . BY THE QUEEN-A PROCLAMATION . Vicxoria K .. —Whereas it ha » been represented unto us that great quantities of tlio gold coin of tbis realm deficient in weight ; are no-w in circulation , contrary to the fener of two Proclauiatic-ns is&iied , one fey his lats R , « - ) y . il Highness Gaorga JPrincq Regent , in the narao and oh behalf of bis late Majesty -Kins ; "Georgo tho Tiiird , bearing date the ; lit of Jn ) y , 1817 . and the othot iBsued by hia late Majmy K ^ ng George thu Fourtb , bearing data t ' u-j sixth of February , one thousand eight hundred , atd twohty-one ; and there being raaaon to betteve that duu attention is not paid to the ¦ weighing of the eaidguld coin , and the directions , given in the Acts of Parliament now in fores 'Witti respect to the
cutting , breaking , or defacing Bash pieeea thereof as are found tobeof lfcBs v- eight than thoso ciecla : ed by tha last of tho aforesaid Proclamations to be current , and to pass and be received in payment ; vre < io by t !; i « our Royal Prodani . itiosv ; dfeclaYo and command that from ana after the date hereof eyery gold sovereign of less weight than five penny weights two grains and a half , and evfciy gold half sovereign of Itaa weight th ' ad . ' jtwo penny-weigLts thirteen grains asd one eighth , b e-. ' iiii ' t allowed , to b « cuiitnt' « v pass ia any pavment whatsoever ; and Wedo hereby strictlyrequire and commauii all our loving subjects , and paTttcuiarly all the officers , collectors , and receivers of onr revenues , striutly to conform to the orders hereby gives , and tu the
directiocsand legnlations enactty . l and established in the several Acts of Parlianiynt now in force with tespecv to tbe cutting , breaking , and dtfacing such pieces of the said ^ old coin as stall be fjund Utn-Jsent in weight : and we do hereby further ordain , declare . .. and cviinnjand that the said gold soveveigiw and half soveieigcs of the wdgbta lastpboye deserlfaeii * * r-ih : ll pass and ba recsiveii as currtnt anil lawful iaonoy cf the United Kingdom of Great Britain aud Ireland , every tuih soyerc-ign as of the value of twenty -shiHinga , and every Mich Lalf sovereign as of the valae-of ten shiliinid , in all pay . menta whatsoever . . GiTtfUat our Court at Buckijiglia ! : ; Pnhee , this thlxd day of Juiie , iu the jcKr of our Lord one thousand eight Lundretl aud forty-two , in the fifth ysat of our tuign . ' . - ' . ¦• . ' . ¦ •' . ¦¦¦ ¦ . ' ' ¦ ' . '" : :.. ';¦ ¦ /'¦ ' ' / . GOD SAVE THE QUEEN . Oa tbe alove priiUttatib ;! . the Chronicle ol > a <* ms ^~ T . be epsxat ' en t f this Piivy Couacllaw v ? ill be utteadsd
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^ - L _ __ THj _ NORTHER j r _ STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 18, 1842, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct435/page/7/
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