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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EMIGRATION . ¦^ HERE TO , A > T > HOW TO PROCEED . « a 1 OV& THBOCGH A POBTIOK 0 ? CANADA , * J ~ SX ) SEVEKAI . OF THB STATES OT SORTH A £ IJcA . PABTICriAJiLT THB S ? AT £ S OF tx SSi . CBVSZTTS , BHODE ISLAND , JfEW TOIIK , j , £ >\ 5 STLTA > IA , OHIO , MICHIGAN , IiLT . VOIS , SriSCONilN . A > 'D SETV JBBSET , TXDESIAKES 1 TITB ^ VIEW OP ASCEETAISI > G THE DEsiB ; LIIT , OB OTHEBWJSE , OF EMIGHaXIO . N ; A TO JCDGE OF T&E BEST LOCATION . FOB j > GL 1 SH EJUG&A > "TS , FROM ACTUAL 0 B 3 EBTi . Il ' - >' - jT Ll ^^^ PITKETH 1 Y , cf Hnddersfleld . ( Coniinvidfrom our last iceek's paper . ) TrtrSNAL—DESCRIPTION OF THE SHAKER Jy TILLAGES . r'lTTr ' T ) A T ^ T / TVT
ijtET f ciii : ^ ' khb b remarkH respecting } Jew Tori -e 3 ti £ a " djic-:-t parts , I arranged my lugtrsge , and pre-L ^ i to iccJ ^ paay my friends Charles Eamihaw and »< fter : ADie »? n * ° Albany . Tjfe ailed about two p-m ., and very soon discovered ^ error in gcfcg by the Teasel we were in . It waa a ito » t ^ g - " •'> w- ^ tW 10 ^ ffage boats attached giereio , rr ^ sir . cf twenty-four hours for the passage , HI * the qniek boats accomplished the journey in ten tg ^ iVts hoars- To rnesd the matter , I had scarcely «* ob board before I became so unwell as to be coml eS-d tor-tire to bed . *^ Fei . > -E 5 D-n . t , . 10 : h . —My illness increased dnricjj the nt'Lt , sr » 2 i ' . was soon eTident that it was a most attack of the choleraTowards
Ij&ieEt . morning I be--j ^ e 50 feebie as to be ssarce able to mount the stairs tan she cabin to the deck ; the cramp ahifted from pj ^ e to pice , until at length it became so fired in my igft le ; ts to iccapscitate me fr » m moving about , in aoasconrtice cf the extreme pain it occasioned . I had fawed out of bed upon the floor , on first feeling the ¦ Back , * n 3 "was fixed upon a cant-bottomed seat as bb Ij- ' h if 1 bad been laid beneath a ton "weight , with « r feet on the floor ; after about ten minutes rubbing , j ^ tained a partial relief , and , by the aid of Charles , leased to crass the floor . I was certainly alarmed ^ rtiai the cramp seised my intestines , and when I -sras jicfcd with iD -. ernal pain . Though it was excessively hot , jt » I tad to remain in bed during a great part of
tfce fisjye reached Albany in th £ eTemng . iBCSSDiT ll : h- —I started by railway . this morning , fa tise Saaker Village , New Lebanon . The railway uesdi & Tery & * P inclined plane , such as there are not ia Biisifl . aslfcss stationary engines and ropes are used iatheaK ^ mi descent . Here there were two locemot « enf-a * , tat they were inadequate for the task . JLawera , » crowd of men came to our aid , and after a jjijitffij sal hard snuggle , the train attained the summit t fiheBli , from which » e had a most imposing view of ge Bnd-oo ir . d the surrounding country , as also of lS » s atj . We soon got to H&ncodc , a Shaker Tillage . I expected w have b ? en set down at New Lebanon , but I muiree miles off , and had no conTeyancs for my slamej
aeif nor for my luggage ; therefore , after viewing this risaant Tillage , and conTersing with some of the b * &m , who were Tery kind , I s » w no means of travelling bat to walk ; so baying left my luggage in tare of Bttbnsshren , 1 proceeded on my "way . With much difficulty , occasioned by my lameness , I reached 2 S ew fcebtaon , anoiner Sbate Establishment , where I met with my old friend Dintel Fraser , who was at the « famDy house * He was Tery glad to see me . HeBhook joe by the bant , and actually kissed me in the exuberance of bis joy . He took me to the apartments for th « reception of strangers and Tiaiten , and brought me water with which I washed myself -while dinner was
preparing ; bat bafcre I was qaite ready , a be'I anapcscsd thst itinner was on ths table . I hastened by the direction of ay friend , to the spartment in the ° family house" where the strangers dine ; the distance W » s about Urj yards , one part being laid with rough tip aad tin ctber wilh grvreL The building is vary luge sad Jcfry , and diyided into lodging and other toon * . The ' fcaily home" is a spacious building , three stodef bigb . On the aader £ ooi , at basement , is the ptoee sst apa t for cooking for the whole " family" as it iicaSM , which consists of about 100 males and females , Ban or less ; the second fi x * is appropriated for taking tbmr meals , aad the third floor is a place of worship for the " £ u&ily" ody .
I found diimef Tery neatly Berred up in a nnall Ijarrmmt , set apart for the use of -visitors ; none batf siiowed to dine with the " family" oatil fbiy join the cammunity . The " family" had just lisa tnm dinner . Being unwell , my friend had fecnjBt me some medicated wine , and did eTery ffciBf pcwiWr to make me comfortable and give me » ippetiie ,- but still I was Tery little inclined to * & a bearty meal . I had set before me some Tery ta bam , white and brown wbeaten bread , pudding Bide from Indian corn , fruit pie , potatoes , squashes , totaej beans , presented fruit , two kind * of beets , and fej hi the finest butter I bad seen in the country , and eqol to a&y I had eyer tasted , in my life . Nothing Could be * nore suited to my tute than what was before Be , yet my state of body was such as to deny me a b £ for ererything , excepting the squash , which was totij i&icions . One of the Tirgin sisters waited upon m during my repast
I hatte&ed back to my apartment and my friend , to vtaa I bad to answer the many inquiries he made re-Ure to the old world—he had entered upon the m one ;—and it gratified me to find him less sunken cda the weight of his sew views than , from the faeoax of his letters , I had been led to expect lea , or npper , at six , consisted of nearly th * same raid * as did the dinner . Seem after tea I went to bed , but was Tery soon sro&sbd by the most melodious music , which greatly exhilarated m « . I arose , and though my apartment tm dmodd from the " family hall" by a court yard « f some twenty yards in extent , yet by the light rtka streamed through theii windows I could distinctly perceiTe that the " family" were at worship
Tbej bsd commenced a quick march , or rfanctt , in ecwpla ; the brethren first and the sisters following , j noring round the room to music ( Tocal ) performed by ' , tiffcX or ten persons who stood in the middle of the ; bil They soon finished the tune , when they bowed ttd stood stilL When the taoe was changed , they eommenc&d again with the earnestsess of youths in a biS-niom— stimping at one time and clapping at ** oQter , but both most excellently timed to the mosic , They do not pray publicly ; their opinion being that i pnMie payers are improper , and that erexy one , knowisf hu own wants , can alone express them to the i Wiy- I consider the sort of exercise I witnessed , fteropper , well calculated to impart health and secure ttKB& teep .
Feibat 12 th—Boee at fiye and prepared for the ring ffl the tej Xr , bre&tfast , which I understood would be »* 5 j n ex . the regular hour with the " family" for ttH Eite \ . i » rjujg precisely at the appointed time . I » m still unwell , aad made but an indifferent breakfast ¦ I to Lider Broker , Bichard , had brought my luggage a s w ^ on from the station , a distance of three miles . I was nmch ia want of some neessaries and immediately « Peoed mj tranks . HaTing Tarious articles to dispose «^ J vtt TerysDon attended by the elder brethren and , B ** o > , whom I found to be Tery pleasant and agreeable P 3800 * - Omen of the brethren and sisters also came , ; ttd pnrchatrd such articles as they required ; they like- ; * i * e ordered ^ ame goods of a description which they wald no : obtiin in the country . While the elders of > boyi » exfej were settling accounts , the music commenced , MI felt surprised that they should allow business to them
• top from joining in the worship . j Bat » sd at , 13 th . —After breakfast , Frazer at my re-!* » t , went to the Elder ( Richard ) and asked him to wept of a handsome hand-Tice , wfeich be had much *?*^ d on the preTious eTening . He accepted vbe S * 'J * . refused payment for bringing my luggage from i *** *« £ oa . He . Richardt accompanied me to the office , 01 aS . ° f ** TiIiag « i where I also madesomssinallsaisi ' , ] ^ , myorder extended . I examined the Tarious 5 » -s of their own manufacture , Id the store , which ***? zeit - consisting principally of toys Frc-zer ™ isen ! m : for to shew me through the TiJlsge ; the f ^ brother , -w > so t Tit the Etore , a ' ceompmied us to a njS , 1 * ortiio Pi 'wll 5 cI 1 contained machinery for sawing —^ Di-. stone , timber for fencing , grooving and jointing £ ~* > ie ^ s , tc ; a turning lathe for wood , with other r viifl « y . most inranoasly cont > 2 T- ; d for completing
» s ' work ^ i'i Iae iq ^^ pos sible manual labour . All : » M arranged in the best and neatest order . A Tenera-»« juner was busy at work , who I foHnd to be ; * We free and coaun-anicvtiTe than the generaliiy of the ] "tt&rea . All xhtir mathinery is propelled by water ' , tf wf ^^^ surprised to see a considerable nnmber > fa ° * p ti » m the shop , or factory , as celibacy is en- j g ™ W on the community ; but I was told they were ; *» off ering ^ par £ CtB who 2 jad « taken up the cross , " , fjr A - f-sscracce of a better and happier state here j ^» , bid taitn upon them the name of brother and j f ? "w > instead of that of husband and wife . Of course , ! " » yootha were brought up in the faith , and habited Sof f 06 ^ 316 of the unity . They were all aifcentiTe H » busL . eag ia which they were seTeraHy engaged ,-j 2 J" 1 th hia hatchet chopping twigs for firewood . ^ **™ B » as ao talk , but eE steadily attended to their » J ^ Paaoa . l learned that this kind of firewood was '
££ « adapted than any other for the purpose of I not Tisit-d the medicinal gardens of one of the r ™^ of wbkh there a-re four in this Tillage . The jrooer in charge led us through eTery portion of them . * m a learned man , ^ aite polished in hi » manners , J ** 7 oy co mniunicatiTe and obliging . I was pleased wimes , the readiness with which he could giTe to ^ " ^ ^ ? Unt lu ^^ lame , and to see and hear «« exuBt of his knowledge . He was of a philosophical ^ . tod had a wel stored mind . «™ teoiivd , alter Bbo-sing : m through all his gardens , ^« tou us to his drying house for btrbs , plants , aud ^^ ir . t arrangement * were excellent and ex ; er > fc bo » -h °° - ' ^ erable number of persons were occup ! ed
~^« kted , which they performed with the utmost a J : - a ^ -nt&s . They had machines for jreEsbg the fnrxy 1 ^ t ™ ^ mwti £ h * pe , and fcr oiheiwiie TsrH ^ t-eta 'o' « le ; but tie prepaiati ns were so , ^ V to be beyond my power to describe . I par-«^ oTa brS ! 3 paril ! a ' BP VeT ' " & : idj *"' *
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In the gardens , the fragrance of which was most delightful , we entered an arbour , in which I was invited to sit . This arbour was cf a curious construction , being supported by some projecting maple trees from a rock which separated the hieher and lower gardens and from which we had a view that , in England , would have gladdened She heart oi any lover of scenery , and who would Uvn concluded that this was alone intended for tbe abode of monarchy . 1 % is without parallel in farfamed Britain or Ireland . After dinner all implements of Iabonr were put aside in preparation for their Sabbath , which commences at t > nh set . on Saturday and terminates at the same time on Sunday . We next visited tbe family wash-house- It is supplied with water , both rood and plentiful . Four large boilers were fixed in a squire , with communicating pipes Tn m * Aanm * k « *___„ .. _ _«_• t . .
• or supplying each with water , and which thfy could haTe at any required temperature , Tba machinery for washing -was suoved by -water power . When the clothes were washed they were placed in a press , * nt of which they were taken , almcstdry , aad placed in skipB , anrt in two sec ; nds , were removed into the &tties by machinery , where rails were affixed oi which th-. y were hung to be thoroughly dried , being kept free from dust or any soil whatever . In the room below , were tables along the sides ; and in the middle a kin-i of stove or oTcn ; for tbe purpose of beating the irons . AT . their works are conducted in the best possible order , their machinery being all put in motion by the same stream , which descends from a hill , and although coaiparativc ' iy Email , yet , from their having constructed suitable resorvoirs , they have generally a sufficient supply .
The Shakers tan and dress their own leather , and make their own wooden ware . Tseir brooms , of which they manufacture large quantities for sale , and which are made of the broom corn , are very handsome They have also a small foundry . They spin , dye , weave and finish their own fabr . es ; mate their own soap and candles , raise and sell , by wholesale , garden and fleM seeds , also vegetable medicines , which they likewise compound , and make their own shoes and other clothing . Their butter , &s I befere observed , is tbe best in tbe country , and brings about one-fourth more than tbe general price ; their orchards are so extensive and productive as to enable them to preserve and diy large quantities of fruit to serve them during tbe winter . Indeed , they raise wheat , corn ( Indian ) , oats , and ter . Indeed , they raise wheat , corn ( Indian ) , oats , and
; barley , with every kind of vegetables in abundance . !~ They rise , sumaer , and winter , at four o ' clock , or ; very Booner after ; breakfast at six ; dine at twelve ; | and sup at a little past six . They are happy and cheerful with , each other . No strife ; but , on the contrary , ; love and affection , reign throughout their abode ,- and i unequalled order and regularity are witnessed in every ! department Their industry is not less systematically ¦ carried out than is every other thing . . They are like bees in & bive ; and though separate from the rest of ! the world , they assured me that their temporal duties are not less attended to than are those of s > spiritual nature . And let it be remarked , that though they have one common interest aDd one common property , in
order that it may be annually shown which of them has ! been most ingenious or roost industrious during the . year , every family manages their own seeds , m § dicines , ' and manufactures ; in fact , though liviag in " com-! muriity , " they compete with each other even to an I eacess of industry ; for with the 7000 or 8000 acres , - owned by this one village , and with a constantly increasing , mass of wealth , I consider they ought lo relax i a"little in this respect , particularly as the brethren and [ sisters know that they cannot be supplied with either ; clothing or money , bat at the pleasure of the elder : brethren , who have both in their own care and keeping . ! They are remarkably ready to welcome all visitors , I and refuse accommodation to none , whatever be tbtir creed or colour , old or yonng , married or single . They
afford every information as to their tenets and princi-1 pies ; and if these are embraced by the inquirers , and : all other circumstances are favourable , they are admitted I into the " family , " even though they are married , if tie husband and wife consent to separation , and to ¦ change the appellation of " dear husband" and " loving 1 wife" for the terms " brother" and " sister , " and ¦ ¦ otherwise abide Ity the rules of the establishment , which , if they break , they must forthwith leave tbe ! society .. AU yon possess must be taken into the insti-• tution , and you can have no further control over it than those who take nothing ; and shcuU you leave , < you can take no property away , however large might . have been the amount you take in on your entrance . [ While there , you are joint proprietor of the whole '; property belonging to tbe " family . "
Lebanon Springs are about a mile distant from this village . The place is a fashionable summer resort for the wealthy of the Southern Slates of the Union ; and the visitors to these medicinal waters , actuated more by curiosity than a desire to join in their mode of worship , . used to attend the Sbaker Church on Sundays ; but not acting with the desired decorum , they , amongst other things , besmearing { as is very common ) the place with saliva , which the Shakers hold in abhorrence and designate " defilement , " it -was thought proper by the " family" to dose the church during the Beason , and confine themselves to their family halls for the time . To show the effect of this regulation , I may here state that one hotel-keeper told me that it had been a loss to him of more than 1 , 000 dollars , and the season was not then over .
New Lebanon is only one village of these strange devotees . Besides it , there are several others , one of which lies about three miles distant , and u called Hancock Shaker Tillage , in which the brothers aBd sisters are less numerous . Another settlement is less distant , but quite distinct There is also a settlement , or colony at a place called Watervelette , near Troy . Another is to the Eaat , near Boston , in Massachusetts . There are more to the Westward , in Ohio , and many other plsees . New Lebanon , however , is the centre of the whole sect Ren they hold their Cengraaa aBd arrange all thsir general business . I did not hear of any appointed minister of religion amongst them . Persons sustaining office are elected in the following manner : — The brethren and sisters converse together , and a person ' s name , or more , as the requirement may be , is mentioned , and , after reasoning over the matter , the appointment is determined upon by common consent , a :: d not by vote , as is all but our universal practice .
The three nearest villages are most beautifully situated in tbe SUte of New York , bordering upon that of Massichusetts , in a rather hilly than mountainous district , partly sloping banks and partly plains . The wood that remains is only sufficient for ornament , firewood , building , and other necessary purposes ; and truly the large , handsome , dean buildings , with the hill and the dale , and the exactitude and order which throughout prevail , makes the place look like a very paradise . Sr ? fDAT , 14 tb . —Again I was up at five , potted some papers , and read a portion of the Memoirs of Ann Lee , tbe founder of tbe Shakers , who was the danghter of a blaeksniitfi , at Manchester , in Lancashire , and who with her father acd other relatives , emigrated little
more than fi / ty yt-irs ago . 1 breakfasted at six , and was again invited to attend worship . My stm ehair was placed at the end of the hall , with a spitoon by its aide ; because , to spit upon the floor would inevitably call forth a remark from any one who might be near . Spitoors" are necessary for American visitors ; for the Yankees have acquired habits of smoking and spitting which renders them remarkable to all , and offensive to many . This is unfortunate : as it tells mnch against tbe people , on the ground of cleanliness . I have be ' ore stated that the Shakers bold the habit of spitting . upon the floor in abhorrence , designating it " defilement" To prevent this , they invariably place a " spitoon" by the side of a vUitor , » o that he
may indulge in his habit without offence to a moss cleanly people . I found that their form of worship ib seldom , it ever , twice tbe same . Those who are selected , . or whose turn it is to sing , strike up a tune ; and then the whole body marches , or shakes , or dances , according aa the tune requires . I was a great deal more struck this morning with their performances than previously . After a quick march they , all at once , begun to form in line from one end of the kail to the other ; one half with their backs to the waJl and windows , while the other half commenced a kind of backward and forward step , and when they got to the extremity of their backward march they danced a step and moved forward . As niual , the sexes kept distinct
in dancing aa well as in marching . They afterwards formed themselves into two close divisions ; in the centre of tbe room , and the Eider Brother tRicbard ) in a very plain manner , explained aome passages of Scripture , Then several of them expressed sheir inward emotions , in words , while others seemed writhing in agony . They generally kept np a degree of shaking motion ; some of them to an extreme exceedingly painful to witness . The head , in particular , as well as the whole body , was kept in a sort of rolling motion , apparently much more in agony than in joy ; and one sister expre » 33 d her affection and gratitute so strongly to tbe Elder Sister , for the instruction she had imparted , that while she embraced her I certainly felt mnch affected .
Feeling ill I walked out , and was much disappointed , one of tbe brothers having come to my room , while I was oat , to invite me to their afternoon exercises . I lost this opportunity and only saw from my room , through the windows , much more of their excessive motion , such aa woirling round , tumbling down , ic Their tunas are most enlivening and are frequently accompanied : by tbe clipping of hands in accordance with ttie sound of the feet A noise , somewhat similar to that made by the Irvinites in the " unknown tengne " was made by the Shakers ; aad which I oonid distinctly hear in the building in which I was , at the distance of of ty op sixty yards . The stamping was excessive . As soon as the sun went down they told me that the sabbath was ended ; aad not reflating that I had as good a right to respect my sabbath as they had , they commenced talkfcg of business . This day they dined at h&if-p&st eleven , an-1 supped at half-past three .
MOJiDat , 15 th . —After breakfast , my friend Fraser , with a spring cart conveyed me and my luggage to New Lebanon village , distant about two miles , to meet a coach which passes that Tillage te another part of the railway than that I had stopped at in coming . Finding it had passed , I had some difficulty to hire a vehicle , and only got to tbe station , ft distance of eight miles ., two minutes before the train . The driver said many bitter things against my friends the Shakers , as he drove me alorg . I soon got to Albany , and , having left my trunk , I had it removed to the rlilway , and paid my fare to Utica . I was soon on niy way , but at Sohnectady , fourteen " miles diitaat , I had to wait a few hemra ; sad
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befor ? night came on , I took the opportunity of looking round the place . It consists , principally , of one long street of shop * and warehouses , with a few hotels . The Erie oaral runs through the town . There is a spacious College at a little distance for the education of students in law , phyaic , aud divinity . We left at nightfall and reached Utica at half-past four nex * morning ; I then took my fare to Oriakany , where I staid to see a friend . I then visited the woollen factory , which was tolerably filled with good machinery . They manufacture woollen cioth , carpets , and eoacfe lace . Toey buy no wool , but barter their goods for it ; neither do they pay wages in money . Tbe workpeople receive what is termed " Store Pay , " consisting of provisions and clothing , but no money . The parson even has to preach for " Sture Pay . " i met some Koclishmen at this place , among whom was a Mr . Butterfield , from Halifax , who is the manager and a partner in the f&ctory . He is a very cool and cautious man , and withal very civil . I visited the store , in which the stock waa very plain . -
I agaiu took my departure by railway . They would not take half , or second class fare , for what they cnll way passen ^ rs ; tlut is , persons goin ? short stages ; so from Utici to Syracuse—because I had stoppeJ at Oriskany—I had to pay double , or full fare at Syracuse . I took half fare to Rochester . Night coming on I could see nothing . We went at the rate of about fourteen ruilea an hour on this simple single-line railway . At Syracuse , about two and a-half millions of bushels of salt is produced annually , which is sent to all parts of the IJaion , and a portion of it to other parts of the world . The city is built upon a plain , through which
the railway and the Erie canal pass . It is well built , and considerable trade is carried on in it . I arrived at Rochester a little before 5 a . ru ., and enquired for Dr . Smyles , when I was told that he resided four miles from the city . After a good deal of enquiry I found my friend Charles Robinson , who was in bed , But he got up and prepared breakfast , and after looking round the ciiy , Mr . Longmuir and Mr . Taylor were kind enough to drive me to the residence of Dr . Smyles , where I remained during the night , and never was poor soul so tormented aa I was with an army of blood-suekers , called mosquitos . To-day the State representatives met at Albany .
Wednesday , 17 th . —After breakfast , the Doctor and I each mounted a horse and took a round to visit a patient who had been burnt yesterday by her clothes taking fire ; she was an aged woman , and had just been relieved from her sufferings by death when we arrived . On cur round we were within siijht of Lake Ontario , and the Doctor attributed the vast assemblage of mosquitos , which had nearly devoured me , to his contiguity to a bay or branch of the lake which was only a mile from bis house . He also said there was some wet bush dose by . Oa reaching the city we dined with Mr . John Taylor , dyer and manufacturer , from Kilmarnock , who had lived on a farm in Michigan , bit had exchanged it for the premises be now occupies . I was introduced to many countrymen , among others to Mr . John Caidwell , who , many years ai-o , had left Paisley , with tke steeple of St . George ' s Church in his
pocket , also the goods of several tradesmen , and settled here . The circumstance of his taking tbe " steeple" is well known in Paisley and its neighbourhood , tb « fact being that he waB a member of , and treasurer to , the St George's Church , where the Rev . Dr . Burns , the famous Corn Law Repealer , new officiates . Caidwell took with him a portion of the funds that bad been raised to build the church , the body of which was about completed , but the steeple was not begun . In consequence of his defection , it could not be proceeded with ; and the church is ateepleless to this day . This matter struck me the more forcibly , because of my having had so many jokes , on my visits to Paisley , respecting tbe man who had fled with the steeple of the said church , the want of it being a common eyesore , and a common reflection on the citizens , and especially on those who worship at the imperfect church .
Caidwell informed me that he had been a magistrate ; that bo had batn in business , and that he was one of the jury that tried ilr . John Henderson , the present Provost of Paisley , when prosecuted on a charge of pike-making . I also met a few persons from Huddersfield , whom I knew . I was informed that Mr . John Caidwell had failed in the amouDt of 80 , 090 dollars siuce he went to Rochester ; th&t he had set up a splendid drapery store , and pushed himself into credit , and bad swept the decks , and was now living by money -jobbing , or lending on security at various amounts of interests , and exchanging one sort of money for another . Notwithstanding all this , a number of his countrymen had had his likeness taken by an eminent artist , ad paid for by subscription , to be hung up in some hall in which they meet on festive occasions . I hope for the honour of the fraternity of saints , that it is not fixed in St Andrew ' s hall !
The city of Rochester is beautifully situated on both banks of tbe river Gcneste , seven miles from Lake Ontario . Within the city the river Isas three remarkable falls ; the firit twelve , the second ninety-seven , and the third twenty feet ; and at a very short distance from the city boundary its fall is one hundred and five feet These falls must be Eesn to be sufficiently admired . They give power for propelling machinery equal to 38 , 000 horses , and give motion to above twenty flour mills , eleven saw mills , one cotton mill , three woollen factories , nine large machine shops , one or two planing machines , through which they put flooring boards , which come out smoothed , tongued , and grooved , and in every respect ready for putting down . There are also a bedstead and general turning factory , and many others , all tbe operations being performed by machinery . To give some idea of the business done , I may here observe , that tbe flour mills turn out annually on tbe average from 450 , 000 to 500 , 000 barrels of flour , the value amounting to about three million dollars .
Within three miles of the city is the harbour for the steamers coming from Like Ontario , the St Lawrence , and many other parts of Canada , and aUo those from the States . The railway from Albany crosses tbe river immediately above the ninety-seven feet fall by a strong roofed wooden bridge . There are two bridges across , and the new aqueduct on tbe Eiie canal , which is tbe greatest , most substantial , and costly piece of public work in the State . 2 had not an opportunity of visiting Mount Pleasant , a new burial ground , one or two mile * diBUnt from the city . It is famed for elegance of design , natural beauty , and situation , in which respects it is said to stand unequalled . Everything was pleasing to me here ,
excepting the infernal mosqnitos , from tbe effects of whose attacks my head and face were enormously swollen . Before I retired to rest one night we killed all we con Id meet with ; a&d tbe Doctor was sure that the room was so close as to prevent their entering . I went to bed in confidence ; but , lo ! in two minutes they were humming about my head in as strong force as ever . I struck about me in all directions , but to small purpose . I then got out of bed , and lighted a candle . The Doctor beard me from above , and came to express his regret I told him I was mare sorry on his than on my own account ; that I had struck abont me right and left , and must have murdered a best cf the infernala ,
but that they still seemed increased in force . We agaia , as we thought , cltared . the room , and went to bed a second time , but soon found the tormentors were there . I had not closed my eyes before tfeey fell ugon me , piercing my flesh with their lancets in all exposed parts , not excepting my poor lame leg , which I was compelled to keep from beneath tbe clothes . Striking about me I found to have no effect whatever , I therefore covered myself , and put up every possible defence , and with impatience awaited the dawn of day , when I arose and walked in tbe fields , where I inhaled the refreshing breeze , which communicated tbe moBt delightful sensations , contrasted with the tortures I had experienced during the night .
Thursday , 18 th . —My kind friend Dr . Smyles was in some degree disconcerted consequent upon my not having succeeded in effecting arrangements so as that he might accompany me to tbe Far West , and which I regretted exceedingly , knowing , as I did , the delight I should feel in communing ¦ with his intellectual mind , and how in the " back vrooda" his cheerful disposition and inexhaustible and highly interesting stores of information would have charmed me in ray course , and his research added real interest to my narrative . I was , however , compelled to forego the pleasure of his company and do the best within my power . So after much conversation on the subject of Emigration in particular , which would be out of place to narrate here , after dinner I prepared for my journey to Buffalo , and
was advised by my friends to go by tke canal packet . I had again to travel by night through a most interesting country . By tbe light of the moon I could perceive that it was pretty well cleared and cultivated . Wo passed Albion , Holly , Albeston , Medina , Middleport , and Lsckport At this latter place , I observed that one pirt of tbe town lay upon a low flat , while the other portion was upon a high bank , tbo scenery being most picturesque . The five locks at Lockport by which the boats ascend to the level ot LMte Erie , are of a most substantial and ingenious construction , with a novel contrivance for letting in the water , of which thay have an unlimited supply , and by which tbe boats are lifted up with unparalleled rapidity . I was informed
that vessels could be taken upwards in ten and down in seven minutes . These locks are quite new , the old ones being in part removed ; they are composed of large blocks of granite , cut in most ingenious forms so as to bind the whole as one solid rock ; there are steps on each side by which to ascend , and arches over each lock by which to cross on the top . The top of the upper lock is on a level with the great Like Erie ; and here is the commencement of a cutting which extends over two miles , of great width and depth , through granite , and is said to have cost more than the Thames tunneL The workmanship of the locks is not surpassed by any work of the kind I have ever seen .
After proceeding from twelve to sixteen miles through a tne country , tolerably well cleared , we approached the banks of the great Niagara rivet , opposite to Grand Island , of which we have recently heard so muoh oonneeted with the late struggles between the Canadian patriots asd the British hirelings . Above Grand Island , the riter appears to be not more than half a mile across . I could read tbe signs in front of the stores on the Canadian shore with the naked eye . At Lockport there is a fine elevation from which to view the plains below ; mjrJMdoyiaeiit , beyond a glimpse , of the view was prevlBd by our confinerntnt in tbe deep cutting , as mentioned above , afcer pa £ si » 3 -which , I , for the first time since my lanning in the country , gp . zed upon an . extended and delightful landscape , meeting the « je ia the direction of La £ e
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• . ? V . * ' ro 8 e a dutiful and gently sloping amphitheatre clothed witb groves , which , combinad with the Canada shore , the river , the lake , the city of Buffalo , the villas and other buildings , the rich foliage , and the famous Black Rock , presented a scene sublimely grand and imposing . Opposite the lower and the upper Black Rock is a remarkable breakwater , for the purpose of keeping the water a . a proper level , and also to keep the water of the canal from the current of the Niagara ; upon this breakwater are several fljur mills and warehouses , also a foundry at ils extremity . Here a train of railway carriages passed us from the falls .
We reached Buffalo abont six o ' clock . The waves of Lake Erie beat high upon the beach , at the verge of the city the wind blowing strong from the west . At tho point of the pier stood an elegant light-house , and in the harbour a number cf well-rigged ships , of various classes were moored , and higher up the river was crowded with large and elegant steamera and smaller craft , which gave the place an air of grandeur with all the appearance of a Bea-porfc , the sight ; being enriched by the novelty of the glittering domes of several hotels andpnncip . il buildings . Domes are rather common in the country , and are covered with tiu , which the rarity of the air preaorves in perfect brightness . found
I soon the residence of my old friend , Mr . James Spencer , who -would not , on any account , permit me to stay at any other place . I was received fnto his house by Mrs . S . aud the family with all the cordiality of a brother , and was informed that some friends , who cad accompanied me from home , had called en passant on the prevous day , and had left a pressing invitation for me to visit them in Illinois , to where they were journeying . SA . TVRDAY , 20 th . —After dinner , I went to view the city , and to make inquiry respecting tbe rules of the Dutch settlements ; bnt I could meet with no one able to furnish me with the required particulars . I was much pleased with the city , in which I met with many kind aud communicative gentlemen . Mr . Spencer purchased a fine leg of lamb , weight about nine pounds , for tweuty-eight cents , or fourteen pouce . ( To be continued . ) 0 fffiffjffl ¦! ¦ _ . ¦ _ _ ^_^^ S ^^ k ^ . _
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HARMONY HALL . LETTER VIII . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . SIR , —I have in this letter to show some of the practical steps necessary to be taken for the formation of a universal association for the relief of the human race from the poverty , vice , and crime which now everywhere so frightfully abound . The first practical step is to lay down tbe principles upon which the union shall be formed ; for unless these shall be clearly understood , and can be easily referred to in cases of difficulty , it will be uselesB to attempt anything like a universal association , and not only must this be the case , but the principles must be capable of exhibiting , to tbe minds of all , such manifest proof of tbeir truth and utility , as shall make all desire to embrace them .
Up to this period no principles have been acted upon , systematically , in any age or country , which could by possibility produce that universal charity and kindness which is necessary to give the stimulus to human action , to produce sueh a change as is now required throughout society . It has been reserved for this , out day , when the facts of by-gone ages have been sufficiently numerous and extensive ; and have been collected and arranged by Mr . Owen , in such a manner as to form clear and distinct sciences , namely , the science of human nature and of society , for man to be enabled for tbe first time to meet his fellow-man on a broad and comprehensive plan , with on equal desire to promote the happiness of others , that he has to forward bis own . This association , then , can only be formed on three great and everlasting truths , the oppoaitea of the three errors named in my last letter , which truths
are—1 st That man does not form his own character , either physically , mentally , or morally , but is made to be what we call healthy or unhealthy , learned or ignorant , good or bad , in proportion to the original organisation received at birth from his parents , without his knowledge or consent ; and to the circumstances which are made to act upon this organisation from birth through life , which circumstances are equally forced upon him . 2 nd . That he has not the power of himself to believe or disbelieve any particular thing or creed , but must do so according to tbe impressions made upon his mind ; and in early infancy , it is rery easy either to impress true or false ideas upon the mind . Srd . Tbat be has not power over his feelings to love or hate , but ia compelled te love ot to hate according as external objects produce impressions upon him .
These three truths continually kept before us , as tbe guiding principles of the society , will remove the causes of all anger , hatred , ill-will , and jealousy , and will give that spirit of charity and kindness for the feelings and actions of others , that will continually stimulate us to persevere in rendering them every kindness , as we shall be convinced that we' are thereby , in the most effectual manner , promoting our own well-being and happiness . Having clearly before ub the principles on which we associate , and tbe ultimate object to be obtained , the next step will be to form the organization of the society , and decide the order in which the advance shall be made towards the object comtemplated . This step mnst be taken by the selection of the person the most
highly qualified to act as President , who should be invested with sufficient power to decide in all cases of difficulty , whether the prinoiplea of tbe association had been acted upon or not And this President should immediately choose a council capable of acting with him , in order that there may be at all times perfect and entire unity throughout the operations of the society ; and this Council , with an active and efficient Secretary , will be sufficient to set in motion and carry forward all the measures I have enumerated , however vast and extensive they may become . The earliest business of tbe President and Council will be to collect and register the names of tbe central contributors to the land fund ; and to grant charters for the establishment ot branches or classes
in proportion to the members , for the purpose of local contributions ; and tbe parties se contributing must also be registered , with tbeir ages , numbers of their families , state of general health , occupations in life , the manner in which they can advance the interests of the society , either pecuniarily or otherwise , if drafted on tbe land , and such other particulars as It may be de-Birable to ascertain . Tbey should also , if possible , be immediately located on tbe lund , and call to their assistance the best minds they cm procure to carry on the agricultural and gardening operations in the most superior manner tbat the present knowledge acquired in
these sciences will admit ; and they should employ upon the land the greatest quantity of manual labour that the means afforded them will allow . They should , at tbe same time , make provision for a sound practical education : not in mere book-1 arning , but by realities in the actual business of life , —being given not only to the children who may be placed in tbe first establishment , but it should become a Normal School for training both children and adults in such broad and comprehensive views of the benefits to be derived from association on universal principles , with one general interest , as shall render them fit , in their turns , to become the teachers and instructors of others .
As soon as the registration was rendered tolerawy effective , the President and Council should issue a manifesto or preliminary Chaiter , setting forth the objects which , in tbeir opinion , could be immediately obtained by a strong and united agitation ; and the whole force of society In fact of the millions—should be diieoted to the attainment of these objects by the enly truly legal power or force that ca i ever accomplish any great work , namely , the power or farce of an enlightened j public opinion . j This preliminary Charter should not be confined to any minor or petty oVjectn ; or to the obtaining of the objects sought through any favour or assistance from individuals , t > arties , sects , or classes . Let the benefita to be derived be clearly and distinctly seen , let them be shown to be universal , and of sufficient magnitude and J
importance , and let the means of procurisg them be made evident , and it is not in the nature of man to resist what shall once be proved to him to ba his own interest . I A sreat mistake has hitherto been made in all publfe agitations , by the parties acting as though men could , be led forward faster than tbeir convictions -wero ob- ' tained , and this mus ^ t be avoided . The sure , tbe jui * s , the steady , and the speedy course will be to gtv-s ttra q for the public to weigh well the measures put £ ovr q , and whilst there should be no supinenesa or mact wn on the one hand , neither on the other shosid r ' aera be any hasty ruahing forward to grasp at t-bio / . j beyond our reach , thereby losing iu & shadow those benefits which are obtainable , and prK- ^ t < at ' . ii * , or rather delaying , the accomplishment oi \ kf , ulterior design .
The practical reformer -will always b& < W otinguished by a calm , sober , philosophic bearing , wp . der any circumstances that may occur . He ma $ . ba reviled , vituperated , aud calumniated ; thooe evea w / . th whom he is associated , and whom he most devotedly desires to serve , may array themselves against him , and for a time overpower him ; but if he he acquainted with the sciences of human nature , and of society , or with the three great troths or principles on -which alone this association could be foundtxA , ha -will soon rise beyond all party or personal considerations , and proceed with energy on the course before him .
The first step towards producing the required conviction will be gained by securing as large a portion of the public press as will open their columns to the advocacy of universal objects , and taking care tbey are from time to time well supplied with information regarding the progress of the society . The day has arrived when the public mind demands better food than it has hitherto been supplied with , and if well arranged measures are devised , and ara calmly treated on , there is no doubt but they will readily receive insertions in many quarters .
Another mode of assisting to accomplish ttie same object , will be by Bending forcfa tartented practical missionaries , capable of shewing clearly and forcibly the importance of the measures contemplated , and the manner to -which tbey are to be obtained ; and these parties must act in unity , directing the minda of the people to ono focus , and not as hitherto , each one recotaqjeiKUag his own peculiar viewa , If there be a
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strong powerful body of men capable of explaining in a practical manner the viewa and objects of the society , they may speedily produce a current of public opinion sufficiently powerful to accomplish everything desired . Tbe third mode and the last to which I can on this occasion refer , is , to tke calling of public meetings , throughout tbe length and breadth of fcbe land , for tho purpose of addresoing her Majesty , memorializing tbe Government , and putttiorang the two Houses of Parliament , that the Charter so set forth may be adopted . I would take this step , not so much with the hope ef their immediate assistance , aa to exhibit to them the
power , energy , and resolution of tbe people , in the business in which they shall have engaged ; and if they be suifioienUy imbued with true first principles , and thereby acquire the moral force to act disinterestedly , and for the general welfare , they may ioon produce snch conviction on the minds of tbe parties addressed as shall make them desirous of assisting in every mau « ner possible in forwarding the object to be accomplished . I will proceed with the further consideration of this subject in my next letter . I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , William Galpin . Harmony Hall , near Stockbridge , Hants , May X , 1843 .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Dear Sir , —According to Mr . O'Connor ' s request , I have sent you a correct statement of the average produce of my experiment on tbe land for the last four years . I have 4 , 021 square yards of land , divided into four parts , with crops as follows : — No . 1—825 square yards , first crop potatoes , second crop Swedish turnips . No . 2—923 square yards , first crop cabbages , second crop potatoes . No . 3—923 square yards , first crop cabbages , second crop Swedish turnips . No . 4—1 , 350 square yards in grass . Total , 4 . 021 square yards .
I get the crops every year from Numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and Number 4 always remain sward . The above is the order of the crops for this year . Next year tho crops on Number 1 will take the place of Number 2 , and Number 2 will take the place of Naruber 3 , and Number 3 will take the place of Number 1 , and so on every year alternately ; so tbat I have a regular rotation of crops , always having that portion of land laid up in ridges in November that I shall want for potatoes ia the following spring , and each portion of land has in its turn what I term a winter fallow . The following are the particulars of each crop , and what I have found from practice to be the average produce of quantity and value for one year : —
£ b . d . No . 1 and 2 contains 1 , 748 square yards ; produce 140 bushels of potatoes , at Is . per bushel ... ... ...: ... 7 0 0 Not . 1 and 3 contains 1 , 748 rquare yards planted with Swedish turnips , at the rate of six in the square yard , the averages each total weight 42 bs . each , total weight , 18 tons , 15 cwt , at 15 s . per ton . ^ ... 14 1 3 Nos . 2 and 3 contains 1 , 846 square yards , to , planted vr . th cabbagea , at the rate of four in the square yard , the average weight 41 b . to eaeh ; total weight , 13 tons 4 cwt . sold at 28 cabbages for Is . 13 3 9
£ 34 5 « I give this statement as the selling price that it may be compared with the value when the produce is consumed by cattle . I have had two cows snpp'ied with food the last two years from tbe produce of this land , with the exception of a little oat straw . The total weight of turnips and cabbages , the produce of one year , is 31 tons 15 cwt ., or 15 cwt . per week for fortytwo weeks . The other ten weeks tbey are fed on grass by mowing it aa it becomes fit . I gad the average quantity of milk produced from tke ( wo cows to be twenty quarts per day for forty-six weeks , allowing each cow to remain dry for six weeks every year . £ a . d-Twenty quarts of milk per day for forty-sis
weeks at twopence per quart ... 53 13 4 Two calves , tbe produce of each cow , ... 2 0 0 140 bushels of potatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0 Total of produce for one year ... ... 62 13 4 Cost of production for one year—£ b . d . Rent of land ... ... 4 0 0 Taxes ... ... ... 0 10 0 47 days' labour at 3 s . pe ? day 7 10 Seed ... ... ... 0 10 0 Three tons of oat straw , or if deducted from the selling price of manure ... ... 5 0 0 Wear and tear of implements 0 10 C
£ 17 11 O Net profit ... ... £ 45 2 4 I have a boat pig , & breeding sow , and several other pigs , that live ohlefiy from the refuse during the summer . Mr . Editor , I am very glad to see from Mr . O'Connor ' s letters that he is determined to aombine the plan of oottage farms with national organisation . I am quite convinced that the People ' s Charter will be sooner obtained by such a combination than by any otber means that I am yet acquainted with . I shall be very happy to render every assistance tbat is in my power to obtain so desireable an object I am , dear Sir , Your ' s foaly , John Linton . Selby , April 25 th , 2843 .
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TO THE CHARTISTS OP EDINBURGH AND ARBBO ^ TH . Lovers of Democracy , —In course of soma remarks addressed to a few friends' assembled in Whitfield Chapel , Edinburgh , to do honour to our persecuted brother ^ Robert Peddie , I undertook to prove , in public discussion , that Messrs . Robert Lowery and Abram Duncan were politically dishonest I have received letters from these gentlemen of the most scurriloas description , etating terms upon which they will meet me , that no man of Chartist integrity cauld accede to . An opinion , therefore , seema to have gone abroad that I have shrunk from tha contest ; I beg moat distiactly to state that such is not the fact . On the following torma I am their- man ; and I presume none will say they are unfair : —
First—Tbat tbey accept my challenge by writing direct to me , stating tbe time and place the ; wish the discussions to code off . Second—Thai ttw lar gest possible place of meeting be secured , and ; that there bet no money charged fer admission . Third—Thsfc they - appoint individuals to act with the undermeatic&Bd vbo wiH saa fair play given on all sides . Fourth—That I will furnish them with my cbargeB against them , ia writing within four days after the receipt of their l ( tt « rs accepting my challenge , and ten days befcs&tb * nights appointed for the discussions . Fifth—Tfeui the Chairman , at the clone of the discussion eac& y ight , do take the united judgment of the audience a % to whetker or not the charges have been Droven ..
Ni . w , v iy friends , I trust these Gentlemen are possessed v > f a sufficient share of moral courage , to meet me opaals , and defend their public actB , and tbeir private slabs ,. / . iuifid at the people ' s best and most disinterested iiiead s . Their shuffling will not do for me ; if they do ao £ come forward I will draw them out by a complete txjtf < sure of their treacherous attempts to sell the party fo-y n whose pence 'hey have lived for several years past . I am prepared to meet them in any town on this side f ie Tweed , aud although not over rich to defray coach and railway expencea , I have a good pair of Irish legs that never yet refused to perform their office , and I am no way loath to use them in tbe cause of truth and justice . You -will also observe , that according to my conditions , they cannot expect any cash from the proposed discussions . ;
I will appoint , as my friends , at E Hnburgb , Messrs M'Leod , Allaa , Lemon , Watson , M Donald , M'Alister , and Cumming . In Arbroath , Mr . Robert Haggina , and Others whom he may select With a hope that you -will not permit any undue advantage to be taken , and thanking those who have apprised me of the secret -workings of my wily opponents , I have the honour to remain . Your Brother on the common level of Political Equality , Con Murray . 239 , Salt Market-street , Glasgow . TO THE COUNCIL OF THB ARBROATH
CHARTIST ASSOCIATION . Gentlemen , —Your advertising puff in last week's Star is answered in my letter of this day , addreased to the Chartists of Edinburgh and Arbroath . I remain , Gentlemen , A Scourge to Political Trafficker ? , Con Murray .
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^^^ v ^ wsr ^^ v ^ r ^^^ B ^^ « . » - * -. *—* Flight op Mb . Finn , the Dublin Cobpobation Treasurer . —A great sensation has been created in this city by the absconding of Mr . Fina , Treasurer to ttm Corporation . It appears that be sailed ia tbe half-past five o ' clook mail packet , from Kingstown , on Friday , for Liverpool , and Bailed en Saturday morning in the Great Western , from Liverpool , for New York ,, accompanied by hiB family . It is net possible to state accurately at present to what amount he is a defaulter , but the sum named is about £ 5 , 000 or £ 6 , 000 . His securities , of course , are responsible iu taeir respective amounts . —Dublin Monitor :
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A DOUBLE MURDER . Bridgeud , Saturday , April 29 th . —Thisneighbourhoo 4 has besn for the last few days very Hiuch agitated by tho j-ucMen death of a respecable fanner , a Mr . Howell , of Laleston , as was affirmed of Asiatic cholera ,. followed immediately afterwards by th 6 equally sudden death of a poor woman named Jane Harvey , who ba'd assisted in laying out the body of Mr . HowelL As may naturally be supposed , the utmost terror pervaded the whole neighbourhood at the supp : s ? d arrival of that deadly scourge , cholera , among th = ni . Further circumstances , however , invested the case with very extraordinary and mysterious appearances , and an investigation ' was resolved ou .
The deceased Howell was , it appears , a bachftlir posseoeed of property to the amount of about £ -00 pet annum , and wt . s about to be married to a v . ry respectable widow , a Mrs , Lawifl . To this match , it appears , the sister ot tbe deceased farmer , a Mrs . Thomas , strongly objected , as it would b 3 the meaps of alienating from her the property to which , if he died a bachelor , sho would be entitled . Her re mo a . ^ trances with her brother hr . d , however , been runicss , and the period for the marriage was fixi-d . Thi 3 beh-g the case , on Friday se ' nnight Mr . Howell had occasion to send for some beer to the house of hia intended brio * ) who resided at a short distance , and tbe serv 2 at was directed to take a jar and fetch it . Sume buEiness , bow . ' 7 t ; r , prevented her , and a lad , the son of a neighbour , wunt for it
Oa bis way thither he call , d at t . ' io house of tha sister of the deceased , who asked him to go aa errand fur her and leave the jat there dnring hia : ibat-nee . The boy did so , and on his return took the jar , ar ; d having proceeded with it to Mrs . Lewis , it w . i-i fiiied with beer , and he returned with it to -Mr . Howdl ' s bands . Shortly after , tbe se ; vant girl was taken ill with vomiting and diarrfcoea , and Mr . Howell , having druuk a viiai of tue bee ; , was , at about a quarter after four o'clock , also taken ill with vomiting und diarrhcei . HU i . iness incraasingj he was put to bed and attended by the lad ' s mother , and Lia sister , Mrs . Thomas , sent for , ¦ who cams and appeared to be particularly attentive to him . A Mr . Pritchard , the surgecn of the village , was also ssnt for , and pronounced the disease to be Asiatic cholera , and
treated it accordingly . In the course of tUis treatment it becoming necesauiy to apply beat to tbe feet of Mr . Howell , the jar which had contained the beer was emptied and filled with hot water for that purpose . AH tbe remedies which were applied proved , however , fruitless , and Mr . Howell d . ied at six in the morning . An inquest was held upon the body , and a verdict to the effect that tbe deceased died of Asiatic cholera was returned , and beyond tho terror which spread through the neighbourhood at this circumstance no apprehensions or suspicions were entertained . T&e poor woman , Jane Harvey , was called in to assist in . laying out tho deceased , and having drunk some of the beer she was taken ill in a similar manner , and treated by Mr . Pritchard for Asiatic
cholera , having at the time no suspicion of poison . The poor woman , however , continued to get worse , and shortly after she also died . The servant girl recovered . Mr . Pritchard , it should bo ramark ^ d . lodged in tbe bouse of Mrs LewiB , and being in tbe riaiiy habit of drinking the ale ard prolioaneing it cxcel ' fnt , he entertained n& idea of the illness having betn produced by it . Some circumstances having , however , ufterwards arisen , which led him . to suspect whether tbe beer b : nl anything mixed with it , he poured some into bottles , Whioh , together with the jar that had contained it , he sealed up and delivered to Mrs . Thomas , the si&ter of the deceased Howell , with directions for her to forward them to his residence . It appears , however , that instead of doing so Bha broke the bottles and destroyed
the jar . Thesa things , and the fact of a dog which had licked up some of the contents of Mr . Howell ' s stomach having also died , excited the utmost suspicion . The bodies we * e exhumed and the stomachs and intestines baviDg been extracted , wera properly sealed up and transmitted to Mr . Herapath , of Bristol , the celebrated chemist , whose fame in the testing of various poisons , ' and particularly arsenic , is not confined to England , but is well known to the scientific world . Mrs . Thomas and ber husband were taken into custody , and th « inquest adjourned to yesterday , at which time two investigations went on at the sam « time ; the one at the Fnion-house , Eridgend , before the county magistrates , the Rev . Mr . Knight and Mr . J . Pranklyn , whe examined into the death of the farmer , Howell , the Coroner being precluded ftom going into tbat inquiry from the circumstance of the jury having given a verdict tbat he died by the visitation of God ; and the other before the coroner
at Lalestoa Mr . Herapath being examined , stated that he had carefully examined the stomach an i intestines of the deceased woman , Harvey ; bat , although tkere were traces of active inflammation throughout , ba had not been aMe by any of the tests which Re had applied to discover the existence of poison . This , however , it may bo remarked , did not prove that poison bad not been administered , as it frequently happened that ; large quantities of arsinic might be taken without its being discovered in either the stomach or intestines . We understand , however , that Mr . Herapath has requested to be allowed to examine the liver of tha deceased woman . In the caso of the man ( Howell ) he stated tbat he found distinct evidence of arsenic haviDg' betn tnken , which he produced before the magistrates in tbe form of metallic arsenic . It appears aleo . that the boy states , tbat when he returned from the srrand on which he had been sent by the prisoner ouij Mrs . Thomas with a white paper packet in her band , which she handed to her husband . "
The two priBonera , after being duly cautioned , each : made a statement , which , it will be seen , was very contradictory . Mrs . Thomas said , she told bs ? husband to break the bottles aad destroy the contedits , because she feared there might be something in tbaai which would injaro some one . Mr . Thomas , on the contrary states that he destroyed them without his wife ' s knowlsdge , and wLen he told her of it she said be ought &ot to bave done it . Mr . Herapath , on his arrival , caused the prisoner ' s house to be searched , and has- taken away the fragments of the jar , &c , for further examination . Toe inquiry was then adjourned for a week , and thd prisoners remanded .
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The Marquis of Exeter on Saturday last reduced by ten per cent , the wasjes of all the workmen and labourers in his employ at Barghly and the other estates of his Lordship . The plea is , that th » reduction is to nuaet the rncome-tas on the one hand , and the redded price of provisions oa the other . The saving to Lord Exeter , it is stated , will be £ 500 a-year . —Stamford Mercury . On Monday mosrring week , at Winthorpe , in the eonnty of Xiincoln , a poor woman nas&ed Jessop , in a . moment of frenay , nearly cut off tbe head of her child , four months old , and then cut ber own throat in such a mannes as to render medical aid unavailing . The mc 3 t somplete destitution is said to be tha cause of thjs aad act . At the tisie of her recent confinemen t straw was hor bed , and one blanket her covering , while the house did not contain a single particle of food for her and her five children .
Curious Case . —A curious case occupied the attention b 2 the magistrates at the Lambeth Policeoffice on Monday . Tho following appliciiiou waB made by Mva . Harriet Campbell , a midwife , residing at 17 , Umberstone-street , Commeioia ! -road East : —She stated , that oa the evening of thy 10 th of August last , at dusk , an elderly gentleman , enveloped in a large travelling cloak , brought to her hou 3 e a youDg and delegato fema ' e , and entreated shelter and assistance for tho latter , who was very ill ai the time , and in fact in labour pain-. The gentfeman added , that they had been on tha river together in a bteam-boat , and the lady having witnessed a collision between the boat which they were in and a wherry , by which the latter was
upset , and three or four persons placed in great jeopardy , premature hbour bad be ^ n brou .-ht on , which rendered it impossible for him to take her to her residence at tha west end of the town . Applicant , from motives of humanity , and observing that tho young woman was monientaiiiy about to become a , mother , took hr-r into her house , and had scarcely time to propare the necessary accommodation before the iady was ssfriy delivered of a daughter . The gentleman who accompanied her evinced and expressed the greatest po-sible anxiety for the safety of both mother and infant , and entreated that , a suitable nurse should be provided ( or the latter , the mother not bein ^ able , from its premature birth , to suckle it ; and witness engaged the to
wife of a mechanic in the ne ^ hbournood toke charge of it , tho gentleman a ^ rceiDg to pay 7 s . a week for its care . The lady remained at her house for three weeks , during which time she was constantly visited by the gentleman in tho cloak , whom she represented to be her uncle , aad paid his name was Williams , and that he was a grocer in a very extensile way of business . She also said that her name was Catharine Mills , that her mother kept the Union Inn , at , Carnarvon , of which place her uncle wa 9 the clergyman , and lint she \ iad a third uncle , the capain and owner of a vessel . When the lady left her ( the applicant's ) house the gentlemaa-gave her £ 2 for her trouble , and 14 s . a fortnight had been sent her for the nurse until the 27 th of November , when it ceased , aud from that period to the present she had not been able to learn anything whatever about them . About a month after the payment ceased , a lady of dashing appearance called , and told her
to continue to pay the weekly amount , for sho little thought what rank of life the young lady moved ia . She said she was a lady of fortune , entitled ,: when coming of age , to a property of £ 3 , 000 a year ; that she was then ouly sixteen years of age aud had unfortunately become preguant by her mother ' s foot boy . The mother had managed to get the servant sent on board the hulks , and had given the gentleman in the cloak" £ 200 to procure her daughter a safe asylum during her conliii . ::. ^ at . Tais statement , from a person of sueh an appearance as' the lady , satisfied Mrs . Camp bell for some time , and many months she eontirm- i t © pay t " or th « support of the infant . She coulc not now eo : r- \ n «« to do so , and applied to the magistrate for aivioe , the parish of St . G : orge having refused to rjkeva her oi" the child . She had mado every mqu . ry at GiVHaryon , but nothing could be ascertained of tae mother or her connexions . The case wai deferr ^ i fortheatteudauca of the parish officers .
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^^_^ - JHE NORTHERN STAR . 7 I thn # i . ~~~~ ' —— - ^———^——————— ¦ i i
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 6, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct480/page/7/
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