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$0 THE PBODtJCERS OF WEALTH,. AND ALL THOSE ^ WHO LIVE BY INDUSTRY OH THE LANI>.
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Cijarttgt 3£ntsUuj;ence.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Hi Feiekds , —I hare . * Terasserted , and shall poatinue to assert , that the very existence of an ^ ministration , so matter of what political comjjexion , is strong presumptive evidence of the &cgmescence of poblio opinion in its iavonr . I shall erer contend for the right of the people of any eonnby to wast the aggressions , or to destroy the power , of aa unconstitutional Administration , . by poses t and that the question of constitutionality , or xaeonstiintioiialitj , is one to be decided upon hj the ¦ p ^ ole people ; and not by tKc Xing , ihe Lords , or the Commons , as at present chosen , or all of them
united . lima ; be argued , npon the other hand , that an administration upheld hj force may continue by force to hold the Teins of government against the consent of a large majority of the nation . It may be so for a time ; bat the very means used for its preservation will , in the end , lead to its overthrow And it is because I believe that the usual appliances of xagbi for the EubjogaKon of ngbt are now exhausted , or nearly so , jhat I select the present as a £ t and proper tine for opening a new and fertile field of psc&a / agitation , as a means of establishing ihe social and political basis whereon the title to power shall henceforth securely rest .
33 ie mere politician is , in my mind , a mere fool ; and nothing more weakened oht party in its infancy ihsa the inahiliiy of the supporters of Chartism to lead ike inquiatrre mind to any reasonable conclusion as to our ulterior object , or anticipated benefit from Jhe completion of our measures . I adjaii that it -sras tiresome , and Tery repulsiTej Jo hear aoibing , night after nig at , but * jon are the producers of all wealth , and are entitled to a voice in its representation ; once get the Charter , and
then you destroy the power of year enemies , " Tasteless , surfeiting , and insufficient , as Bach repetitioas were , they were , however , ; in the first stage of igi&uon , absolutely xequMle and necessary for the porpose « f forming a political party : for had we thrown an undigested , chimerical scheme before the she ? rude and uncultivated mind of the country , ail the adroitness of hired oppoaiisn wonld nave been enlisted in the exposure of our fallacies , our crudities , and our whim 3 .
Upon lie other hand the growing belief that the traat of political power was the grand cause of th « great social inequality by which the nation was distracted , iss a * length led to the wholesome conclusion , thai political pmcer Is but a i&ixs , and social % xt ? e&ss the END . "We ihsn turn to a consideration of those xeaxs ; firstly , as to how political power has been obtained ,
and horc it ias , is its present shape and form , been & > sicesssfully preserred in the hands of its present possessors ; and , secondly , as to the means by which it may be preserTed by the people , and the objects to which , if once possessed , it wonld be directed . It 33 my desire to strip my subject of ail those ambiguities and technicalities with which the theorists and wild visionaries have clothed it , and lay it before you in nature's simple dress i
11 2 f 2 . tBTe ' a dress is Jorelinea " In the present great conflict of parties , perhaps ibe most striking feature is ibis , that the one thing , lie only thing , about which all write , all talk , all Omk of , and legislate npon , is THE LAND . Is really appears t& hare become common property j and though its Teal value is seldom assigned to it , or prominently developed in the speeches and writings of parties , yet it is the foundation of them alL Whatj
after all , does the question of the Com Laws resolve itself into ! A question of land ehher absoad w at BO 34 E 1 What are the questions of emigration aa 4 eobni 2 auon , buiquesUous of TheLaxd . Then , if 4 re enter more minutely into detail , we haTe Drainage Bills , Enclosure BLUb , ImproTement Bills , ADotmg ^ BniB , and so forth ; all questions immediately e « ci £ cted -with the La 5 » . In tie series of letters -which I am now about tO
Address 4 o yon epos this subject , it is my intention to point oat the capabilities of the soil under a wise and proper system of management j and I hope to prore irrefutably that the people haTe i sow in their power to present so large a praclica . illustration of the EneeesE&I result which must follow the fulfilment of my plan as to enlist ia its behalf a oo-operation , an energy , a devoiedness , and an
untiring agitation , such as no cause was ever yet ¦ distinguished by . I hive alway 3 to regret the anaHness of my allotted space aa compared with ike magnitude of my subjects ; and here 1 am compelled to present fhe most important question ever yet submitted to the public mind , tail foremost ; and before I submit the plan itself , I am obliged to expose ihe means by which , when thoroughly shaped , 3 mean to propose far its working .
I beliew that many , very many persons , not of the working -erder , are anadons for a large experiment ¦ opoB tce ? l * nof BOMBCOlXHtiZAUOS ; and that wecan enlist a great portion of individual or corporate support in Itstwbalf , if the assurance is once given , that iiere is to be no " rmde > hand icork , no "Xo » -wastcBjpf wn ^ " no " Captivating Prospectuses ? ' no u going to Parliament for Enlarged Powers : * ' no * Incorporations with power tt- sus , and to be mtdf no gormandizing of the £ rst * can / 5 tagive increased Eteurltyto the directors ; I say , thatif I can present
a scheme in sepport of which H 4 law , beyond that already in existence , shall be retired , and in the -eKrjJBK ° nt -of which no law ei ^ penses will be ne * aed , and that every farininj ; xaisa d will go to the bentfit of the society itself , under present , beneficial , and economical management , then 3 4 * hink it will be entitled to the unirersal support of all" industrious JJersons , more particularly -when the e- » isfing W Sorts ia all Uie security that we eonld < 3 ej rre either from a * Charier Incorporation , " or a * up ? cial Act © f Parliament . "
At ihe head of management , as trustees , 3 h ope to see Thomas Ihisconibe , &q-, M . l * ^ John Jia 'den , £ s q ^ , iLP ^ and Shs- ™ , *^ Crawford , Hs ^ ., M . I * -, — &ree geuiiemen in whose political integritj , and in whose desre for social regeneration the people b , & } " 8 c ^ erj reason to confide . _ 1 here blend the social and political character ; masmicfc as ihe agitation for -the Charter , and the ; moral means of achieving it , are to go hand in hand ;) aad inasmuch as those who posseES a lore of our } Prmcip le * , but abhorrence of our means for acquiring j fteir recognition , will be put to a fair test , I cannot i Ke how any panics can refuse their co-operation . -.
la lie ostsfct I must guard myself against the ^ P"trgp 3 by wlieh faction , when drir en from argn-?™^ * 31 endeayonr to meet me . The cry of SodoTum " will be raised when argument fails ; sat 1 teU you that my plan has no more to do " ^ w Socialism than it haa to do with the comet . a Faith" is a term which shall not ca&s appear in sny of my addresses . u Religion " i Hialinot sayonewuid abcat , farther than that I beaere the accompiishnient of my "riew 3 wonld giye siople rime to all to beEtow more thongbt and xe-&xS m npen the snbject .
Tie quantity t , f knd that I propose to assign to ^ ai-iiariaiEj ; iibo urer is four acres ; the conditions Been as are usuaijj contained in leases made between l 4 as & > rd and tenant , free from those absnrd dacies -which , preserre to the former rights ^ nd j ^^ &ea aiea as Le has no right to possess 3 ie District School , with its free-groiuid for Support , cnltirated in common by the tenants of the * k&ict to -wluch it wonld be allotted ; the Medical r ^ abliihmeats , and means of preyenting litigation
* 7 coesea Heferees , are subjects whieh- in time j 1 «* fl iiTe due consideration : bui I here announce--^* ay cMef aim &Dd object is s& to locate the ™^ 6 t "woiMng man that he may uninterruptibly ® J ° J the comforts of his own natural laiours , and «** the 12 ft of May , in next year , I do fondly ^ etpaU the opening of aLaaded Labour Market so J «*!• , » fascinating , » nd bo txbs , thai the implor- ] ^ SdaTe Trillnolonjser be Mmpelled to beg liberty to ! yj « k . for an ezistenee-pittanee in the Artificial — ¦ i — j ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦¦
— _ . > nv > i - virnM *« M - - - i »* v * — »< ° f conrs 9 , in the series of l » tt « rs which I am about * ° ^ ddrtss io you upon the snbject , you will find BHJch of poEtJes ; bnt as mine is ameans of acqniring «« ial iappicegs by political poweij yon must not » finder « t ft ; inasmuch as the right to expend free ¦•^ boar upon lha land for the husbandman ' s oven *** "& is . the great adiaDtage that I expect the
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people to derive from the acquisition of political power . I hare more than once reminded you that in agitation there are three stageB : — Firstly , the creation of a sound political opinion . Secondly , the organization of that opinion ; and , Thirdly , the proper direcon of public opinion . Rely upon it , that the improved mind of this country , will require from the professors of
liberality some belter account of proposed measures than the mere * repetition of wholesale anticipations , and flummery phrases to captivate excited feelings . * ' / would put my head upon the block "— " May my right arm be severed from my body ichen I desert the cause ?'— " / Mould die tea . thousand deaths" and so forth , are but the A . B . C . of agitation . Wj hate gohb betosd that ! and now every man can understand the grammar of politics , and each hearer expects to learn what he is to contend for .
FiMt principles will find no place in my letters . I leave " sneh considerations to those who , when once located in a free state upon the land , will be in an improved condition to discuss those vital , but not just now pertinent questions . The man who begins to build his house downwards , is a-bad architect ; and so wonld it be injudicious , and out of place , here to argua man's right of participation In tbatj on which , at present lie ifeannot acquire the power of even -woikms fo * himself .
Living from hand to month creates a servile despondency upon the will of the capitalist . Land is the only raw material to which individnal labonr can be jsnccessfully applied . The application of machinery to agricultural purposes never can be used to the disadvantage of him who produces his own aeana of livelihood by the sweat of his own brow . Combination , centralization , and competitioa -will not render his fields sterile , nor yet paralize bis arm . In the midst of all , he will , whether cheap « r dear , have the means of providing for his own and his family ' s requirements , without being unhoused as " surplus poor , " or persecuted as a " dissatisfied pauper . "
To the plan which I mean to propose I shall devote my most untiring , unpaid exertions , and cheerfully SSI any situation in which I can be of any
. Under the Friendly Societies' Act , I think we can ensure ample security and protection ; while by a TJgourous exertion we can do for ourselves , that which , till done , will ever leave the working classes the mer ^ sport of fa ction , and , when done , will give a practical proof not only that they are the producers of wealth , but that they are about to be the source of all power .
I may here mention that the means by which the fund will be raised Trill be in shares , payable by instalments of sixpence per week ; but that the payment in full Trill by no means be required for admitting a shareholder to all the proposed benefits of th « Society ; and , should it be objected that a shareholder wonld have to wait for years for any benefit , the answer is , that the funds to carry oat the scheme are not expected to come selely from persons eXDecting to be located npon the land , but are
expected to come from persons investing capital apon the proposed security of " satcke ' s ikbcstby , " with the guarantee that not a farthing will be foolishly expended . Sick Clubs , Benefit Societies , Trade Societies , and other patties , haring now but a Blender security for their funds , will see , firstly , that when applied as intended they will be better secured ; and that till applied , they will have , as now , full controul over them , under the management of three honourable and upright gentlemen .
Already a number of middle class men , to whom 1 have , in part , developed my plan , have expressed their determination to take shares , not with a view to becoming farming labourers , but with the donbla intention of bencfitting the people , and insuring security for their spare funds . Indeed , none but resident working men will be entitled to any portion of land ; while the indispensable necessity of the required number of shop-keepers and trades-people , fo each district , who would have no land , would considerably increase the security of share-holders .
So much of the outlines I now lay before yon , having , in a previous letter , explained , roughly , the machinery by wbieh I propose to carry it out ; because we never must separate the fuestion of politics from social economy . While npon the subject of that letter , in which I threw out a mde plan of organization , I beg to say that I did bo merely to set the mind thinking . I do not intend to say one word more upon
the subject until all who are now in bonds shall be free , and until the people shall elect a few discreet men according to our principles , io whom , as a national delegation , all plans shall be submitted with a view of agreeing upon improved machinery for -our improved position , and of still further strengthening out handB ; and to that body I also propose to submit my whole plan for getting possession of & portion of the ulxd .
i I am aware of tbe great risk men ruu who are | the first to propose any plan for the redemption of j the working classes . I know that those who do their utmost to frustrate his btst intentions , are I efterwaTds the very first to taunt him Swith his failure . It was so in the case of those Birmingham deserters , whose professions | led me to fond expectations ; and which upon such F foolish pretensions I was foolish enough to express : ! and then , when the hope failed through their de 3 ertion and treason , they turned round upon me , and jaunted me with leading the people astray : whereas , ¦ q _ a > THtT HKMAINED tbcb , the hope would have been rCt -Used . But , my friends , so long as I resolve upen
holt in £ B 0 ofiice under the board ; of touching none 0 T Ti e cash ; and of deriving no benefit beyond that kj a je the greatest in this -world—of giving a home to the \ vanderer , clothes to the naked , and protection to the * ' ca ^ &a ^ ^ undefended , I shall still have yonrconi dence , althongh my plans may not bear the test of pica » ng , criticism , and searching . If my plans bnt furnish foo& f ° T contemplation , in their very absurdities ti , ewise mil find matter for discussion and thought . As m many other instances , the inventor may bear his & ^ are of unmerited reproach , yet if the discovery shall ultimately succeed , that success shall be ~ my greater , my only reward . From the pursuit I will not be driven , nor yet tnrned .
The times are n ° ® for the change ! Circumstances demand the ehan ^ ' '• Machinery has rendered ihe change necessary . ' ai d if not produced by that power vested in your hands , ^ -on must proclaim yoarselves a nation of wiliiisg slavea ¦ - In ioy next I shall go , * aore f ^ J into the details of my plan . I am , Your obliged and fa iihfnl servant , Feabgcs O'Cossoa ..
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supplied with business for some tim * , it is not likely that an early appearance will be required to deprive men of their liberty who , without recognizances , appear to be leading aa honest and industrious life .
Thus you see , while all the work is left to Mr . Roberts and myself , you take it very quietly , " for we are allowed to proceed upen the pure Malthusian principle—upon " ora own resources . " I never bother yon much about funds ; but now I tell you that the time is at hand : and unless you supply them , your friends must go to qaol ; whereas , if you supply them , we are resolved upon
fighting every inch of ground . The whole amount subscribed , from first to last , for the Special Commission , fer the Lancaster trials , for Cooper ' y , White ' s , for York and all others , with expences occasioned by removing the trial , does not reach £ 700 ;; while I Bend you the subjoined account of the amount spent by Government ia the Special Commission only , and then ask your selves if this is fair : —
H SPECIAL COMMISSION . " A Statement of Expenses incurred during the late Special Commission , for which the sum of £ 15 , 000 is estimated to be required in the-Miscellaneous Estimates , No III . ; distinguishing the amount incurred at Stafford , Chester , and Liverpool , for tbe Expenses of Judges , Fees to Counsel , and Fees to Solicitors , with the Expenses of Witnesses , and the number of days the Judges sat at eaoh place . M LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE SPECIAL COMMISSIONS .
£ 8 . d . Judges' expenses 372 0 1 Judges' officers 160 17 0 Fees to counsel and clerks , Lancashire 2 , 747 18 3 Ditto Cheshire 1 , 733 2 9 Fees to Solicitors \ Paid on ao- ) 2 O 0 Q 0 0 Expenses of witnesses J count ... / ¦
£ 7 , 013 18 1 * ' STAFF 0 BSB 1 BS SPECIAL COMMISSION . £ . s . d . Expenses of Judges 329 10 0 Judges' officers , court fees , and clerks ofasaize 786 2 Fees to counsel and clerks ... ... 4 . 091 14 0 Fees to solicitors ( agents'bills ) ... 2 . 718 12 9 Expenses of witness 1 , 979 17 9 Travelling expenses and hotel expenses of counsel , solicitors , &c , previously to and at the late special commission .. 138 1 2 Sheriff , under-shenff , and gaoler ... 475 17 0 £ 10 , 519 . " The Judges sat at Chester ... 4 days . i ) itto Liverpool 4 „ Ditto Stafford ... 13 „ 11 The expenses incurred under the Special Commission , and in prosecution of indictments found under the same , beyond the sum of « £ 15 , 000 , will bo defrayed from the sum to be provided in tbe present session for ordinary law charges . " " April 7 . " M G . Macle . " Now you have read what it cost for twenty-one days persecution , and add to that what we have been called upon to meet , and say have you done your duty ! I really must implore you to remit , forthwith , to Mr . Cleave , such sums as can be spared . Yours , faithfully , Fearqus O'Connor .
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NEWCASTLE . —Mr . Beesley , the district lecturer , lectured in the Half Moon Inn long room , on WedneBday evening last , on the capabilities of the laud , and tbe natural claim of the people to the possession of that land . MR . BEESLBT lectured in tho Chartist Hall , Goat Inn , Clotb-iD&rket , ou Sunday evening , on the impossibility of any man ( whatever bis professions might btj to act up to the principles of pure , practical Christianity without being a thorougb-going Chartist . It was announced that Mr . Kyild , of Glasgow , would lecture in the Chartist Hall , next Sunday evening , and that Mr . Beesley would lecture in the same place on
Monday evening ; the lecture to commence each evening at oalf-paet seven o ^ clock . The Chartists of Newcastle and Gateshead held their waefcly buaineM > meeting on Monday evening , Mr . Wni . Smith in tbe chair . The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and confirmed , Messrs . Smith and Sinclair were elected to represent the Chartists of Newcastle and Gattshead at the meeting of delegates from the counties of Northumberland and Durham to be held in the GnartiBts' Hall , Goat Inn , Cloth-market , on Sund iy , at one o ' clock in the afternoon . Some local business having been disposed of , and ihe Newcastle share of tbe lecturers' salary ordered to be sect to the district treasurer , tbe meeting adjourned .
in consequence ef some ntlsunderstandine , the Chartist delegate meeting to be held in the Chartists ' Hall , Goat Inn , Cloth-market , on Sunday , the 16 th of April , was announced in last week ' s Star to be held at Snincliff Hill Top ; we hope this mistake will not prevent such localities In tbe counties of Northumberland and Parham 3 S wish to see out princip 5 es carried into effect from sending delegates to the meeting in tbe Gob * , on Sunday , at one o ' clock in the afternoon , as business of great importance will be brought before the delegates on that occosion . It is hoped that such localities as cannot send a delegate will , by letter , statb the part they are -willing to take in supporting a lecturer for the two counties' district James Sinclair , 25 , High Bridge , Newcastle . [ This was not our mistake—Ed . N . SI
The fobmation of a co-operative store is actively going on , iu connecioa with the Droylesden and Newton Heath Joint Stock Companies . Persens desirons of taking shares are requested to apply to James Locket , Cavendish-street , Cotton-street , Asbton . Sooth Shields . —Mr . Beesley lectured in South Shields , on Monday night last , upon the land , iu the large room belonging ; to the Scarboro Spa . Thf room was well filled . The lecture occupied two hours jn the delivery , and gave the greatest satis faction . Several persons , at the close of the lecture , came forward , and joined the Association . Mb . Bbsslst lectured upon the Saude , by the sea shore , oft Sunday morning , to a very attentive audience , acd gave much satisfaction . Siz persons at the closo enrolled titemselvee members of the Association . We are going on gloriously in this plaoe .
ABBRDEEN . —Oi Monday evening last , air . Abr&m Duncan concluded his lectures in this city ; and , it is but bare jusiioe to say , that he has , fa everr occasion , acquitted himself axiom ? us in a Tery consistent manner ; and in thetfaeanHme has been awarded that mark of public approbatum which his hosest endeavours to promote the growth of Chartism so richly deserve , i AsaTON-TWDER'X . YNE . —Mr . T . darke , of Stocfcport , delivered a lecture here on Tuesday , which completely rivetted the attention of the audience . At the conclusion of which be received & unaoimous vote of thanks .
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BivtmiNGBAia .-Toe Council of the Birmingham Ohani&ts : met as usual on Sunday , at the Aston-atre&t Kooms . Mr . Moritt in the cbair . The Secretary read over tbe minutes of tbe preceding meeting , wbicb were confirmed , after which ib was resolved that a public out-door meeting should be held on Easter Monday , to make known to the Government tbe fearful state of public ( UstreBB that now exists throughout the country ; after which Messrs . Newhouse , Mason , Reece and Potts , were elected as delegates from Birmingham , to tbe delegate meeting to be held on Easter Sunday . The amount of tbe funds brought in showed a steady increase of tbe funds of the Association , thereby shewing that tbe council still has the confidence of tbe people .
Aston street—On Sunday evening Mr . White addressed a meeting at tbe above plaoe , in wbicb be eave an account of his late trial and the misrepresentations of the press respecting it Peoples Hall ov Science . —A crowded meeting of tbe Chartists of Birmingham W : is held ut the Mechanics' Institute , Great Charles Street , in order to devise means for the speedy erection of the above bail for the us « of th » ch * rtista , and the working classes generally . Tbe building has remained in statu quo for more than a year , in consequence of tbe working
classes baying no faith in vbe parties who originated it , Nut it is now thrown completely into tbe bands of tbe people , and , judging from tbe energy and activity displayed by tbe Cuartista , there is Little doubt but . tbat it will aoon be completed by , and for the use of , the real Chartists . On the above occasion , spirited addresses were delivered by Messrs . Mason , Mead , O'Nt-il , und others . Tbe working men present responded nobly to the call , and there is now little doubt tbet the ChartiBts of this town will soon have a noble building m which to propagate their principles .
COVENTRY—Mr . George White delivered an address in the Association Room , on Monday evening , to a numerous and respectable andience , satisfactorily showing that no remedy exists for tbe present evils tbat tmiot society , but tbe People's Charter . BARNSI . EV—The Chartists of this town held tkeir weekly meeting on Monday night The subscription boobs to tbt ) Defence Fund -were audited , and the treasurer was authorised to send the monies on band to Mi . Cleave , being the Bum of £ 1 14 ? . 7 d ., fourteen shillings of which was from tbe Chartists of Ackworth , and four shillings from the Chartists of Cawtborne .
NOTTINGHAM . —The Chutists met at theDamocratic Chapel on Sunday morning , when it was resolved tbat a tea party do take place . In Mr . Bean ' s Rooms , on Easter Monday , and that the twenty-six victims of magisterial oppression , who have been confined in Sou ' . hwell House of Correction for various terms , from two to six months , be invited . Tickets elghtpence each to be had of Mitchell and Rodgers . I . ONDON . —The Metropolitan Delegate Meeting was held ou Sunday , Mr . Wheeler in the cbair .
Four shillings and eightpence was received from the Star , Golden-lane , and 3 s . from Som « rs ; own . Mr . Salmon reported from the committee appointed to net up the meeting to Mr . Duncombe . Mr , Simpson reported from the finance committee , and several debts were discharged . On a motion of Mr . Maynard , the secretary was ordered to write to all the delegates , requesting their attendance on the ensuing Sunday , to discuss Mr . O'Connor ' s proposal for a now organization : the meeting then adjourned .
Mb . Wheeler lectured on Sunday evening , at the Political Institution , Turnagaiu-lane , and was highly applauded . Messrs . ParKer , Cowan , and others , briefly addressed tho meeting in support of the principles put forward by the lecturer . An duimaied discussion then took place upon the subject of the ** land , " in which Mr . Brown , who acted as chairman , Mr . Carey , aud Mr . Ratbbone , took part . Lambeth , —A young men ' s locality has been formed herd , in lieu of the youth's locality , which formerly existed . They have sent us their liet of councillors , which shail appear next week .
Walworth , Surrev . —At the usual weekly meeting , held at the Montpelier Tavern , on Monday , it was proposed by Mr . Dale , seconded by Mr . Allen , and carried unanimously , that our best thanks are due to Mr . Thomas Duncombe , for his attendance at Nottingham , in support of that groat and gloriou ? principle the People ' s Charter ; and it is sincerely Hoped , individually and collectively , that Mr . Gibborne , the newly elected member for Nottingham , will follow the same example , in advocating , and strenuously supporting right against might aud justice against oppression .
Lambeth . —A di-triofc meeting took plaoe in this locality on Tuesday evening , when the Buhjeot of the land and how to obtain it , wad abiy diseased , and it was clearly demonstrated tbat the working classes have it in their power , by weekly subscriptions , or by carrying on a plan of exclusive dealing to obtain atnpl-j meanB to enable them to purchase land , Wild houses , employ their own members , support ; schools fur their own children , and cause Chartism to become the practice and law of the laud . It was announced that Mr . Keen would lecture here next Tuesday eveniDg . The General Council residing in Surrey and Kent , met as usual on Sunday last , at the Rotunda . Mr . Tborpa reported from St . John ' s and St . Olaby . Mr . O'CoDnor ' a plan of Organization was discussed , and the meeting adjourned until Sunday next .
South London Locality , Rotunda . —The members met on Monday night . Mr . O'Connor ' s plan was entered into and ably discussed . The meeting adjourned in consequence of Easter Monday , to the 24 th April , on which night Mr . Martin will leoture . Four new members were enrolled . Chartist Magazine Committee . —This committee held its usual weekly meeting at the Craven Head , Drury-iane , on tho 8 wh ult ., when two new members were added , and favourable reports received from ihe City , Southwark , and Marylebone . After other important business , the meeting arij mrned . Marvlsbone . —At a general meeting of the members of this locality , a resolution , proposed by Mr . Waikins , was carried by a large majority to the ¦ ff-ct , thatwerecal our delegates from the Metropolitan Delegate Meeting .
ECCLSS , nbar Manchester . —On Monday evening last , a public supper was given at the bouse of Mr . Cattrall , 8 } gn of the Hare and Hounds , to commemorate the liberation of several friends , who had been incarcerated in Kirkdale Gaol , for having taken a prominent part in the late Btrike . About seventy persons sat down to aa excellent repast ; and , after doing ample justice to the substancials , the tables were removed , and Mr . David Morrison was called to the chair . Mr . Morrison briefly addressod the meeting , and then introduced Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , who was received with the axost marked affection and esteem . When order
was restored , Mr . Leach prooeeded to address the meeting iu bis usual tifcctive manner , and was loudly applauded . Mr . Leach ' s address occupied nearly an hour , and , at the conclusion , a resolution was passed by the meeting , expressive of their determination to re-organise the Association . A gentleman present of the name of Tomlinson offered a roooj in nig premises for the use of the Association , tree at expence . A aumber of persons then came forward ^ and enrolled their names aa members ; and , after a number of reeitaiiooB and patriotic songs had been given and eung by several gentlemen present , the meeting broke op , highly delighted with vho rational and instructive manner i which hey had spent tbe evening .
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MAKCHE&T £ R ., -7- Cab . pbntkbs' Haxi . —Mr . Joan West , late of Macolestield , delivered two lectures in the above Hall , to large and respectable audiences . South Lancashire Delegate Meeting . —The Sooth Lancashire delegate meeting was held in the Chartist Room , Brown-street , Manchester , on Sunda ? last , when the following delegates were present —Carpenter ' Hall , Manchester , Mr . John Nat tall
Mr . Wm . Groeott , Mr Wm . Gresty , M , r . Thomas Si < ldley ; Stockport ( Youths' , Mr . Win . Brown ; Ratoliffe Bridge , Mr . J . Ishervrood ; Halsham Moor , Mr . J . Gaskell ; Ashton-under Lyne , Mr . J . Simpson ; ( Rochdale , Mr . Robert White ; Hollingwood , Mr . James Aehtoa ;| Oltiham , Mr . Henry Chappie Mr . Gresty was unanimously called to the chair . The Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting which we ^ e confirmed . The following sums were then paid in by the delegates present . SOUTH LANCASHIRE LECTURERS FUND . \ £ 8 d Carpenters'Hall 0 IS o Stockport Youths' 0 1 6 Halsh&w Moor 1 ... .... 0 1 4 Ratcliffe Bridge 0 10 Rochdale ... 0 5 10 : , £ 14 8 IRISH FUND Stookport Youths' 0 10 Rochdale ... 0 0 4 Ashton-under-liyne 0 10 OJdham ... ... ... ... 6 10
£ 0 3 4 DEFENCE FUND . Ratclifft ) Bridge , per J . Isherwood ... 0 10 Mr . Nnttall proposed ; the following resolution : — * ' That the Chairman of the South Lancashire Council shall have his vote , as a delegate , independant of the casting vote as Chairman when the votes are equal . " Mr . Robert ! White briefly seconded the motion ; which after sobe little discussion , was carried . Mr . Nuttall moved , " That each locality be supplied witn two of the local lecturers' plans , and each lecturer on the plan with the same number from the county fund , i And if any of the localities desire a greater number , they must give thoir orders to the Secretary before ; the plans go to the press , such plans to be paid for by the localities receiving
them , at tho price paid ! for printing . " Mr . Gas . kcll seconded the motiou , which was carried unanimously . Mr . Groeott moved , and Mr . Simpson seconded , " That the levy be discontinued for the next month ; and that those localities that are in debt to the lecturers' fund , will endeaVour to bring in such arrears to the next delegate meeting . " Carried . Mr . Gas kell then moved , " That an address bo drawn up t y this meeting , calling uppn those places in the district that have negleoted to bend delegates to the County Council to come forward in future aud lend us their aid . " Carried . The following persons were constituted a committee to draw up the address : —Messrs . Groeott . Nuttall , and Dixon . Thf . meeting was then adjourned until t ? unday , the 30 eh of April , when the lecturers , ia tho South Lancashire plan are requested to meet the delegates at ten o'clock in the forenoon , in the Brdwn-street room .
BRADFORD . —On Sunday , the members of the Council met in their room , Butterworth-buildings . The Chartists of Little [ Horton paid 6 a 10 £ d-contributions ; Janies-Btreet ils 7 d . The following resolutions were unanimously adopted : " That a Chartist book shop and newspaper agency be established , the proceeds to be appropriated to forward the Chart it * cause . " " That the foregoing resolutions be laid before the Chartists of each locality , and their opinion be sent to the Council , on Sunday , at two o ' clock in the afternoon / ' * " Taat a special meeting of tho Council be hold on Sunday noit , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , and every member be invited to attend . " '
On Sunday evening , a lecture was delivered in the Council room , on the past and present condition of Ireland , politically and socially . After the lecture several questions jwere asked respecting the remedy . The lecturer tra ^ d the evils to class legis-Jation , and contended for the right of every man to enjoy tbo elective poweri The Chartists of Little Horton met in their room , Paik-lune , on Sunday , aud unanimously resolved to recommend to the Council the establishing of a Chartist book shop and agency . The Chartists of James-street mot on Tuesday evening , when tney re ? olyed to call a special meeting of tbe members , on Tuesday next , on the question of a Charugt book shop .
The Chartists of Bowling Back-Lane met on Sunday in the association : room , when they resolved to take up the question ; of establishing a Chartist book shop and agency . Th « y request a full attendance on Sunday next , at ten o ' clock in the morning . On Mokda y , a public meeting was held in front of the OJd FoUowb' Hall , convened by requisition , to take into consideration th » bill now betore Parliament for the education of Factory Children , and fixing the hours of labour . Mr . Titley was called to the chair . Mr . Edward Hurley addressed the meeting at considerable length , on the urgent demand for education , and proposed the following resolution : —" That , in the opinion of this meeting , the Bill now before Parliament tor tbe Education of Children Employed in Factories , is not calculated to give to the rising generation a sound practical
education ; but we receive it as a means to extend education amongst tbe people , and also believing ; that it will be ultimately instrumental in reducing the hours of adult labour to ten hours per day , under the preseat circumstances we receive the Bill , provided some of'h . i clauses were altered , such as placing the election t > . ' Trustees in the Ratepayers , and extending t « 4- 'iaan to nine years for children t © commence labour in mil ! .- * , —as we oonceive it would be injur : < iu-- to employ a child at eight years of age . " Mr . Thomas Ibbocson seconded tho resolution Mr . Houry Hodgson moved an amendment , That the whole of che Educational part should be expunge ^ from the Bill . Mr . G . Fletcher seconded th » amendment . Mr . Ross supported the Bill . The resolution was carried by a large majority .
Tiia Chartists of the central locality mot in the Council robtn on Sunday morning , and recommended to the members of the Council , that alJ psraons occupying ihe room riofiud light and fire and that tho Council do iunufh no money , lor any party except tho Chartist body , when meeting on Chartist business . The Chartists of Daisy Hill recommend to Chartists of the district , en take up the question of Eatablishinga Chartist . bo « ik s ' : op and newspaper , agency , the proceeds to bo appropriated to the forwarding of the cause o * " froedom . The Chartists op Middlkton Fields met at the house ot George Sed * t wick . Three P . geons , when they resolved to call a special meeting of the mem bars on Saturday , ( this evening ) , at seven o'clock , on important business .
GLASGOW . —f From our own Correspondent J —It is an old saying , and ol ! v n ?¦ true one , •* Murder will out . " The attempt to ; beiray the cause of tho people into the hands of a meicenary faction is now placed bo-yond suspicion . A meeting of the leading men of the Complete Suffi aa < i parly , if they can be called a party , waa held a' low days ago in BrII ' s Coffee-house , for the purpose of forming " A Free Trade Association . " Tiie ni . etnig , such as it was , unanimously agreed that a -Frue Trad- . Association should be formed ; and in p" !« r to give proper impe ; tis to this mighty obj- ot . it was resolved that tiny should moot on an eai-lv ui ^ , when they should have tbe assistance of Mri Jumes Aoland . We never doubted but that tlure were some well
meaning individuals connected with tho Complete Sufivage party , but as to the renegad's who turned their back on the Chartist racneineiit , we had but one opinion , namely , that they ware Whigs to the back bone , but professing to be Chartists , so that they might worm themseWed inti > jtiac people's confidence , calculating upon being abl > , at soma convenient period , to turn the tide of popular feeling iu favour of their own allies , the dying rump of Whiggery To make mention of these tricksters in auv public manner is almost waste of time ; but we consider it our duty to make the above fact known to the people && proving the oft-ezpres&ed { opinion of ouselves and others , regarding this joint ia the tail of Whicaetv .
Some of these trimmers appear to have thrown all feelings of honour to the vrmds . Th ) 3 is evident in the conduct of eertain members of the late "Central Committee for ; Scotland . " It is well known that the leading members of that self-sufficient junta < had endeavoured by everything which lovr cunning could deviee , to cut out for themselves jobs by wrhfch they could act the gentleman at the expense of a virtuous but confiding people , but on finding their schemeB » ot to succeed , they , after having led the . r treasurer , Mr . G . Ross , into debt , amounting to something more than £ 120 , left that gentleman to eatricote himself as bo might (• blufc proper . True , they got up a soiree , wheu
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, r . ii ^ A ^ - ' r ^^> * / r ?^ . ftS-- * Sturge and S . Crawford vrere in Glasgow , tho . •» . ceeds of which were to go to liquidate-the au e debt , but for reasons best known w the party , < e Treasure * has never , to the knowkdse of Mr . h -s or the public , produced any balaaoa sheet of the - * d soiree . We were present along with Messrs . K -3 , Moir , and some other friends , at the meeting w . -e the soiree was , on the motion of Mr . W . Q . if&t' ¦ - ¦ a , agreed upon , and which resolution specially prov d that the proceeds should go to liquidate the del : < a
the Chartist Circular , due to Mr . Ross . M . » ay attended that soiree on acoonnt of Mr . Roas , yet Yir . Ross knew no more of that soiree , excepting th * t it took place , than does the Emperor of Japan ; but this is not all . At the late Scottish Conven'iva « held at Glasgow , onr countrymen know tbe t ^ rt these canters about morality acted . The un > - acipled O'Connorites" were to be put down , to pit- ^ e these fellows love of morality , though they kn ^ w that a debt of near # 200 " had been contracte-i :-y them , and for which their treasurer , Mr . G . R 8 , was bound . Notwithstanding they having a . -. d secretary , another person was appointed to ac ; is secretary for the Convention ; this follow go ^ vfie minute book of the Central Committee away t «> r is own house , to enable him to write the minute- al
his own convenience . Sometime ago Mr . Ros > . a endeavouring to wind up the affairs of the Ceiu d Committee , as a matter of course , found it necet ^ ¦ y to have the minute book ; he accordingly app > : d to the person who acted as secretary ¦ > r the Convention , and in whose possession the bo- . k was , U > have it returned , but this person " , instead of assisting in relieving Mr . Ross from bis liabilni ^ s , demanded £ 2 for his trouble in writing the mbai « of Convention , ( tolerable for three days ) , how ^ .-r , Mr . Ross paid the £ 2 ; after which , to his l < ar astonishment , he was told that Wm . Pattison r d the book . Mr . Ross immediately applied to Patu&un for it : but , that gentleman , instead of banding ' -ae book to Mr . R ., coolly told him ho would oot ^ 'e the book without a written order from Mr . y > . 1-
cclm ; if he did even then . Comment oa such * . < . aduct would be superfloas . We content ourst ;> - ' 8 with stating the facts , leaving the people to Q -w their own inference . We have isquired at Mr . Ross ' s this morning ( Monday ) , and find the t > w-a . is not yet returned . For what purpose the minui-- of the Central Committee is thask / pt up by one o ; , ra members , we cannot well conceive . Some sav ^ ia to serve some purpose in the action of " Ro ^ rs against Moir , " for defamation of character , linis action is said to be pressed by other parties agui :. st the wish of Rodgers . In justice to Mr . John » .-igers , from wnst we hav « hitherto known of him . v © are of opinion , that if left to himself , he would us-i : t be guilty of such unmanly conduct as he is ... w
oaid to be pursuing towards Moir in « hla & ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ u . No man who knows John Rodgers can believe , / m to be the author of charging Moir in a libel . > ¦ amons , with being a member of a physical-force : «• flotation , and a follower of Feargu 3 O'Connor If this bo true , there can be but one opinion , as to , ' . no intent , viz ., an attempt to prejudice the Court at ;~ at Mr . Moir ; but ba that as it may , we do net : \ x John Rodtrers as being tho autftor . The Ja « i <> us , both Whigs and would-be democrats , are rab :. iX the result of the Lanoaster trials . They fondly . xpected that Feargus should be got rid . of on ' it occasion ; and now that he has got allbufccieu . S they baselv attempt to insinuate away his chara ' r , declaring tbat be is in league with the Governor t . ¦
In the Glasgow Post , ot — March , we find the ¦ I * owing precious morse ] , also in the Paisley Depar .. r , and which , we believe , is from the pen of a Q ¦> ¦ r "At the recent trials at Lancaster Mr . Fesr is O'Connor has done more , we conceive , than exi -A suspicion of hit * acting for the Tories . He has k v sn good grounds for believing that he has acted in . 'Unection with the present Govern meofc and t mt adherents . " He then entered into a history of . fr . O'Connor ' s abuse of the Whigs , and concluded as follows— "In addition to these transactions i is worthy of remark , that the whole tenor of Mr . O'Connor ' s opening speech was an eulogium on the Attorney-General and the Government for ti . ^ ii conduct . If he did not in direct words say 60 , he
import of Mr . O Connor ' s speech was to thank he Government for having brought him and t sa arraigned with him to trial . " Now what wili ; - -is oanting jprofessor of liberality think , when we ell him that if these trials had taken place in Scot * . id , under similar oircumstanoes , the whole of the risoners would have been dismissed , not by a vei ' ot of the jury , suoh would not have been asked , bin oy the Judges . Having found that these wicked ; d malicious insinuations , from the pen of John Hon > rson , had conveyed false impressions in the absriu-e of a thorough knowledge of the case , to many vrt J * meaning minds , we were led to inquire into the ' .-. w of evidence in Scotland , to see whether there * ag room for the insinuations of the reputed Editor of
the Glasgow Post , and in the hope that the resnlr of out inquiry may be the means of enabling him to square his actions with his professions , as well a to save him in future from the hamility of betraying : ia ignorance of the criminal laws of his country , re quote the following from Allison ' s Practice of Cr ainal Laws— " If an attempt is made to tutor ot pv -. otice on a witness in tho course of his examination or before it , the person guilty of such practices is lia lie to summary trial and punishment . " It is frequeitt iy made a question whether a witness may refer to notes or msmorandums , made up to assist his memory . On this subject the rule is that notes or memorandums made by the witness at ths moment ^ or just after the fact , may be loaked to , in order . to refr * h
his memory . Gordon Kinloch ' s case , 29 th Ju . 9 , , 1785 , Burnett ( 459 ); but if they ware made nj . at the distance of weeks or months thereafter , and ? 'ill more , if done at the recommendation of one of t he parties , they are not admissable . It is accordingly usual to allow witnesses to look to tbeir memorandums , made * t the time , of dates , distances ,.-- ppearances of dead bodies , lists of Stolen goods , or ' he like , before emitting his testimony—or even to r < <* d puoh notes to the jury as his evidence , ha hav . ng firefc sworn that they were made at the limey mid faithfully done . With the exception , however , of such memorandums , a witness is not permitted to referawritten paper as containing his deposit » . is , for that would annihilate the whole advantages of viv
parole evidence , and ^ a vece examination , aad convert jury trials into a mere consideration of written evidtnee . Page 550—If any attempt ia made to tutor or practice on a witness in the couroo of his examination , or before it , the pptBon guilty of f > nch practices is liable to summary trial and mini hment . Thus a female was sent to jail for p * : vat « ly whispering to a witness in oour « e of a « riah—Wm . Smith , 9 th July , 1714 . " It ia a geuml role in the law of Scotland that the witnesses should be examined sepavataiy . It is founded on the . importance of having the story of each witness fresh in hi 3 own recolkctien , unmingled with tho impressions received from hearing the depositions of others in the same case ; and , although it is iznposfeibJe co
prevent conversations bet ween . them , yet the ex iSenceof this comparatively inconsiderable evil , wfc ch cannot be avoided , 19 justly considered as no reason far voluntarily incurring a greater at the v > ry moment of trial , ft is impossible thst a person who hears the evidence at a trial can avoid taking up au impression oae way or other , aa to the facts which it involves ; and , if the witnesses are to 06 called late jn tho day , have heard important evidence from those who have gone before them , it is not in human nature , that they should not give moro decided testimony , one wav or tbe othsr . than thev
would have done if their miada had been unbiassed by ¦ everything excepting what th < y themselves had witnessed , aud it is hoped wheu other parts of our institutions are swapt away in the growing passion for innovation , this at least will be allowed to remain a monument of the wisdom and humanity of the Scottish legislature . Let Provost Henderson and those croakers who are base enough to insinuate that ' * Feargus O'Connor has given good grounds for believing that ho is acting in connection with tho present Government and itspoliticdl adherents , " contrast the above , as the foundation of the Jaw of evidence in Scotland , with the manner in which
witnrs < es were tutored and practised on at and previous to the late trial at Lanoaster , and try if they can point to a single fact , and say Here is proof that Feargus O'Connor is acting in connection with the prosettt Government . " No , no , they will not undertake the task ; it suits their purpose much better to deal in generalities , and say to their dupee , Fearkus O'Connor is acting with the TonVa . " ThAJellowa know they lie when they fay so . Trial by Jury was liule short of a mere farce at Lancaster ; the witnesses were tutored and practised on ; the depositions taken beforo the magistrates were read to them in presence of each other , and that oa the
morning before they were examined , which , according to the law of Scatlarid , consorted the " trial int * a mere consideration of written evidence . " VVo have thus as briefly aa possible placed the unfounded accusations of the Glasgow Post side by side with tho laws of Scotland , as regards trial by jury , and according to tho above law , aa laid down by that ornament to Scottish jurisprudence . Professor Hume , Burnett , Allison , and others . We challenge John Henderfcou , or any other to show why Mr . O'Connor and bis fellow prisoners should not hive been , dismissed by the Judge in consequence of the manner m which the witnesses had been " tutored and practised on . " r
TfiE PraEcroBS of the Glasgow Charter Association met on Friday evening for the transaction of their ordinary business . At the closa of the businesp , Mr . J . Colquhoun moved that a special meeting of the directors be held oh Monday evening , tho J 7 * h instant , to take into consideration the propriety 0 * SftJ'Qg up a social meeting-on the evening of tho third Monday in May , being the anniversary of the day ( 21 st May ) on which tho People ' s Charter waa first publicly proclaimed on the Green of Glasgow Mr . Ross asked whether Mr . ColquhoHn intended that any of our friends from a distance should b « invited ! Mr . C . eaid he should be happy to see Mr . Hill , Editor of tho Northern Star , ? nd Messrs Duncombe and O'Connor at their meeting , which he hoped would be a soiree on a splendid scale , atcssra Smith , Brown , and oihers , expressed tbefr warm acquiescence in the proposition , after which the resolution was unanimously agreed to .
$0 The Pbodtjcers Of Wealth,. And All Those ^ Who Live By Industry Oh The Lani≫.
$ 0 THE PBODtJCERS OF WEALTH ,. AND ALL THOSE ^ WHO LIVE BY INDUSTRY OH THE LANI > .
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VERBATIM BEPOBT OF THE CHARTIST TRIALS AT LANCASTER . THIS DAY IS PUBLISHED , No . 3 , OF A VERBATIM BEPOBT OF THE RECENT TBIACS OF FEARGUS O'CONNOR AND 58 OTHERS , AT LANCASTER , FOR RIOT , SEDITION , TUMULT , AND CONSPIRACY . THE above "Work will bo Pablisbedin Weekly Numbers of 64 Pages of Royal Octavo , Edited by FEARGUS O'CONNOR , Esq .., Barrister-at-Law , and to which will be added A SHOUT ACCOUNT OF THS CAUSES OF THE DISTURBANCES OF AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER LAST , With Notes upon the Trial ; also a Dedication to Baron ROLFE . A SPtENT > ID PORTRAIT OF THE JUST JTJDG 2 WHO PRESIDED , WILL BE PRESENTED WITH THE LAST NUMBER ( GRATIS ) To those who have been Subscribers to the Work . The Portrait will be Executed with a view to its being placed aa a Frontispiece , and when completed , which will be in about four Numbers j the whole will make a valuable work . Prioe 7 d . a Number , in a wrapper . The Portrait gratis . , ,. Subscribers and Agents are requested'to ^ ivo their Order 3 to Cleave , 1 , Shoe Lana , Fleet Street , London ; Betwood , 60 , Oldham Street , Manchester ; and / Hobson , Northern Star Office , Market Street , Leeds .
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TO MY BROTHER » CO . NSPIRATORS . " Mt FiiEXD 3 , —Mr . Roberts is now labouring hard to put our affairs in a proper position ; but , doubtless , the poor fellows who have been convicted will expect me t © report progress . I may then say , tk * t if the AUoraey-Geaeial intend * to call aaj of Ihe parties op forjadgement , EaSUient . notice vriU be given to theffl on zegniring their ptrsonwi ppearmnu in the Queen ' s Bench , when tm shall hare % n opportunity of moving , as we shall be advised , in arrest of judgment . Jones ' s case is occupying a great deal of our attention , but it would mot be prudent to pubUaft the manner in frfiicii -we hope to b * ve it reopened or re-considered . I suppose about nine days notice will be given to tbe defendants j bat as tbe Court appears to be fully
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AND LEOiDS GEIEEAL ADVERTISER ,
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YOL- YI- HO . 383 . SATURDAY , APRIL 15 , 1843 . "" nSSSSg , ? £££ * °
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct477/page/1/
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