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THE " REBECCA" MOVEMENT
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THE LANCASTER TRIALS.
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THE ]S T OETHEUN STAR. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1843.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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"DARTIES desirous to perfect their sets of this X valuable Work , will do well to apply imme diately , as there is bnt a limited quantity of some of the numbers now on hand . Every GhartiBt ought to be in possession of this Record of the great Chabbst Tbjuhph over the Tory Government . It was tbe best and most fuccessfol legal fight the Movement party ever had . The example ihen afforded may be followed , with advantage , by the Defendants in Ireland . A few Copies of that excellent Work ,
The " Rebecca" Movement
THE " REBECCA" MOVEMENT
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MKEXI 5 G or Trustees o ? the Cabmabtsen ; Mais TBrsT . —A meeting of the above Trustees was I beia'bu Friday last in the Talbei Inn , Mi . Morris in \ the <¦*>»** TCfce « rt > ject ? f the removal of the gates at j Xlfiaaorsy and * P £ ntrebacb , to Iw replaced by Mother ] 3 n-a eenfcralsJtnatSra , -w » brought again l » foiB the meetins ;•• when Mr . Stephen J « nes stated that he had an ] objection to a tcll-kouse being erected on his property , j as , if the gates were discontinued , parties of loose cha- ) racter mi ? bt become tenant * cf the honse ,. and damage j might b ? done to his woods in the neighbourhood . J He " therefore declined the proposal which had be 6 n , inad 6 to him . The Clerk stated that he had no doubt j that Mr . Goderieh would hare no objection to the toll- ! house being erected on his land , and it was ordered j a ~ : ording } y ; the land to be paid for on valuation .: Mr . Bnllen , toll-contractor , presented his" Mil for tisB ! loss ho ha >! jn ? UiDed in this trast , in consegnenee of ; the "Rebscca" outrages ; ba had added the whole * amount s ? the receij > ts together , and compared them ' withihose cf the previous year . He found that the aeSriency in the present year amounted to £ 31412 s 43 , ; s * id he claimed that this sum , therefore , be allowed i b'jp . The Chairman -was of opinion that this -was not a fair method of making the calculation , and i&&t the * jnois common cooxse -would tw for Mr .- ~ B . to have ¦ aisled &e length cf time that the gates "were down , I and no tails takes ; then , to hare ascertained the ; smouni taien during the same periods in the former ' year , and te have Maimed this sum as compensation j for his loss . So few trustees being present , the matter ¦ wss left over to the next meeting . Sundry small bills vere presented and ordered to be paid . The meeting ' ¦ sras adjourned to Friday , the 20 th of December . [
Iscesbiabt Fire . —On Tuesday morning last , atont half-past four o ' clock , the out-houses of a f&rm called Iil-wyEfiynnongra , in the parish of Idanegwad , about Iwo miles from Brechfa , -were set on fire , when the whole -were entirely destroyed ; luckily , the dwell- * 5 ug-hense escaped the cotitegration , in consequence of Ihe ¦ wind blowing from the north . It appears the farm * - ' bonse was nnoccupied , but a new tenant was expected ! to take posies-Son on the following day . It is supposed j * batBecca ana Tier daughters thought proper to have recourse to this mode of revenge upon the in-coming ! tenant , because he became the snccesso * of another -whoj baa given laslandlonlTiotice of quitting ; and accord- ' ingly did leave the place on ths 291 h of September last , i The out-houses were ret fire to in fonr different places ;; snd some person in the neighbourhood passing at that Kme , saw a man with ; a light in his hand on the pre- j mlses , bnt passed on naturally thinking he was the new . tenant . There can fee « 3 onbt that this disgraeeful ont- j rage is the work of that midnight marauder , Becca and ;
Her oftspriEi ; , as will be seen by the following threatening letter , ssnt to thB in-coming tenant , which is evidently the production of that Lady or one of her tlanehters : Sib—Inasmuch as we have taken in hand to take ¦ view of those burdens which so hfavily oppress us , as a country and neighbourhood , we hare thought fit to adopt some measures in order to remove the cause of such oppressions . We class among the number cf t-rdahipa with which we have to contend , the enormous rents * we have te pay , an oppression which actually iefiuc ? 3 us to ruin j and whan any fanner applies to Ills landlord that he declines holding his tenement at lie cptcmary rent , with a view of obtruding a reduction in Lis rent , in order to save himself from ruin , Mother shameless devil comes forward and proposes to give more for the said tenement than the apparent
outgoing tensnt . We have been informed that you are 5 tdlty of the self-same transgression , which is vixtaaUy proMMteain Hie Bible , andjeason * l » f > loudly proclaims against such conduct . In consequence of your coveting a fans , called Llalmfijnonynedd , in the parish of Xlanegwad , now occupied by "Ry ih" ! Jsnes , we deem it advisable to inform you that we do not allow you or any other individual to be so daringly audacious and impudent , as to inake any proposal or offer to the landlord of the said tenant , and thereby precipitately cast oatthes 3 id person ( viz ., the present tenant ) . Be so kJnd as 4 o give Kashel thorough fairplay ; and we desire also to put you in possession of this , that we do sot believe that you will escape the chastisement of 3 eccs _
I am one "who nphold fairplay . THE COXSTABTJULB . T Fobce of Carmarthenshire { exclusive of the borough town of Carmarthen , which does not pay towards the county police rate ) consists of one chief constable , six superintendents , and fifty Mjeanta and constabl&e : the annual expense charged in the coucty rate for their support is about £ 4 , 800 . Of this aKount ,: no less & sum than £ 1 , 374 is swallowed up in the salaries of the chief constable and super-Intsndests , and is the following proportions : —chief constable , £ 450 ; superintendents , £ 154 etch , exclusive of clothing , travelling allowances , < £ a Thus we have a mperictendent to every eight constables .
Tke GohmissToic op ijfQriBT is prosecuting its labours . What may be the result of the in games nude 5 i Bcamly yet even matter of speculation ; but one good * 5 H be at all event * effected—the removal of a " plunder station , " erected without even the semblance of low Trie head Commissioner , Mr . Prsxkland iewis , has addressed -tbe foUotring letter
TO IHB TKCSTZES OF IHB KlDWBilT TRUST . GssTiEHBS , —3 have been informed by Mr . S * ac ? y , Cierk to The HMwelly Trust , that Qxe renter ofthe Gste at Porth-Shyd , which is in the Three Commotts Trust , has put a chain across- ^ » o = ^ - —* *» ttnti Trust , but in the K 33 wel ^ Trust , at the point "where the two roads intersect each other . Mr . Sts' -iy informs me , that , as Trnstees of the TCdwelly Trust , ycu have made no order , aa 3 given no authority , to establish a Gate , or Bar , at that place ; »? 2 d that the renter of the tolls is ia jjo way justified iu obstmcting passengers , or in demanding tolls thereat .
The Commissioners entertain no doubt that the Tiastees of the JLidweDy Trust , wfll , without delay , E ^ certain whether Mr . Staceyias , or has not been cor-. lectly informed . And if the facts turn , on investigation , to fee ss stated , that they will take steps to pre- ' vest the existence of an illegal obstruction to the free ' jr ~ 3 « e ofs . public highway , whieh ought not any time ' tobe « B ^ Eied , fai ' 3 eas aoin the preseuteaated state of j &e pnbiic mind in thmr dutricta . ! Mi . Staeej informs fine CommiBslonBrs Uiat the toll Itber gi ? e 3 a ticket of the Three CommottB Trust to f " iose who pay at tie Chain which he sets up in the JQaweDy Trust ; and this tickei , when presented at flie KUweHy Gate , ii proptsrly held to be of no avail .
The Commissioners are fully persuaded that the Trus- j tees will gladly exsxt themselves to examine into an ' alleged wrong , which is ahted to be exercised under j colour of their antiwaity . ; 1 havB the honour to be , Gantlemen , I Xonr faithf nl servant , J TseHxs Feajskxaitd Lewis . . Carmarthen , Nov . 10 , 1843 . " j Commitiax OP Twesty-six Rebeccaites . —The ^ loBowing is the result « f the apprehtaEon ol tbs Ke- i boccaites for polling down the gates and destroying the \ toli-houses atPtfkamerfa and Fishguard on the 11 th of ' , September last . They were examined before Mr . H . O . Owen , Tice-liieutenant of the county , and a full bench of magistrates , at Pisbsaard- WtHiam Owen ( the Lady Slebecca ) , James Gwynne , anfl Thoman Gwynae , -were committed to the Hblt & ££ Z 3 S , but were held to bail , ihemsslves in £ 100 eaeh , and two sureties in £ 50 each .
David 2 ohn , William Thomas , Thomas Griffiths , Emlyn GtiffiSis , Owen Jenkins , James Morgan , Wm . Griffiths , Wm . Bxnay , Thomas Williams , Edward yfftrnf * . John Phiffips , William John , Thoa . Ifieholas , William Roberts , Daniel Davies , William Jen- tins , James Owen , James Phillips , David PhUlips , George Morse , Thomas Edwards , Thomas Morse , and David Griffiths , were fnJly committed , and held to bail , themselves in £ 56 each , and two sureties in £ 25 each . The excitement in the town was very \ great , particularly as regarded the informants , Thomas Williams and Tjja wife ; who were obliged to be guarded day and night from the barracks to the Commercial Inn , -where tbe magistrates sat . The priwnexa were es&fis&i in the Market-sonse , currouBded by a treble fuard of raarines . The Commercial Inn we * also strongly gnarded dnnng the time the . magistrates were tfttiag .
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their opinions on the subject to me ; and I will lay them before the Central Committee of the above body , for the purpose of consideration . Secondly , the plan as advertised ia last week ' s Star , la another effectual mode of assisting ourselvei L mean the Operative Tailors' Association , and Joint Stock CIotbe »* Company , established for the purpose of giving employment to its members , by uniting their ; small means , to enable them to open establishments in various parts of London for the supply of clothes , to the working classes and others . The design of this Association is to create a home market for out own labour ; tu bring into active « o-oparation all trades , such as sboemakea , hatters , bakers , builders , sempstresses , Acs . ; to effect an exchange of produce through the present circulating medium . Let ali of the above tradeB and others assist th « tailors , by becoming shareholder * in the above concern ; and the tailors in return will assist the shoemakers , && ; each and all having an interest in each Joint Stock Trading Company , By these means we shall become customers ta each other . There will be an identity of interests ; it will be the means ef keeping a portion of that capita 1 within our grasp that is now used by the moneyocracy to perpetuate that baneful and awful system of competition which is fast sinking the working classes of this . country . The anti-Corn Law League Bay their opposition to the Corn Laws , arises from a desire to break the ligbt arm of the landed aristocracy : our otgect should ba to break the right arm ofthe moneyocracy . Vie greatest tyrant ( f all . Here iB a wide field for all . Our female friends should unite together upon the same principle , and establish a company of their own , making the price ef the shares come within their means ; the males also taking up shares for the purpose of ftyrf »* inp them .
Where is there a man amongst us who would sot be glad to purchase his shirt , or any other article that they may have to dispose of , instead of their being compelled , as at present , to make shirts for capitalists at three halfpence and five farthings each ? ; Why not the glovers of Leicester , who are now on strike , commence for themselves , and send their produce to the companies of London ; also the stocking makers , to . In fact , let us adopt the general principle of trading for , and with each other . 1 rejoice that the tailors have set the first example . They hold their meetings every Tuesday evening , at the Hope Coffee House , Farringdon-street , City . D j you follow it , both political and social Reformers . By wise arrangements this can be carried into effect . It -will be the means of crippling the resources of the tyrants , ti well as Becoring to ourselves the reward of eur industry .
The third and last proposition , but not least , is that we should never lose sight of the necessity of obtaining political power ; fur without it we should never be able to proect our labour—without it we shall continue to be what we are—slaves of the wont description ; without it our liberties will never be respected . In
short we require political power as a means . The National Charter Association have already agreed to go upon the land as soon as practicable . Where should tcose wbogo upon the land seek for a market for their produce but among those who have a direct interest in keeping them there ? The trading companies will require their produce ; they from the trading companies in return . In submitting these propositions for your eorsideratton , I am actuated but by one motive—thai of psaiaticg and protecting ourselves , by placing us in a better position to demand political freedom ; for , rest , assured , if the day of our redemption takes place , it must be by our own means . The woiking classes must workout tbeir own ralvatien , by , as R . Peel has said , " taking their own antiirs into their own hands . " I am , fellow-workmen , yours respectfully , J . W . Paekeb , Suffolk Coffee Hoaae , Old Bailey .
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IRELAND AND THE IRISH . The latest intelligence of which we can avail Ourselves from 1 t * 1 aju 1 ioo .-oao tt » < l » ej > nVo bci n wu Mr . T . B . C . Smith and the Irish nation in stain quo ; and haTing little to add on the subject of the squabble to what we have already said , we now travel out of the mazes of the law and leave the political labiynth for tbe purpose of considering the people . In truth , it is high time that some thought be given to the nation , even though the legal tools and political irons be allowed to cool the while . We have ever argued the justice , the propriety , the necessity , the expediency , and the indispensability of repealing the act of Union .
Apart from our well-known opinions npon the grand principle of democracy however , we are bound to enter the field of general discussion with those who , apart from politics , see the wants of Ireland , and are prepared to administer what they call practical remedies . We regret that this class though numerous , is unrepresented in feeling : because the whole valne of the eqaabble to the two powerful parties in the Htate consists in the political nses to
which ihey can respectively turn them . Hence we find the Whig portion of the press palliating , if not commending in 1843 , acts , to suppresB which they passed a Coercion Bill in 1833 . Indeed , unless we can make a strong legal distinction between a rich man and a poor man , we are at a loss to know with what colour or pretext the Whigs , in 1843 , can censure M inisterial stringency in the Law Courts , while in 1833 then substituted Coarts Martial in
• ¦ j \ i j i ¦ j | > their stead . ¦ We did not Teserve our strictures for the purpose ¦ of trampling upon the conquered . We used them in ! their palmy days as warnings of what would come . ' We had reminded them , time after time , that their acts while in office would render their opposition to \ Tory domination valueless , unavailing , factious , and \ pointless . It is even so . Not an act , howerer crnel I or anti-democratic that may he proposed by the
: ' j i ' ! ! i Tory Government , to which Whig . opposition may i not be thus met and silencBd : " the measure is a ' modification of your own" We now leave tbe field ; faction , and tarn to a consideration of those means by which , eren after a Repeal of the Union , j the condition of the Irish people can be alone im-! proved . Ireland has not more reason to complain of the ami-national than she has of the anti-social . evils consequent " upon the Legislative Union . The great and crying evil arising out of the act of Union .
! is , that the weak nation was neglected , and kept \ weak ; while the strong nation was strengthened and made stronger at its expence . Being bound by a i legislative bond , the representative body , —consist-1 ing for the most part of Englishmen wholly > ignorant of the history of Ireland , tbe character of her people , her resources , and the means of developing ihem ; and taking their notions of the country ! from the privileged Iri 3 h members of the Protestant party , who were alone eligible to sit in Parliament , and who werB interested in magnifying the vices of ) i ; ] - ;
the Irish character as a justification for their own tyranny ; the legislature so constituted , and without reference to a difference of position , has legislated for Ireland as if that country was part and parce ] of England . Thus they have committed the error of governing two people , —diametrically opposite in their pHrsuits , their characters , their manners and their customs—by the same laws , England being for the most part a manufacturing country , and a large portion , of her people having been hastily
transformed from an agricultural to a manufacturing life s is now demanding a great organic change in conEeqnenee of the inapplicability of ancient statutes and customs to its present position . Ireland iB doing nothing more . Ireland has been legis l ated for , precisely as though she had gone on " part pa ** T in the march of improvement w > ih England j -whereas the laws by which manufacturing England should be governed have been enacted wholesale for the government of the two countries . Bnt we turn from byegoaes : and now seeing the Repeal of the
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Union to be inevitable , we come to a consideration of those means , apart from any accompanying political measure , by which alone the change can be made beneficial to the people . We paBS oter -the most irritating questions , be " lieving that they are but emanatious from the great Bonroo of political inequality ; and we come a once to the question of questions , the means by which alone the foundation of future happiness can belaid . We shall not here deal with the question ' ofthe Protestant Church or of the inequality of the law . Those we leave as questions to be hereafter
disposed of by a people rendered politically strong by social improvement . Lord Dcnfsbmline , late Speaker of the House of Commons , when auditor to the Irish Estates of the Duke of Devonshire , asked a Mr . Swanton , one of the Duke's under agents , if he could devise any means for the tranquilization of Ireland , and as a mode of suppressing the frequent outbreaks in that country . " Fes , " replied Mr . SwantoN i " a very easy one . Wlienever an outbreak takes place , hang the nearest landlord
the nearest parson > the nearest magistrate ; the nearest solicitor , and the nearest police serjeant upon the nearest tree ; and I pledge myself that you will not hear of another outbreak in that district . " This opinion was , no doubt , founded npon the belief that those five parties were the instigators' to outbreak : and therefore it shall be our present business to deal with the mode of destroying , firstly , their interest in creating , and , secondly , their capability to create , those periodical disturbances .
Ireland being a wholxy agricultural country , and no laws being in existence for the developement of her agricultural resources , we shall firstly , grapple with the Landlord and Tenant question . The poverty , the rebellions , the heart-breakings , the murders , the dissensions , and the expenses arising out of the present system of managing land in Ireland , must be dealt with by the Government with a firm and resolute hand . It is folly to , talk of the inability of a Government to interfere with the Landlord ' s title to the raw material , while year after year it deals so capriciously and injuriously
with tbe title of him whose capital is expended upon the land , and the labour of him by whom it is made valuable . Government must interfere ; and that right speedily ; whether under a Legislative Uuion or a domestic Legislature . The interest of the tenant , and the interest of the labourer cannot be served without equally serving the interest of the landlord , and therefore it becomes the duty of the Government and Legislature to look into the causes which tend to create dissatisfaction in the minds of those two parties , The uncertainty of tenure , and the legal expence of establishing title , even
under lease , or . accepted proposal , as well as want of capital , are the three great evils that mist be boldly met , and instantly destroyed , as regards the tenant . To ' effect the first object—namely , certainty of tenure , the Government have a power to give immunities to tenasts-at-will , or with short leases , which would render the practice disadvantageous to the landlord and thereby compel him to grant such lease as would ensure the full expenditure of the tenant ' s labour and capital . With regard to the second evil ^ that of establishing title , even under a lease , against
a landlord who has all the law upon his side , and all the means of harrassing at his disposal , there is but one remedy ; that of giving an equitable jurisdiction , in all such cases , to the Assistant Barrister at Quarter Sessions ; and who shall be bound to decide upon tbe equity , and not upon tbe law , of the case ; the evidence for his governance to' bo furnished by the clerk of a County Court , where all leases should be registered at the landlord ' s expense , and who should be bound to attend with notice of the cases to come on at every Quarter Sessions : the Barrister ' s judgment , it in favour of the title , to
be conclusive ; and if against the title , tbe tenant shall have a right to appeal to a Jury , to be then summoned , for the . purpose of adjudicating upon an issue submitted by the Barrister , In cases of portions of rent being paid upon account , a mere acknowledgment upon unstamped paper should be admitted as proof ; and in all cases , the right of distress should be taken away , and the landlord , like » n other creditors , should be thrown upon his action for the recovery of his rent ; and , fair dealing being the object , he should have as prompt and inexpensive a mode of redress as is accorded to the tenani .
The practice of distraiuing cattle , of impounding , Belling them by auction , and buying them in , by the middleman , for very frequently not a twentieth of their value , while no acconnt of the sale is ever rendered , leads to more extensive disturbance , and subsequent evil results , th . in almost any other grievance . It is not at all unusual for a middleman , accompanied by a host of under-tenants , to drive off the whole stock of some unfortunate tenant to a distant pound in the dead hour of night ; while the tenant , to protect himself against the aggression of the middleman , has paid his rent to , and holds the
receipt of the head landlord . Thus situated , the poor tenant has no alternative but to replevy the stock at a great expense ; while he is compelled to give security for double the value , until the case shall be disposed of in the Sheriff ' s Court . If , upon the other hand , he cannot procure the required security , his cattle are allowed to stand in a cold pound until the day of auction , when the pouadkeeper presents him with an enormous bill for fodder never used . Will any man say that a tenant so treated , and thrown for protection upon
expensive and dilatory law , which he ] cannot procure , is not justified in takiDg the summary law into his own bands ? In many cases , he does do so : and many is the man who has been hung in olden times , and many is the honest man now working in chains , for having STOLEN his own property from the thief who stole it from him in the dead hour of night . Is this , we would aek , a *• practical grievance" ! and are the family of the expatriated victim likely to be admirers or voluntary obeyers of those laws by which ruin and desolation has been brought upon them 1
As it would be impossible to discuss these aliimportant subjects in one or two articles , we shall continue to animadvert upon those great social changes which are indispensable to the very salvation of the Irish people . Meantime we would direct the attention of Mr . O'Connjsll to that course which is now being pursued by the English Chartists ? namely ^ the familiarizing the public mind with those salutary changes to be produced by the achievement of their political principles . The Chartists dealt in declamation until they had created a public opinion against those wrongs endured by the working people . That
opinion being created , they are now engaged in directing attention to the advantages calculated to flow from a change to their projected system . Mr . O'Connkll has the advantage of more enthusiastic and confiding disciples ; he has a whole nation at his back ; and in order to strengthen him in his demand for political equality , as the source of justioo , we would counsel him also to turn from declamation to practice , and to developo to the Irish people , not so much the injustice they have suffered as the prosperity , the comfort , and the abundance they are capable of achieving . To this end let him call to his
couacils men not learned in the law ; but informed of the capabilities of the country and the people ; and let kim draw up such a digest ( which he can do ) as will convince not only Irishmen but Englishmen , that there is yet the ] means of enriching the poor without trenching on a single privilege of the rich . We will be bound to say that with one fortnight ' s labour , and assisted by such men , Mr . O'Comhbll would exhibit a balance sheet in favour of the new against the old system , which would turn Irish agitation into a universal demand , before which the strongest government should quail and bend .
The political question is sufficient to excite the democratic mind of Eogland ; but the financial features must be developed , in order to ensure the co-operation of the middle and monied classes . Let Mr . O'Conkell then try bis hand for one short month in the Cabinet ; and without requiring any
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declamation for that period , the weekly reports of bis social compilation , delivered in tbe Conciliation Hall , will , without committing himself , or even mentioning Repeal , feed the flame , and nurture the deBire for such a lule aB will produce such a boon ; while the very publication ^? a compendium of his labours would bring him in more money than the national tribute . Seeing his power to effect good , it shall be our study to etreagthen rather than to weaken ; him ; while , by way of caution , we would now remind him , that O'Connell ' b self can only destroy O ' Connell . We shall continue the subject until all shall learn who do not wish to remain ignorant . .
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out of bis wages , Mr . Richard Tattershall wished Mr . Baron to be examined ; but the Magistrates replied , that he being one of tbe party , although not connected with the shop , be could not be admitted as a witoe&a . Mr : Whitehead called ] a number of the workpeople who are sow engaged at the defendant ' s mill , and they all declared that their wages wete paid in money . Some of them had seen complainant draw money ; but none of them would apeak at to the 4 th of Aogosh Mr . Royds [ said it was a gross case of the Truck System , and the Bench had decided on convicting Defendants in the penalty of £ lt and costs . Mr . Hunt said his clients would sot press the * other charges
on condition that the expences were paid and the shop given up . Mr . R chard Tattersall replied , that his father formerly kept ! the shop , and had been in the habit of turning over £ 5 . 000 per annum , by wholesale and retail . His father waa new dead , and they could not draw the concern to a close in a hurry , but they were intending to do so . Mr . Whitehead consulted with the defendants a few minutes , and then agreed to the conditions . Mr . Royds said , as the complainants appeared to be sickly persons , it was ultimately agreed that they should have one-half of the penalty ; and the Association established for putting down the Trifck Sytom the otfees bslf , j
After giving the case , our correspondents exclaims " There ! Mr . Editor : what think you of the religion of this Methodistical Sabbatarian Saint Dicky Tattersall ? He is a beautiful specimen of the genus of land sharks ; who , under the specious mask of cant , and the garb of Methodistical sanctity , ( with an appetite ten times more voracious than the Pharisees of the olden times ) , devour the houses of the poor ! a sample of the snivelling crew , who are constantly crying for ' cheap bread , ' while THEY BOB THEIR POOS WHITE SEHPS OP 34 PER
CENT . OF THE SCANTY ( WAGES OP THEIR TOIL ! Such monsters ought to be { branded in the forehead with the words 'Factory Cheap Biead Thief : and had I the office of branding committed to my trust , I would take care tbe characters should be as deeply seared as hot iron could make them : ' for the land stinks , eo numerous is the fry . '" Of all the sickening hypocrisy that can even be conceived , that of an Anti-Monopoly-bawling , "freetrading , " " cheap-bread" demanding Employer pursuing the thieving practise of Truck , is surely
the mo 3 t hateful ! Is it possible to imagine of deeper disinflation , jor more wicked insincerity , than for a man to affect great interest on behalf of the working people ; and evince an uncommon anxiety to procure forjthem M cheap bread , " at the very time that he is forcing them to take his bread some thirty per cent , above the market price 1 How sickening to hear a man bawl for " Fsse-TVacfe , " when he will uot leave even his workmen fhee to trade with the legitimate shopkeepers of his vicinity ! How sincere must be the loud professions of Anti-Monopoly from the mouth of such a wretch !
And yet , we grieve to say there are many such . We must proclaim it as our firm conviction ; a conviction forced from the actual cases that have come under our own observation ; that the majority of Trucksters in Yorkshire and Lancashire will be found to be arrant Free-Traders ; mouthing advocates of ' \ Cheap Bread , High- Wages , and plentyto-do . " Take the following as a specimen : — In tbe parish of Saddleworth the practice of Truck is in extensive vogue . Many masters pursue it : but by far the greater part of * them are " Free Traders . " One case is deserving of special notice .
There ia a ' master ? in that parish , known as " Lobd LoTHERPALB . "i He ia crammed up to the throat with " sympathy for the poor j" would go almost through fire and water" to procure for the toiling millions the inestimable blessing of a ' * cheap loaf : " and yet this contender for " Free Trade , " who ties his own workmen to his own counter ; this denouncer of " monopoly , " has had men in his employ who have not touched a Bingle shilling ( in money ) from him , for wages , during a whole twelve month ! O , the blessings of freedom ! O , the sweets of " anti-monopoly" J
Not long ago , a workmen in the employ of \ his same " Lord Lotherdale" applied to his landlord and begged of him to take a piece of cloth in payment for rest ; for he could not procure money to pay with , j He showed the piece that he bad been obliged to take from " Lord Lotherdale" ; and stated that it had been valued to him at 14 s . a-yard ; and he desired the landlord to take it from him at that price . The landlord
happened to be a maker of cloth , and knew something of its worth . He told the applicant that he would furnish him ] with a far better piece at 10 s . a-yard ; and the mau had to carry the piece into the neighbourhood of Oldham , and part with it at 83 . a-yard , to get money to enable him to live and ** pay his wayj" There ' s " Free Trade . ' " This workman was " free" to sacrifice nearly oae half of his earnings before he could command the necessaries of life !
That there many " Lord Lotherdales" in the manufacturing districts , is proved by the following article , which we extract from the Sun ; a ' * fbee-** trading" journal . We give give it entire ; forjit will be found deserving of attentive consideration . It is valuable , not only for the facts it contains , but also for the general reasoning on the general question . It is altogether most admirable ; especially when we reflect that it is from ] a League Organ . Here it is : ^ - '
«« Cnder tbe beading of Truck System Extraordinary , ' in a late number of the Halifax Guardian , we find a most instructive exemplification of tbe evils and oppression connected with a system which we thought had long since been exploded . Tbe voice of Parliament has been always so strong against it—tbe Bppeals of the present Lord Hatherton ( when Mr . Lyttleton ) , and othor members of the House of Commons , elicited so prompt and decided a response from the Legislature , discountenancing and discontinuing tbe system altogether ! that , notwithstanding rumours wbicU nave from time to time reached us of its still lingering in particular manufacturing localities , where
the wealth of the groat masters or employers was all powerful , and tbe remonstrances of tbe operatives futile ai to their effect , unless , indeed , in the result of entailing their dismissal—we could not induce ourselves to give credit to such allegations . But at Oldham , a summons taken out by one of the coal-miners of Mr , William Whitehead , a large colliery proprietor in that neighbourhood , against this gentleman , has ascertained the fact of the existence of the ' Truck System' beyond all doubt or question , throughout a large range of manufacturing district . The nine shillings claimed by the miner had been deducted by the employer from the wages of the complainant , on account of rent for ' a house which complainant had never occupied , nor ever seen , no * been offered the key of . ' It bad been taken
from this complainant , Brierley , at the rate of one shilling per week , ' although be had to pay rent for another house , under another landlord , at which it was more convenient for him to live . ' Now , the houses which Mr . Whitehead was thus indirectly forcing the complainant sod others , pis teilow miners , to occupy , were upwards of a mile and a half from the colliery where they worked . ' The Halifax Guardian assures us that' there are hundreds 0 / cases at Oldham , Asbtonunder-Lyne , Rochdale , and other vicinilioa , where the operatives are forced to pay rent for houses , whether ( hey occupy them or not . ' The magistrates severely remonstrated with the colliery-owner , Whitehead , in the case immediately before us , ' on bis unreasonable conduct , and ordered the wages claimed to be paid to Brierley immediately . '
" The conduct of master-manufacturers , colliery and mine owners , and other capitalists , who resort to this nefarious system of defrauding their labourers , and enriching themselves by the same operation , is one the social mischief of which is fully commensurate with , its moral dishonesty . 8 ur « ly it is galling enough for the industrious operative , whose destiny is cast , as it were , in the class of incessant manual labour , te contemplate their happier fate who succeed to , or have acquired , the means of employing itjon a great scale . It is galling enough for the weary artisan to contemplate the comparison which each passing hour ' s experience forces upon him , between the luxury of their condition , who have only the task of' looking on , ' in order to watch the well-arrauged processes by which their capital is made to re-produce and multiply itself , with their own doom .
This ( consequent though it be on the eternal and inevitable inequalities of the Bocial condition ) is , shortly , to toll from mom till night , under many sordid aggravations of want , distress , and despondency , ia the scraping together their lesser pittance of the saiae talismanic commodity , money , which , being necessary for the exigencies of their bare subsistence , disappears—by a disastrous inversion © f thi principles that govern the larger masses of capital—with a rapidity that affords no opportunities for increase or expansion . ' Bat he feels this disparity with tenfold bitterness and force when he sees that those very exigencies , those very hardships , bis despondency , bis distress , his want , are converted into engines , in the hand of his employer , for decreasing even that modicum of J wages , already so fractional as to have subjected him to these painful and humiliating influences , j «• L 9 t us consider what the operation of the ' Truck ' system is , on the cssq of the milt , colliery , or mine
Untitled Article
owner , respectively , and on that of the operatives whom tbe former employs . The former finds , that of the capital invested in his works , such or such a proportion is devoted entirely to wages . His first care il to reduce the rat © of theae as low aa he can , so as to diminish the aggregate per centage which they represent , or the cost ( to him ) of production . He finds that the difference between this cost , all incidents included ( with interest on t&e plant , boHdings , ; and machinery ot the concern , < fcc > , and the returns he realises , exhibits an avenge profit—being a certain per centage on the capital so invested . It occurs to him , that by pay . ing a given proportion ofthe wages of his workmen ( which form so large an item it the cost of production )
in stores and supplies , instead of money , be may make a twofold profit ; that is , that he may purchase the stores and supplies wholesale , and at first hand , with a considerable profit from the discounts the dealers will allow him for his ready money or his short bills ; and that he will sell them to his workmen at some advance even on the retail prices which they would have to gay to their tradesmen . Bat by this mode of proceediiag he puts it oat of the power of the operative to go to the best market for any commodity be may want . He puts it out of the man ' s power to dispense ( as bd may desire to do , with the view of hoarding up a little pittance for some contemplated purchase or deposit , say at the year ' s end ) with any such commodity
altogether . For if be have consumed it one week , aa the truck book at the store will show in every man ' s case to the manager or overseer , he dares not to diecontinue it in another . There would be an inference created against him , immediately , that he had supplied himself with it in some other quarter . And here we may leave what would be the result of such a simple , every day exercise of bis own freewill in a privats matter of this kind , to the labourer or artiz-m connected with a concern thus managed . ' There is , ' says the writer in the Halifax Guardian , ' a collieijr ia the neighbourhood of Hey wood , near Bury , where the manager keeps a shop , and all the hands who work at the colliery are forced to purchase provisions at the
shop kept by the manager ^ or they must have no ivork Some of the operatives reside two miles from'the shop , and yet nearly tbe whole of the wages are paid in goods , at abend fifteen or ttoenty per cent , higher than at any Bhops in the same neighbourhood . The above system is carried on to an alarming extent , both among collierj masters and manufacturers . ' Yet , in the face of facH like these , there have been found advocates of this atrocious and grinding device even within tbe walls of Parliament , who would have persuaded the public , if they could , that no manufacturers , or mine owners , ever encouraged the truck system , except out of s desire to accommodate their workmen with the best supplies at the cheapest prices . Amiable
solicitude of amiable men ! Thus act the despots of the East , from the most enlightended of them , the Pacha of Egypt , who first sets his own prices on all the growing crops of corn , or millet , or cotton in his dominions—then declares hf firmaun that he Is ' tbe only dealer in such commodities , and will pay all men for them , and at such prices ; and , lastly , sets an army on foot to ' superintend' the bringing into bis Higbness ' s granaries and warehouses of the stores of all reluctant or refractory contributors—down to the petty Sultauns and By as of Pidor , or the Soloo Archipelago , or Sumatra—who being bent on trading with European captains , issue their mandates , with their own autocratic prices annexed , requiring their people to dispose
to | tbem , the Sultanns and Bajpg in question , without the least delay , of their bales of pepper , their behl nut , chank , gold duat ,-edible birds' nests , or any other commodity , the trade of trafficking in which they are willing and prepared to take entirely off the hands of their independent subjects 2 Thank CrodI the day tor such transparent humbugging ( we know of no other-term in all tbe languages that wonld express our idea ) ia past in England . Truck-system capitalists may talk of taing actuated , in this sort of scheme for making the workman disgorge a portion of his wretched wages bof » re he has left the pay table , by kindliness and charity on tbeir part and a desire to consult his private
interest ? , alone—to their steam boilers or their furnaces . Sacb professions are not more substantial than the vapour of the one or the smoke of the other . But the same provincial journal from which we have been quoting , supplies us with one other illustration of the results which the comprehensive truck ' system' includes ^ that we shall leave to speak for itself , as an instructive suggestion of the moral and domestie benefits it mutt infuse into the social circles of the most hard-working , and the worst paid , classes of our labouring poer : — 'A colliery master , near Rochdale , has now a number of females working at the bottom ofthe coal-pit . Toe police have bees made acquainted with it . '
" And we , for our parts , shall not lose sight of this remarkable and unqualified statement . It will doubtless call for future comment . " To this it is scarcely necessary to add another word . The " points" respecting Truck are strongly put by the Sun . We trust his readers will duly weigh and profit by them ! If so , some of the 11 hiwnbuffging" he bo foroibly describes , and so earnestly denounce ? , will be put an end to . Xast week we intimated , in a Note to
Correspondents , that this thieving practice of Tbuck had manifested itself in a most unusual and unlooked-for place ; on the Railway belonging to the North Midland Railway Company . Such is the fact . It has been introduced there ; though not by the Directors of the Company . Still it is there ; and if the Directors , after this public- ' direction" of their attention to the fact , do not interfere to put it down , they will , they muat , be regarded as sanctioning , aiding , and abetting it .
The facts of the case are these : ^ -The repairing of the North Midland Line , from Leeds to Masbro ' , is contracted for by one Joseph Pickering , who resides at Oakenshaw , near Wakefield . His contract is for seven years } two and a half years of whioh are now expired . Ho employs at the present time about 200 men , as plate layers and labourers . As a matter of course , they are on all parts of the Iiue , from Leeds to Masbro ' , the extent of his " take . " These men , whea in employ , earn 2 s . 6 d . a day . That is the rate at which they are paid ; but as they are not allowed to work in rainy or frosty weather , their earnings will not reach more than 10 s . a week on the average .
Well , this Pickering , not content with the profits accruing from his contract , has determined to procure tbat the wages the men earn under him shall be spent at his tommy shop , that he may get the profit which of right belongs to the numerous ahopkeepeia at all the places where the men live . He has accordingly issued a list of articles he deals in , having opened a store at Oakenshaw ; which list he has had distributed amongst " his men" on all parts of the line , as far as his " take" extends . One of these lists is in our possession ; and it sets forth the prices per stone , per pound , and per ounce , of teas , of coffees , of sugars , of soap , of tobacco , of fruit , and of spices j as well as of " sundries ; " the latter comprehensive head including all sorts of things , from flour and bacon down to black lead and epsom salts .
When the lists had been distributed , the" clerk of the works" went round to the men , to seek for orders . " Cunning Isaac ! No breach of the law there ! Pickering thinks he is driving a ooachand-six through it in fine style ; or rather a " heavy luggage train . " "Seek for orders" indeed ! The poor ten-shilling-a-week men knew the meaning of that dodge . No " prog , " no work ; no work . no living : so " orders" were given . Now for the result : — Sir , —We see by yotrr valuable journal that you have got scent of the truck shop on the North Midland Railway . Knowing that yoa are an enemy to tyranny , we send you the particulars of tbe barefaced robbery practised on us .
On the 9 th of this month we were requested to order from the clerk of the works what we wanted from the Truck shop . Against our will we ordered a little ; knowing if we did not we should have no more work The goods were ' ordered' on the 9 th inat . and received on the 11 th . When the goods came , we found to our snrprise and dismay a larger quantity than we had given orders for . As much came as waa due for our wages . Sir , you should have seen na poor own . trudging along the line tojour homes with bags on our backs , numbered , and with Pickering ' s name in fallen
them . We have to work hard ; bnt it is doubly hard to have no choice where we shall spend our money We have sampled the goods we received , with what wa nave bought at other markets ; and according to the opinion of other dealers , we are paying from twentyfive to thirty per cent , above the market price . When we , bought our own goods previous to this Truck Shop , it was an advantage to us from one to two abillinffli per week . Please , Sir , give this pnblicity , and you will oblige THOSE WHO ARB SDFFBHIWG FRoJt THE HAND
of Oppression . I" £ ' Come that is pretty good J One or two Bhiilt » gB a-weefc , robbed out of ten ! and that from men employed on the North Midland Railway . We believe the representation to be perfectly oorreot . The " list of prioes sets flour forth at 28 * 5 d . per stone j the best is selling in Leeds at 2 s . 2 d . Bacon is set forth at 7 d . per lb . ; ia Leeds it can be had at 4 R : good at Sd . ; and ** shoulder-pieeea" at 6 d . So that we can readily beUeve that the things are from 25 to 30 pet cent , above the market price . Bufc how are the Directobs of the Railway to in * terfere f What have they to do with this matter ?
The Lancaster Trials.
THE LANCASTER TRIALS .
The ]S T Oetheun Star. Saturday, November 25, 1843.
THE ] S OETHEUN STAR . SATURDAY , NOVEMBER 25 , 1843 .
Untitled Article
CO-OPERATION—UNION IS STRENGTH . TO JOXTEXETMES TAJLOBS ASK OTHIBS . PEiiOVf- ' WoaKUXs , —HR-sing for tome time put r-4 en ts . Eclive part in the Metropolitan Tailors * Pro- lection Society , I VEuture to offer an opinion as to what 2 conceive to be the best mode of protecting ourselves from nujojEt competition . Large public meetings have ] fc : en htld from tame to time , of the bade ; all have agreed rn denouncing the aggression of tbe money grants i but we are at ten as to the means of securing JnH protection for on Ubonr . Many have been the ptos proposed . Some are for enrolled benefit societies ; others for secunng a large fand to support those who aay become the victim * of their employers ; others for B ?^* aar ^ f **** ' ?* Pl ° Jwa 4 employ edfaM
, anof ^^ ^ . - wl 5 la —^ - ^^ »»^ rt , aaa labon , jaorta ^ - good can erer be egec ^ ed , unless -we tarn attention to the three followinc ff ^ t ^ V ***** untan ^ Tlto SS ttade , mthaut exwptum , both ^ toTO ^ ^^ females as well u males : I -say females . be&usVthe 4 form * l = rge ingredient in thelS Sel ^ have unfortunately , through the present state of thiiua i l « ome ear greatest competitors ; for , -where is tbTttse of onr attempting to briny oar "wages up to the orieinal standard , -while there are thomsaaSa of females -who ' are compelled to make -wsMcoata from foupenra each and trousers from , M . per pair . Indeed , justice det
mandi that they &haH be protected as -well m ourselves . To carry into effect this object , a national delegate meeting of the trade should be called , to sit at Birmingham , as the centre of KBgiand , as early as possible , to agrteBpon a plan of nnion , each as the T ^ fa f "* Association , for instance , "who have set a splendid example to their brethren . We also should take sp oar posituHiin the raokB of labour , is qgpesition to all tyranny . We , too , should harte vat legal adviser j our Roberts . We can have the Northern Star aa onr national organ ; and , if the Miners can do these thingg j -who are as much oppressed as "we are , sorely ire can do tbe Ike . Therefore , I « h »^ I take it as a favour if any individual * in the kingdom irlll eommnnicate
Untitled Article
THE ROBBING TRUCK SYSTEM . On many occasions we have brought to the notice ofthe publio the fact that several statute laws , passed ostensibly and avowedly for the protection of the working population , have been openly set at nought ; their provisions disregarded by the employers of labour , without , as it would appear , either fear or care as to the consequences ; and indeed , judging from the impunity which has been accorded to the tramplers-upon the positive requirements of law , it would seem that there was not much reason why they should either fear or care ; for the " consequences" hitherto have almost invariably been , not only exemption from punishment , but a pocketting of the " plunder" that could by these means be wrung from tbe lap of ill-requited industry .
The law against Truck affords a remarkable instance of the disregard to which we have alluded . The requirements of that law are positive , plaint palpable ; the pens lties many , and easily enforced : and yet it is notorious that this said law is sot at nought , trodden under foot , every day we live . In several extensive districts of the country the practice of Truck is almost universal . There is no seoret , no disguise ,- about the matter . It is hotorious ; known to all ; and the parties practising it not only dare to look their fellow-men in the face , but also regularly appear at church or chapel ; snivelling there as loud and as long as the rest of the canting tribe ; and sit and hear , composedly and undismayed , the denunciations of God himsel f fulminated against the men that H defraud the labourer of his hire . "
Ia the performance of our duty , as advocates for the toiling and the toil-worn , we have often had to expose and drag to the blaze of day the infamous practices of infamous thieving men , in the matter of Truck . We have bad to give remarkable instances , of peculiar oppression and fraud , ; and bare more than once showed the means that exist to put the praotice down . On the present ocoasion we have to put tbe'reader in possession of a case , where the law has been made to reach the guilty parties . That case is vastly important . It teaches the working people how to go to work , to get "justice . " The law is there : and wherever there is a case of truck , the workman who is made to suffer , ought to take advantage of it .
It is also manifestly the interest of the general shopkeepers to unite , as at Rochdale , to aid and p rotect the working man in bis appeal to the Bench . The Truck system muBt be injurious to them . It supersedes their business altogether . If the men were not tied to the master's tommy-shop , and forced to take from him shop-goods at twentyfire per cent , above the market value , the men would have their wages , email though they may be , to spend among the legitimate shopkeepers . As it is , they are not able to go near them . Thus deprived of custom , they are cheated out of their profits ; robbed of the legitimate means of living . How slavish then must they be ; how devoid of pnbiic spirit ; how cowed ; how broken down to the very earth , are they , when they quietly permit
themselves to be thus treated . Why do not they " spirit on" the men to lay informations 1 Why do not thoy look out for cases , and get all the particulars in legal train 3 Why do not they unite amongst themselves , snd form a fund to defray expences in case of defeat ; and to render support in particular instances of master ' s vengeance , evinced in the "turn-LnK-off" of the juctioo cocking workman ! If the shopkeepers had an atom of publio spirit ; nay did they know aud care for their own duty to themselves , they could soon rid us of the Truck system , root and branch . The following case , which shows both shopkeepers and workmen tbeir duty , was transmitted to us by a correspondent . He accompanied it by a few | remarks , from whioh we give the following : —
M Blethering Dickey Cobden , and Bright John with their whole clan of mock-humanity mongers , may shed rivers of crocodilian tears over the miseries of the " bread tax'd" white slave victims ; they may pluck a quill from the sooty wing f of the archfiend himself , and dip it into the bile of his satanio liver to write their abuses , and maledictions of the landlords ; they may denounce them with the malignity of fiends , and call to their assistance the whole of the press-gang ; they may expend five times a hundred thousand pounbs' in lying
corncraik tracts , and travelling pedlars ' expenoes' to preach up the * virtues' of the ootton-lords , aud the excellencies of the factory system ; but who can believe them sincere ia their wish to ameliorate the condition of the toiling millions , when such startling facts as the following meet the eye of the British public ? And this is , alas ! but one solitary case ; one isolated proof of the hypocrisy , cant J and blarney , of the grasping , icy-hearted / avarice ; of the barefaced , wholesale robbery of that horde of thieves —The Lords of the long ( THIhneys . "
Rochdale . —On Monday the Court was crowded to excess . The Magistrates upon the Bench were Clement Royds , Wm . Cbadwick , Geo . Ashwortb , and James Taylor , Etquirea . Samuel Kershaw and Mark Hey--wood , poweiloora fuau&ti weaver * , summoned Messrs . John Barou , Richard Tattersall , and James Tattersall , fustian manufacturers , of Bamford , near Heywoocl , for having paid their wages in goods of various kinds instead of paying them in money . Mr . Riubard Hunt , solicitor , appeared on the behalf of the complainants , and Mr . Whitehead , solicitor , on . behalf of the defendants . It appeared that defendants have a cotton mill at Bramford , besides whioh they ate partners in an
extenaive colliery in their immediate neighbourhood . Messrs . TattersaU also keep an extensive shop near the works . 1 This case caused considerable excitement ; more so , perhaps on account of an association established at Rochdale for the purpose of putting down the Truck System , which is well known to be carried on to a great extent amongst some ot the manufacturers and Coal Kings , in the vicinity . Mr . Hunt read the Act of Parliament against the Truek System . He stated that Kersbaw bad two distinct cases against the defendants ; one for tbe 4 th , and the other for the 18 th ot August . On the former date he had been paid a fortnight ' s weSes in goods instead of money , and bad been
charged thirty-five per cent , higher than any other shops in the same neighbourhood . Kershaw having been sworn , stated tbat he commenced working in tbe cotton mill ° belonging to the defendants about Christmas last . He wove fustian on tbe power loems , and was paid at tbe rate of 2 s . lid . per tin . His wages weuld average about 9 s . a week . His wife worked in the card room , and she bad very poor health , and could not earn much * Tbe names of Richard and James Tattersall were o-rer the * door * of the Sbop ; they sold everything that was used by a family ; he seldom got any money for wages ; he bad occasionally borrowed a shillin g or two from the bock-keeper ; they had a
reckoning every other Friday ;; but be always was in debt on a pay day . On the 4 tb of August , his fortnight ' s wages were sixteen shillings ; the whole of whioh were stopped for goods . He did not finger one single farthing . He had a wife and three small children ; he was charged 4 s . for 201 bs . of flour , while Jack Bell , another shopkeeper in the neighbourhood , sold it for 33 . 6 d ., the same quality and quantity . Candies were 6 ^ d per ) b . ; soap the same ; mea l la . 6 d . for 121 bs ; old butter lid . per lb . ; brown sugar 9 d . Mr . Hunt said be could purchase the same quality for 6 d . Mr . Whitehead cross-examined Kershaw at considerable length / but elicited nothing favourable to
his clients . ; The complainant said he waa never present when other persons were paid , and he always took a book with him to the shop , which was furnished to him by defendants , and Mr . Tattersall or his daughter always wrote in the book ; he seldom drew or paid money ; however , on the 27 th of Jttly . he received a fortnight * wages , amounting to 17 a 4 d ¦ and on the 4 th of August , his wages amounted to 16 s , and it was stopped by Mr . Richard Tattersall for Igoods . He tMr . Richard Tattersall ) always took care to have him by himself when be settled with him . The book-keepefe signed for Messrs . Baron and Tattersall , for goods to him , tbe payment for . w& < & bad been stopped
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4 , THE NORTHERN STAR [ ..
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 25, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct509/page/4/
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