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TO THE T7NFRASCHISED WORKING GLASSES.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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JIt Fbiexds , —I have hots- got deeply into the * £ Bth jear of agitation ; and being a constant and jitentiTe observer of passing events , you mast , if tot sitb me credit for any discernment . supp £ > se that J have gained some experience . All tip agitations jhat we hear of , and read of , prior to that Trhieh ori-« nated in Marylebone on lie ISth September , 1835 , ira * movements more or less in connection with the middle classe =, andreaTj ] ted in lie enactment ofthe Re .
form KI 1- T " agitauon commenced at Marylebone sras founded on the disappointment created by the Reform Bill ; and I cannot be too particular in "keeping your attention ineessanily directed to the one fact —thai crar unr-nerving adherence to the principles of Chartism , together frith our refusal io join in set sectional agitation , or for any m < nsure short of the Tarhole Charter , has < rrren a strength and ini-¦ portance io the irorkine classes that they never before rould command . It is abra-vs a pleasins "work to me to be able to
defend the Chartists trom all the assaults of their enemies : bnt stiH more so to be able to show how all other parties are , in the long run , compelled , when their ovm crotchets fail , to try our means for the accomplishment of their own object . 3 hare often observed to my bearers , thai my great value to the trorkiiiii clashes is , "that they understand every \ vord ihat 1 speak to them , and even . - sentence that 1 write to them . As the League promises to infest the metropolis once more , 1 shall select their present tactics as proof of the assertion , that -when ihtir owji plans tail im ± . ± » -py - osiJcEB to -u > opt orss . Having wtitioned Parliament in Tain up to the vear 1-543 , the
League came to a resolution to abstain from petitionine in future . We cane to that resolution in 1842 . One of our charges of incompetency againsf the l ^ aeue "was , that they were bad workmen beeanse they hadn ' t tuols to complete their job . They hadn ' t meinl « ers in the House of Commons to give their i » any anything like reasonable hope of success ; and . 0 supiiiy that want they have now dlxvcied their attention to the registration of voters , in the ho ]> e thereby to sirell their Parliamentary minority . We jisxe Wen prosecuting the same undertaking for TTjore Than eighteen months ; > o that here also the League have taken another leaf out of our book .
ilv jvason for mentioning this subject , and of im _ T-ressirc it iirmly upon your minds , is to exhibit the rriekMT of the League , and your crednlity , in the iome pk-rure- The League hare started with " the znnouncement that they are not a political body : and as masters they have used their best endeavours to perpetuate that folly which exclndes the consideration oi all politics from Trades * meetings . Here
then , I think , we have them . They eschew polities : tier eoinplain of a great national grievance , and assume the office of sympathizers and eoireetors ; and ihev are obliged , after having tried the power of money the power of the printing-press—the power of eloquence —the power of petitions—the power of intimidation—and all the other appliances at their command , to have recourse at lost to th * v * vtt kcrncr . t . - »''•!' . ' to tomvkli their work .
If all the great resources of the Leaguers require lie anxiliarv aid of a voie . if tlteo an incopobl ' id achieving the cijeet of tki L-a < rai vithmrt the vote . 1 ask you what chance poverty—naked poverty—tuv - rotected labour , has without the Tote ? In fact , 20 thin 2 but continuous and systematic agitation can lead to the adoption of the best prinviple ; and nothing bat discusson can develope the best plan for the aecom * Trlishment of the principle : and hence it is that we snd the League directing their whole time , thought , snd energy , to the increase of free trade voters . Mr . Cobden , to -jive a practical ifl'ittration of t / u " nopdlir Uci" ikf <> ru of tie Ixa-Tu-: , hr * &r Robert Ptd in omc : ;
Slid on this fact 1 found an irreiutable argument to trove that the augmentation of Free Trade voters cannot , and will not , realise their object , Cobden is deservedly tip leader of the Free Traders . He is the Igadar , because he is the cleverest man—the man of Taost genius—the . best tactician—and naturally the most amiable man . I am never afraid to confess an honest prepossession , and I honestly confess my opinion , that if Cobden had not been shackled by the T-rejudice of party , he Tvould have been one of the sreatesi men thai this country ever saw ; but la pro xornc-n to Us ability , is his power to do mischief : 2 nd therefore my knowledge of his powers leads me to srreater watchfulness of his movements .
1 am m > w goins to shew that the League > tand > in s different jn > sition to the Chartists , wiih respect to lie ParliaiDt-Dtar ; representation of their resix-etive liinemk-5 . The League part ? must ever n-maln a ~ zn isolated party in the House of Commons , until tieworkinir classes are enfranchised . 1 will shewyon -why . If Cobden ' s sole object is the Repeal of ihe Corn Law ? , and if we are not to give him zny
political character , 1 would justify his support ul > ir Sobc-rt PeeX for this reason : because , if Russel ! and the "Whicb came into oSce they would not dare to propose ^ total Bepeal of the Corn Laws , but , on the coutrarr . would be emboldened in their opposition Io the measure by the fact that the Tories would support theia to a man . On the other hand , if the ^ Thigs fomid that nothing short of a declaration in tSLYWir of Free Trade -would ensure their restoration .
it is a pni that they would , however reluctantly FiraBo-fir . But eitn then the League could not succeed , so long as the Torv party are in possession of ihe major portion of the land that creates the vote—; the major portion of the money that buys lie rote—and a major portion of the patronage that influences the rote . Therefore , as a distinct party contending against both Whigs and Tories , or 2 s a united party , joined with the JW bigs against the Tories , the League hare not the shadow of a shade of chance to aeompEsh their object- Ev ^ ry
nan must be struck "with the rhiMUh simplicity of those who tell us . of the -wonderful suceess the League have had in the jiisrTAcrrix , and purchase , of county 40 s . freeholders . They tell us that South Lancashire , lost upon the last contest by a majority of about GOO , will on the next contest give a majority of 1700 for the Leagrte ; -while they also boast of having taken the aristocratic County of Middlesex by surprise . This is all blarney . The answer to such an extravagant assertion is , * ' Don ' t they wish they may cet it ' " These novices actuallv flatter themselves
that the landlords , because they are not a permanent agitating body , are , therefore , going to allow the League , on the day of battle , to take the -vrhoie agrimlrnral party by surprise . I shaB just narrate for you a conversation that I had with Air . Cobden at the Blisworth station , the evening of fhe day that I beat him at Northampton . In comparing the respective chances of the League and the Chartiste through representation , Mr . Cobden asked me , * " Now , ^ Mr . O'C onnor , don ' t you think that we are much more likely to secure the co-operation of the fanners
lo carry our object than the Chartists are t" I re j £ ed , " 2 No ; and for two reasons—firstly , because , gloss over jour intentions as best yon can , and flatter the manners as you may , they will ever look upon you as a party incorporated with no other view than to destroy their profits , and render their engagement * in-^• tiire . Ton are not to judge of the pliancy or ap _ , proval of the body generally , from the support you receive from a few who pav a corn-rent , and who ¦^ oul d , 3 admit , be benefitted by the settlement ofthe question . Secondly ; there is an insurmountable obsiade placed between you and the farmers , which appears whoDy to have escaped vour notice . It is
"Us—whatever their feelings may be , and however convinced they may be , of the justice , the "wisdom , sad the policy of your project , that social link which binds them to the landlord will be stronger than any indu cement that you can offer them . They know that , after all it is the -will of the landlord that must give ^ tall-effect to any law that the Legislature shall sub-£ Strrte for the present arrangement . And now 1 will test their position for you hj reference to the con . dn . et w a class nearest their own order—I mean your over-Jookes , clerks , and-warehousemen . Ton wiD find then , &ai altlionghpersonsfiDingtliose offices in the employ ^ fiDt of free traders are your most ardent and -violent ^ porters , that Bererthdess the overlookers , clerk * ,
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and warehous -men in the employ of Ton" Anti-Repealers are sternly opposed to you . ^ ow , the same tie that binds your officers to you , will doubly bind the farmers to their landlords . If you dismiss an overman for opposing your will , he has but to remove from one house to another—from one master to anotheror perhaps from one district to another : but when the farmer opposes the will of his landlord , he has his stock , which he can ' t pawn ; he has his capital , which he cannot immediately disturb without loss ,: he has either a ) ra > r . and if < o , an interest or expectation of lenitv—or he has no lease , and then he is a
willing slave . > ow I don t think that you have ever -seen the question in this light , nor liave you ever considered that the strongest anticipations that may be entertained by a farmer [ with stock will ever insure his support even in favour of a very promising experiment . " My friends . I write this letter for the purpose of ip- > -piring you with confidence in yourselves ; nnd with ^ the belief that thirty , or even twenty , Chartist members who would * ' obstruct" the whole business of the House , would have better chance ot success than the League can possibly anticipate , for their crotchet .
Our space is now so valuable , that I must draw to a close by shewing you , firstly , the value of a vt . n- -, and secondly , the value ot" even a small and compm i representative party in the House of Commons . T / t , rahtt' ¦ <; " tli ( : vott . On the return from war to peace in ISI- ' n the landlords anticipated a fall in the pr ice of jirodnce . They had a majority hi the C' > . nmoiis , and < -omnianded the Lords . They asked fi » v pcotection—and col it . Four years after , in !>] ' . » . the Capitalists cried out for PSOTEcnoy—and they troi protection . In ] > 32 . thehuannfaotunrs , Vho were
represented in even- locality by the enormous amount of wealth thev had anias ^ sed . and that wealth Ix'ins represented in the House of Commons , they demanddd the Reform Bill as their protection and they got it , beeause they were represented . In 1 * 17 the lland-loom Weavers felt the effect * , of war prices and diminished wages , and they petitioned for pkotxctiiw , but ti . ey u-sr , jV » r represented , and THEREFOBE ont WISE GOVEBNOBS BEQriHED TIM E TO VT . U berate , whzle Tzz pooh stahvep : They must have Committees of masters \ o deliberate , and
Commissions of masters to report : and for twenty-seven years they have been Committeeing and deliberating Commissioning and reporting ; ami th < ran of tin j-oor it not y-1 riy ^ for h-arino at the tribunal of thi rich : The legislature refused to legislate : the sufferers smashed then- common enemy , machinery ; and they were transported and hung while the landlords , the monev lords , and
manufacturers , are revelling and rioting on that a ? ca « i < nl > -ij which their representation , ai-bieved through the exclusive enfranchisement of their own order , has given thorn : Now then , in a substantial point ni view , ought not Labour to contend for representation ' So much for tho crand principle of enfranchisement : and now jusi a word ; dx » ut the advantage * oi having thirty , or even twenty , representatives in the House of Commons .
If I > uncombe had twenty men to back him , the law of " sedition , " of eon > piraey , constructive treason , of riot * , routs , and tumults , would remain a dead letter on the -tatute-bo » k . We should never again hear of honest working-men beinsj sent to prison , to hard labour , and to the silent sr-stein , for giving vent to their sufferings in burning aDd reproving language . "We should hear no more of politic-i ) martyr * : for oar representatives in the House wouM take Up every speech for which a poor man was trie . and com icied . if the system was continued ; wir lawmakers would repeat the speeehes as their own . defyin ? thv * jf > vernment . and darint'the law ottieers of
'ln-Crcrwn to put them on their trial : so that we wmiM thus give fnt" scope to discu » ioii , or else brinu the bm into universal and well-merited contempt , by . shewing that there v-n . ' " one law fur the rich and anutlier for the poor . " > ht-wn in the fact that a poor man u : isuffering imprisonment and hard laU > ur for speak iiii ; what the law < -nlk * d "" sedition , " but what the representative might repeat without danger or dn-jul . Under all the-- / i-ireurnstanc-es . then , 1 think lin-1-eague have furnished the Trades in fiaiticular . ami the working classes sjeneraUy , with an irresi-til > le . irrefutable , and conclusive argument in favour t > f \\ v asitation for the vote alwve all other > ystejus t ) i ; a have been or can be pn » i > ounded .
I am . your faitlilul Kri < -nd and Servant . Thursday , Dec . n , 1 ^ 44 . Feakgi" .-- i *' Cn \ yr , n . "P . S . 1 may just > ay that 1 have attended three very large public meetings already this week ; an <] however our enemies may crow , I never saw a better spirit manifested bj the working classes than I have witnessed in London , if it dies , it shall not 1 ) 0 my fault ; as I am determined , even though I stood alone , and though all the Trades were apathetic , drowsy , or asleep , to try a fall with Sir James Graham in the great battle between Labour and Capital . F . O'C .
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SPAIN . Mjldrid , November 23 . —General Prim was taken out of prison at six this morning , put into a coach , and sent off to Cadiz , where he wUl be confined in the castle until he can be shipped off for the Havanna to undergo hh six years' imprisonment in the Moro Castle . It appears that the supreme military tribunal to which he had appealed against the sentence of the court martial , delivered in their verdict last night , and the government has lost « o time in actinjr upon it . This tribunal has confirmed the sentence of the court martial against Prim and his military eolleasrues . but has granted a new trial to the civilians
tried with him . on the ground of incompetence of a council of generals to decide on their cases . It was anticipated that the supreme tribunal would have quashed the sentence of the court martial , which is considered absurd Ijy impartial persons—inadequate if the court believed the charges against him of being at the head ofthe conspiracy to assassinate Nai-vaez and overthrow the government , and unjust and tyrannical if they did not . Instead of deciding either that he was guilty or innocent , they choose a sort of middle course , and award him six years' imprisonment , which the supreme tribunal confirms , and the government acts upon instanter , by shipping him ( iff to Cuba , to spend the time in the Moro Castle .
A council of war , which was held yesterday on some officers , accused of beine implicated in the alleged conspiracy some months back , has condemned Captain D . Jose Bartoli and Commander D . Pedro Contreras , to ten years' imprisonment in a fortress and Lieutenant D . Antonio Callojo to six years' ditto . The court-martial appointed to try General Araoz , at Cadiz , for participation in the late conspiracy , having found him guilty , orders were sent from Madrid on the 24 th to execute the sentence . The demand made by the British Minister ( Mr . BuJwer ; that General O'DonnelJ be recalled from Cuba , iiad , it was said , given considerable unibnige to the Spanish Government .
General Narvaez has been made a grandeeof Spain of the first class , with the title of IJuke of Ardoz . — Ardoz is the village where Seoane ' s troops went over to him . and which feat has been stvled by all Moilcrado writers since then , as the " glorious victory « i Ardoz . " The best proof that it was no victory , but a mere affair of buying and selling , is , that the troops , who , according to the Moderado version , were defeated , -were allowed to share in all the rewards and promotions that were conferred upon the other troops who had " pronounced " against tspartero .
Tin-ruE or the Lvstbkectios . —Akrest of Zra-Biio ' s Sox . —Accounts from the seat of the insurrection in Spain leave no doubt that the movements made by General Zurbano in Soria , and by General Ruiz in Upper Arragon , have completely tailed . A letter from Logrono , published in the Phare ^ de * Pyre nees of the 27 th , gives the fafloiriDg details of the capture of Zurbano ' s son and his brother-in-law : —
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Am-r tee affair of Montenegro , in the direction of ^ oria , in which Zurbano beheld himself deserted by all the foot soldier * who accompanied him on his entry into Najera , he could onJy think of seeking for safety by flight . The Queen's troops , divided into various detachments , wete in active pursuit of the fugitives ; and the number of those who have submitted has amounted to forty-six . Tiltyounger son of Zurbano , l > yname Benito , chef d ' escadron in the aniiv , was yesterday made prisoner , as well as his uncle , an innkeeper near Logrono , and a servant . After having abandoueJ tlu-ir horses , one of which was found dead from starvation , they had hid themselves in an olive wood , near the village of Yarca , not far from Logrono , where Benito was born . It was the sight of the abandoned horses whifh put the troops un the scent , and when
the fugitives were taken their condition was desperate . They had not slept for several nijrhts , and more than four-and-twenty hours ) iaO elapsed without their having tasted food . On their being takm To Logrono , Gener . il Oribe had given orders to have them shot , bnt a few instants after he suspended the execution , and applied for fresh instructions from the Captain-General of Burgos . As to Zurbauo . and his brother-in-law , Cayo Uuro , it apjkmu-s positive that the former was not far from his S 011 , a little bcf&re the Jarter was arrested ; and , as to the second , he is supposed to be concealed in the mountains of Camexos . Considering , however , the active search that is made , it i 3 almost impossible , for them not to fall into the hands of our troops . A letter from Urdos - ofthe 2 oth , wws : —
O en era ! Ruiz , the head ot the last insurrection iu Cartb . Sg't'na . has Ojraiii teLken refupe in France , accompanied in- nis two aides-de-camp . Colonel ( iavil . 'i and Colonel I ' asernova . They were immediately sent to Oloron , and from thence to 1 'au . to be examined by the Prefect of tin Police . General Huiz . notwithstanding the extremt vigilance ofthe French police , succeeded some time sinct in crossing the frontier , and having appeared at IIecho lit induced the inhabitants to take arms against the Governim-nt . I to !< l \ on before that he succeeded in disarming . some carabiuiws . stationed i » ilie m <» mJlevs i » f llcchu and Anso . lie also took a company of troop * prisoners . 'Jeneral Huiz appeared , therefore , to have made a vcr \
fortunate cmmieneemeiit . and determined upon making an attempt upon . laca , when the news of the approach of a column from Sara '_ 'ossa carried terror among the insurgents , and -a few shots fired among them dispersed them i-ompletely . In the middle of this ruin general Ruiz had nothing for it but t . » endeavour to escape into France , and the remainder of the insurgents having thrown a \\ a \ iheir arnir-. returned to their honie « . ¦ This insurrection bas therefore , failed , and the two valleys are at the present moment entirely subdued . It is reported that I ' garta . the ex-political chief of Huesca , also joined *» eneml Ituiz in the nisurrertion , but to the present time it IS not known what has become . ¦ l'him .
The Press ? announces that independent of General Ruiz , Colonel Gavila , Commander Casanova , a lieutenant of carabineers , six of the soldiers disarmed by the insurgents , and'three young men compelled by Ruiz to follow him , had arrived at Oloron . The only vevolters who opposed any resistance to the forces sent from Navarre and Sarajrossa , were the peasants and the smu ^ ders . An to Ruiz and others who were with him at Jlecho , the news of the approach of the troops sufficed to put them to flight . " ( leneral Ruiz , " adds the correspond ont of the l ' res . * e—
Declares that he has "been betrayed . He bad , he said , been induced to enter Spain by the promise that the town and ciiadel of Jaca would be delivered into his hands . He expected , besides , that the entire of Upper Arragon would have raised the standard : and his sole exploit w ; is confined to a coup dr tmiiu in a nest of smugglers . The peasants , after their defeat , sought refuge in the mountains , where they were awaitinir a favourable opportunity W cross the frontier . \ V .- have no accounts of I'garte or Zurbano .
The ATuonors , MvmiEH of Zi iibano ' s Son . — Letters from Madrid of the 2 ith ult ., published in the Paris papers of Monday , announce positively the shooting of the younger 2 uruano , toirether with ins uncle , and their two servants . We find the following in the Sationnl : — The Government ha .- just caused General Oribe to be deprived of his command of Logrono , for nut having immediately shot Zurbano ' s brother-in-law and son , after having merely proved their identity . Oribe is not suspected of compassion , but he was on the spot ; he saw what interest Zurbauo ' s relations excited in that country , where the services rendered , in the name of Isabella , by : l 1 ] hi * family , were wc-11 remembered . Men of all ranks and all opinions had besought the execution to be deferred .
and the prisoner s wite had proceeded without delay for Madrid , accompanied by a deputation from the town and prtrtincc , who went with hi-r to implore the Koyal clemency , A most heart-rending scene took place ou this " casnin . At th > - moment when the two Queens were l « -awiig the palace , the wuug wifv « 1 " l $ fiiiu > Zurbano threw herself at ilnir feet , and , with" her i-jc > streaming with tear > , and her voice broken with sobs , prayed and supplicated them at b-ast to spare the life of a being so ¦ lt-ar ii > ht-r . Tin- deputation joined in her request , anil fr .. m the «! iwh- uT'jup arose expressions of the liveliest grief . All the persons wlm stood around appeared most < lev $ « ly affected . The Ut'cen-tnothcr , it must be ackuoH ] .-dged , could not behold such a sj > ectaclf ivilbmit f » -ehng a strong emotion . but her daughter , the worth %
daughter of Ferdinand , remained cold anil immured a > a statue . Neither the cries nor despair of the pool ' woman kneeling at her feet , nor the supplication of the inhabitants of Logrono , nor the pin which for a moment affected her mother ' s soul , nor the emotion of the !>\ - sUiu'ltTs , cuuM t-veri cause a palpitation in this wretched creature " * heart , who cntented herself with dr ily replying to the unfortunate wife , " The Council will decide on the request . " The Council accordingly assembled ; and . t « , !¦• - present , Xarvaez int < - * rrupte < l the pleasure which lit was enjoying at Carabanehel with the illustrious Jfunoz . i \' d delight in Xanaez ' s mind is equal to that of ordering an execution . Hi- therefore hurried in , and , after the Council , orders were despatched , at the same time , for the dismissal of Oribe and for the execution of Zurbano " s son and brother-in-law Again blood ! Always blood ! The } will spill it utitil its fumes suffocate them ' . Oribe ,
besides , is not the nnly one deprived of his post . Another dismissal , which hat produced a great sensation here , is that ofthe Political L'hief Denavides , a furious Moderado , a tiry bitter Conservative , a man of violence , if ever there was one ; but who , however , is not equal to those at present perpetrated . The following is the cause of his disgrace " . At the first report of the insurrection the Cabinet ordered him to drive out of Madrid a crowd of persons of all ranks , whose very name gave umbrage . This list of proscription was so extensive and SO absurd , that Benavides thought it necessary to pause ; and at once the Minister of the Interior called on him to send in his resignation . The other replied that he had no wish to quit his post , and that he must be forced from it . This was done , and General Chacon was appointed in his place ! This nomination of a General to a place essentially civil has raised an outcry even amongst the friends of the faction . But thev will stiU behold other similar acts . '
The Cenftitittiomiel bitterly denounces this savage murder : — The identity ofthe prisoners was , it is true , established , but there was no proof of their criminality ; and , we may add , nothing can be further from proof than that there was any other culpability in Benito Zurbano than bis being the son of his father . lie was taken almost alone , concealed , and without arms . Can we , therefore , be astunishe'l if it be hereafter shown that he disapproved of the insurrection , and that he wished to avoid by flight participating in those sanguinary acts of reprisal which parties in Spain—even those in possession of the government—perpetrate upon their enemies ? Prim has escaped , thanks to a species of trial which , from the very iniquity of the accusation , excited an universal opinion against it . The son of Zurbano has been executed without any form or process , as if it was determined tahasten his death in order to te-ar him from public compassion . In civilized nations , to execute a man without trial is not punishment , but murder' "
The lnbau , like the Cvnfiitutionnel , credits the report of the young man's death , and in a . somewhat new-born horror of Xarvaez and his Government , writes as follows : — Certainly we had no 'great confidence in the Government of Spain , but we were far from expecting such enormities , even from a Cabinet directed by Narvaez . Are those the men who denounced as a crime the execution of the unfortunate Diego Leon , who were to open to their country a new era of reconciliation and peace , and who designed to enlarge , the field of political discussion % Now-, more than ever , we congratulate ourselves on having refused all adhesion to the acts of this soldier-government , which holds itself up to universal reprobation .
When it is remembered that this much-denounced Government is that which a lavish distribution of French "old and the . activity of French intriguers alone called into existeiv-o , we cannot feel much sympathy with these crocodile tears or these late protestations against Narvaez . State op Catalonia . —Accounts from Barcelona state that the Baron de Meer is converting the place into one large citadel , and that great discontent prevails throughout Catalonia . A great number of officers have been separated from the regiments in garrison at Saragossa . General Balboa sends dismal accounts here of the state of Gallicia , describing both himself and the troops as wearied out with constant service . His system is one of terror , and req \ iires constant vigilance to keep up ; a few days since who laKen in
countrymen naa snejier a coxxage ^ uuuuhonse , near Vigo , from a storm of rain , were drinking wine and playing at cards , in which they were joined bv a chaplain of one of the regiments , who had been
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obliged to seek shelter also , and who it appears lost some silver in play , which made him sulky , when one of tlie countrymen , joking him on his loss , told him not to be sulky , for he would l > t > inoro so soon , when he would have to cry " Viva Espm-toro . " The chaplain , on returning to Vigo , reported this conversation to General Balbao , and it turned out no joke for the poor fellow , for some soldiers were sent after hun , and he was brought into Vigo and taken to the square where the troops were drawn up , and he was ordered to receive 100 blows with a stick on his haw back , ami after being terribly mangled and fainting under the punishment , was thrown ijito prison , from which he was eventually removed through the efforts of some humane persons to the hospital .
Madrid , Nov . 2 ( 1 . —The Madrid papers of this day ' s date confirm the accounts of the atrocious execution ot' Benito Zurbano and his uncle , at Logrono , along with their two servants . It appears , however , that the name of tire In-other-in-taw of ( u-neral Vmv bano ^ who was shot , is nut Cayo Muro , but Juan Martinez . Ciiyo Mnro is still at large , and is supposed to be with Zurbano . There are forty-six more of the insurgents in the prisons of Logrono " , and the orders ofthe Government are that they should all be shot . Even this sanguinary feast , however , is not sufficient to glut the vengeance of Na ' rvaez , if we arc
to l > elieve the Madrid papers . Several other officers arc to meet with a similar fate . Several other general ofiicers have been banished from Madrid , for apparently no other offence but that of having served under Efepartero . A report was prevalent in Madrid that General Prim had been rescued by a party of cavalry on his way to Cadiz . Nothing is known of Zurbano ' s whereabouts . There are as many reports about his movements as there arc provinces in Spain ; but the prevailing opinion seems to be , that he has gone towards the Portuguese frontier , by wav of the mountains of Toledo .
More Horrors . —Murder of Another of Ziriuno ' s Sons . —Madrid Papers , of the 27 th ult ., contain some details of the melancholy events at Logrono . A letter in the Gazette states , that the other son of Zurbano , Ballanas ( bis aid-de-canip ) , and five others had surrendered to the General commanding in that district , and were immediately ordered to be shot . Several others , who had surrendered at Burgos , had undergone the same fate . Zurbano still contiuued to elude his pursuers .
PORTUGAL . Lisbon , November 27 . —The Chamber of Peers , by a majority of eight , paused the bill declaring all the edicts of tire Government , twenty-nine in number , promulgated during the prorogation .. of the Cortes , mid cowoqupntiy without the sanction « f tho . Legislature—laws in force from the date of their promulgation . The twenty-nine "laws" were presented to the Chamber m masae , and all separate examination and discussion opposed successfully by Cabral . A dreadful fire , attended with the loss of twelve or fourteen lives , took place in Lisbon on the 2 Lst of November . The Municipal Elections throughout the country , with few exceptions , were carrying at the point of the bavonet in favour of Minister's .
GERMANY . IIambukuu , Nov . 22 nd . —The Senate and College ot the Ancients have just declared in favour of emancipating the Jews . What principally decided our two highest bodies in the state to consent to this act of justice , is ' the immense sacrifices which the Jews of Hamburgh have made to succour the numerous victims of the fire of 1 p 42 , and the spirit of patriotism and charity with , which that body hiw bocn animated for a lot )" scries of venrs .
SWITZERLAND . The Swiss . l ( ti-R \' Ai . s ofthe 2 < tth ult . announce that the Central Tribunal of the' Valais has just pronounced its sentence on the principal leader's of the late revolt in the'Valais . M . Maurice I 5 annan has l > een condemned to twenty veal's' confinement in a state prison , the deprivation of political rights for lift , the payment of the expenses of the war during three days ofthe revolt , and payment ofthe amount of the loss sustained by the destruction of several bridges , and the fire at Vernayaz . These indemnities are subject to diminution by whatever amount may be fixed for liis accomplices , but in the event , of non-payment M . llarman is to he hold responsible for the whole , lie is also condemned to pay the expense of his prosecution niul trial .
The XoitoeUittyVawlois states that affairs are taking a critical turrr at Lucerne . There is great exasperation in tlie political parties , and the President ofthe Directory is compelled to have a guard for his persona ) . security )> oth at home and at the Government House .
: GREECE . More Trouble . —The news from Greece is of the most disastrous kind , not so much from any new ; md extraordinary facts , as from the accumulation of proof that a plan i . i in full and vigorous operation for undermining the constitution . The only elucidation of the present state of things is this , and to this alone every step of the Ministry tends . The bonds of society are recklessly relaxed—confidence is lost in tho courts of justice—nine murders , and above 100 highway robberies , are admitted to have occurred , crimes
of late years almost unknown in Greece—numerous forests burned , ' no offenders apprehended , and , in fact , except Athens and Nauplia , the inhabitants of towns afraid to travel far from their protection . The most serious part of the drama is , however , played in the Chamber of Representatives , where General Griras and his ruffians are bullying the independent members , and bringing the existing system into the utmost contempt . We fear that Russian intrigue is not idle , and the consequences will be most deplorable at no distant day .
By an Imperial ukase , of the 3 rd of Septembei Greek papers have been interdicted in Russia .
TURKEY . Constantinople , Nov . 13 . —Steam continues to go fl'hend here . The government has Just decided on running a small boat six times a-day between Stamboul and Scutari , on such low terms , that row-boats ( which are excessively dangerous in winter ) can no longer ply with any chance of success . A commission has just l > een formed for the organization of the new police system , which cannot be realised with too much celerity . Last winter burglaries took place as regularly as the night came , and no housekeeper had a
remedy but his own sword and pistols . 1 have heard that printed Turkish placards were last night posted up in various parts of this capital , representing the eminent successes of Shatnil bey , in Paghestan , over the military forces of Russia . I have not succeeded in getting any further intelligence from Crrcassia . but it appears to be most undoubted that the Russians have suffered dreadfully through this campaign ; and as this becomes generally known , the awe with which they once inspired the Turks will cease , and be replaced by feelings which may , in the end , lead to disagreeable consequences .
EGYPT . Alexandria , Nov . 19 . —We have received accounts from Alexandria of the 19 th ult . They state that the Pasha " was still at Cairo , attending with his usual activity , to the affairs of tho country ; Mrhemet Ali , being anxious to people the new town of his name now erecting in Nigritia , had ordered that all robbers should hereafter be transported thither , without undergoiflg tho penalties of the bastinado and gallies , to which they would have otherwise been transported .
BRAZIL . War between Brazil and Buenos Ayres . — The latest news from Jtio ^ Grande is that the war between Buenos and Brazil has at length commenced in earnest , several skirmishes having taken place on tlie north side of La . Plata during the march of the Brazilian armv toward Monte Video .
UNITED STATES . WORKING MEN'S MOVEMENT . Boston . —For sometime pasta movement has been in course of progress in the States of New England , having for its object a reduction ofthe hours of labour , and the adoption of other measures calculated to ensure to the working classes a rightful return for their toil , and their ultimate emancipation from the tyranny of capitalists and landlords . With such objects in view , a Working Men ' s Convention has been held in Boston , a report of the proceedings of whieh we have been f avoured with through the medium ofthe Boston
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Labourer , a paper devoted to tlie interests of the operative classes . The Convention assembled at Faneuil-hall , Boston , on Wednesday , October 16 th . There were above two hundred delegates present , presided over by Mr . J . S . Wright , of Boston . The delegates sat two days , and adopted a number of excellent resolutions . In thej course of the second day ' s session , the following most important and able document Was submitted to the delegates , and by them unanimously adopted . ADDRESS of tlie . nwnhantes awjliil / ourers , atzemlled In <" onveiition at Boston , October 1 C > mid 17 , ) R 14 , to their frtt&te mechanics and lal onrers throughout the United states .
Tliere is no subject which claims our more serious and candid attention than that which refers to our condition ; ts labourero . What this condition is ; if correct , how it may be maintained ; or if not , how it inuv be improved , are questions which we are iin ]> erativelv called upon to tlecifle . To a consideration of these questions allow us to I'iiH vour caiidiil and immediate attention . What is thi' present condition of the workmen of America 1 By the declaration of rights which our fathers made , and which they maintained with their fortunes and their lives , we are instructed to believe that all men are born equal , possessed of equal- natural rights , and de . signed to enjoy equal civil arid social privileges . The
propagation of this self-evident ; tvut ! i formed an important era in the-world ' s history , { and was designed , first and foremost , to affect the condition of those in wJiom the feudalism of former times bad recognized only serfs and dependants on the will of tiie crown or the aristocracy . To ensure the prevalence of this truth , care was taken in the structure of our government , to secure its operation throughout the civil body , by giving to every member Of the body an equal voice in the selection of rulers and the formation of laws . To what extent a democracy has been realized , it is not our present object to inquire ; upon the practical bearings of the question we can each speculate and decide'for ourselves .
To another feature of this imatter we would more especially call your attention . What is the present position and condition of tlie working nun of America , considered as the actual producers of wealth ? Labour is the only creator of value . Making use of fhe materials furnished by the God of Nature , ; it gives utility to what was before worthless , or increases value where it before existed , supplying the necessities and adding to the comforts of human life . If the position to which we have previously reverted be correct , i then have all an equal right to Jubour , and to enjoy the blessings which such labour may create-. A given amount of labour produces a given amount of value , which , ; according to the position we have assumed , should belong to the producers . Do we find this to be the fact ? ¦
If there are those in the community who are not actually imjiagedin manual labour , or . in other words , who are not producers , who do nevertheless receive value , it must follow that by some means they obtain possession of a part of that which is produced by others ; and we do actually find that a large portion of the value which is produced by labour is in some way secured by those who are not engaged in productive industry at all . It is then evident that the greater is the amount the smaller must be that retained by the actual producers ; or the greater the number of the non-producers , the heavier will be the burden upon , and the smaller will bu the reward of the industrious labourer . With the given amount in the case , we hnve little to do at present ; it is of the principle we complain , which we see illustrated in the self-evident fact that the reward of the producers diminishes with the increase ofthe non-producers .
The division ot society into the producing and the nouj » roducing classes , and the fact . ; of the unequal distribution of value between the two . introduces us at oiwtn another distinction—that of capitnl and labour . And here > vc find a wide difference to exi ^ t , involving on the one hand the idea of dependaVce . Labour How becomes a commodity , wealth capital , and the natural order of things is entirely reversed . Antagonism and opposition of interest is introduced into tin * community ; capital ; ind labour stand opposed ; the non-producing classes wage war with tlie producing , and excessive ami deadly cuiiipctition incite the prmiucers against each uthev . Money be comes power in the hands of the capitalist ; disunion and competition become weakness on the part of the labourer . The interests of the few become permanent , those of the mass are neglected ; the few rule , while tlie many serve ; the few are affluent , while the manv are miserable .
\ S e would not have it supposed that this ultimatum has been reached by us , or that our condition as working men is reduced to that extreme of wretchedness to which the labourers of Europe have long since arrived . But we do mean to assert that our present ^ jstem of labour is fitfsr in principle , and in practice unjust and oppressive to our / elves , and injurious to the rommmrity . ' In England the system has done its utmost : it has raised the few to more than kingly wealth , while the many at the same time arc sinking to the lowest degradation of utter misery and wretchedness . In our own land similar results are beginning to show themselves , and must be seen as inevitably as like causes produce like effects .
I . We believe our present system of labour is false in principle . In the decree " in the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread , " we trace the original design ot" the Creator . Not that one should ; toil and another eat , but that the fruit of industry should be enjoyed by him who exercised it . Not that the few should rule , while the many serve , since God has revealed himself as the ruler , and all men are brethren . So ; far as we are able to discover the destiny of man from his organization , it is not merely to buy and sell and get gain , but to bring out and strengthen those exalted natures with which he is gifted ; while our present system of labour would assert the former , but deny the latter . Thus doe ? it deny in principle the evident facts of his nature , and entirely disregard those laws to which we are to look for the indications of his destinv . j
It makes labour a commodity to be bought and sold in the market , and man a mere machine . It deprives the man of all thu power of an agent , and binds him as a helpless victim in the shambles , to become the property in possession of the highest bidder . Deprived of the land , we had almost said of all those facilities and materials with which the God of nature has furnished man for tlie exercise of industry , the labourer has no longer an opportunity to rely upon his own hands as capital ; he can no longer at will create value which , when created , is to bu his own ; but he must Jgell his commodity—bis labour—his " manhood—to another , to receive therefore the miserable pittance which but reveals his degradation , without increasing his store . | 1 . The present system of labour is in practice unjust and oppressive to ourselves ,
because—¦ J . It introduces false standards of judgment . It separates the capitalist from the labourer—placing the former with his respectability on the dne side , or rather in the foreground , while the latter , with his toilvvorn face and calloused hand , is left to occupyjthe rear . It gives to the one power , to the other no alternative but to submit . It crowns the one with honour , [ the other with disgrace . The one , though he may never have produced a single cent ' s worth in value , is honourable ; the other is despised , though he may have added thousands and tens of thousands to his country ' s wealth .
2 , It deprives the actual producer of value of a fair proportion of the same , and the reward for his toil which is justly his due . This it does by the introduction of excessive competition amongst mechanics , caused by the increase of facilities for protection , which every year are throwing hundreds if not thousands of mechanics out of employ—thus bringing man iu direct competition with the inanimate machine , and giving to the latter the reward which should only and of right belong to the former . 3 . The present system of labour not merel y dooms the labourer to excessive and over-protracted toil , but by consequence denies to him the cultivation of those social and
mental natures with which he is endowed . Receiving , as he does , but so scanty a pittance for his toil , he is under the necessity of protracting the same to procure for himself the comforts or necessaries of life . If four hours ' labour should be sufficient for ithe satisfaction of human wants , provided all would bear an equal share of toil , if but half the community bear it , the burden is increased to eight hours , if only one-third , to twelve . Then worn with the labour of the day , drawn out through twelve , fourteen , or even sixteen hoursj he has little heart to engage in mental labours , or however greatly he may desire it , he has no opportunity—no time .
i . The present system of labour disregards the great tie of brotherhood which should unite all men , and brings into the most deadly and hostil ^ s competition parents and children , brothers and sisters , the child and the man , the male and female . It dooms the weak , the young , to bear the most grievous burden to gratify his own cupidity . Through the introduction of labour-saving machinery , it is constantly supplanting the liibour of the male adult , introducing instead that of the helpless female , or the still weaker child . In fine , the present system of labour
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introduces utter isolation , opposition , and competition , destroys tlie very life ' s blood of industry , makes it the slave Jf capital , and tramples 6 a thela « s << our being , ' the plain denned laws ofthe Creator . Again , the pre 3 ' -nf system of labour is injurious to the community , because—1 . —It encourages crime by compelling idleness . two , it is said , go hand in hand ; and our own observation will assure us that if ifonest industry will not procure a livelihood , dishonestv or immorality must . As we hav «
previously shown , by our present system of labour intelligence is discouraged , or rather forbidden ; idleness is encouraged , and even compelled , and destitution and misery the inevitable result . A people were never known to be ignorant , idle , and miserable , and still virtuous . The statistics of England , France , and other countries of Europe . abundantly prove this ; and even amongst ourselves / we are compelled to admit that intemperance , dishonesty , and licentiousness find nowhere a stronger support than in the present derangement of the social system , and the discouragements and difficulties under which labour exists .
• -. —U creates great disparity in , the fortunes of men * and great inequalities in the interests of the State . Look at those nations where industry is truly the slave of wealth , and side by side you will behold the princely rich and the moat miserable poor : nay , a nation wealthy , but a people wretched . The . commercial interests rise , moneyed institutions prevail , and all the instability accompanying overtrading is the inevitable result . 3 . —It causes a great waste of industrial power , cheeks productive effort , discourages honesty in labour , and deteriorates the race .
And nVed we ask if a system , thus fruitful in the most deadly evils , is what it should be i By no means . A reform is demanded . The only question which remains is , how it . may bo secured . This is one- » huii demands our most serious consideration . It is that grand problem whieh is " now presented for solution to the working-men of the nineteenth century . We do not propose at this time to enter , upon the work . It must be the business of years , and prosecuted by every individual who has an interest in industry . It demands the attention of every lover of his country and humanity , and he who gives the same is eminently the benefactor of his race . To a few points allow us to call vour attention .
One ot the first things at which we should aim is the spread of a more general and loftier intelligence . As vvorking-inen , it becomes us well to investigateuurpresent position , tho relations we sustain to capital , and the causes which have already operated to reduce us to the condition in which we are at present . Knowledge of the laws of cause and effect , and a candid examination of facts , are absolutely indispensable to the conduct of reform . We must rely upon ourselves in this matter . Too long have , we allowed others to think and act for us : and . submitting to their guidance and dictation , we may e . vpeet still to toil on in our present helpless state . The work before us is mighty , and the preparation needed is great ; but confidence in ourselves should be manifested , and more than half the preparation for the mighty effort is secured .
We should ever distinctly remember our object : not to elevate . ourselves by depressing others—not to subvert all society , but to establish a correct one—not to war with any man or class of men—but to elevate ourselves—to strengthen the bonds of our brotherhood , to remove oppression , to assist the weak , to befriend humanity , and »» emancipate man . For these purposes we should endeavour to promote unity of action amongst ourselves . Frequent assembling together , that we may become acquainted with each other ' s wants , permanent associations , and all worthy efforts for our common good , should be diligently attended , to . At present we are divided , isolated , ami opposed . Frequent association and confidence will to a great extent remedy these evils , and secure fur us in action That unity , without which it is impossible to accomplish any portion of the object we have ultimately in > icw .
Now is the time for some action . A beginning must be made . Every day disunion and competition arc increasing our . weakness , while the evils which oppress us are accumulating in number and magnitude . Not a moment is to he iost ; while we have some power let us use it . However small may be the commencement , time will reveal the tremendous result . True , ' , have many obstacles to oppose : but these should Serve as no cause for discouragemcTit , ljut rather to incite us to the higher and more determined action . Other movements , it is said , have failed ; but the present is based upon a broader platform—the eternal principles of right ; and so long as these are maintained we have the host assurances uf success .
Tin : numerous associations of working men which have already sprung up throughout New Kngland , are most encouraging signs of promise . The deep interest which is being a-wakened throughout the community , and in special-the ground which ig assumed by the working men , give us the greatest cause for hope . The sacred spirit of liberty is again revisiting the earth ; the undaunted zeal of the fathers once more reanimates the sons : and the marshalled hosts are gathering for a glorious contest and a bloodless vietory . Through the once davkvuedfuture the glow of hope is seen , - which tells of the coming of the broad day of freedom , when man shall stand erect in all the dignity of his nature— --when violence and oppression shall hide in the darkness of the past—when labour shall be disenthralled —tlie supremacy of humanity asserted , and thu working man stand forth coutVssed as ' earth's true nobleman . "
Among the resolutions passed was one for tlie holding of a Convention to organise the New England Association : the Convention to meet at Lowell on the thirtl Tuesday of March , 1845 . FRANCE . The Jiivrnal
a corporal of tlie National Guard of Paris , complaining of the seizure ( by order of the commander of the post at which he was on duty ) of a petition for improving the . condition of the labouring classes , and of three copies of the appeal in their favour published by M . iA-dra Koliin . M . Pecquet had protested against that act , contending that he had a right to present a petition for signature to his comrades in , as well as out of , a guard-house ; and on the case being referred to the Colonel , the petition was returned , but the copies of the appeal were retained .
THE POLISH REVOLUTION . Paeis , November 30 th—Yesterday being the fourteenth anniversary of the Polish revolution , the refugees assembled in the church of St . Sulpice , where a solemn service was performed for the repose of the souls of their fellow-countrymen who fell in the conflict . A Polish priest officiated . In the evening there was a dinner in the great room in the . Rue de Greneille St . Honored . —Galignam .
Brussels , November 30 . —The anniversary of tne Polish revolution was celebrated here yesterday , by a solemn funeral service in the morning , by a meeting at noon , at which all the speeches were delivered in the Polish language , and by another in the evening , where the orators spoke in French . The chair at the Latter was taken by M . Casteau , a member of the Chamber of Representatives , M . Gendebien having been prevented by a domestic calamity from presiding on the occasion .
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Bradford Tropical Emigration Society . —The members met in their large room , Stott-hill , on Sunday , the 1 st inst ., at the usual time , the attendance being more numerous than on any former occasion-It was announced by fhe Secretary that the shares of £ 2 each , which had ' already been taken up , amounted to 105 , with prospects of a further increase . Binglev . — Tropical Emigration Societt . —A society having been in existence in this town for the last fourteen or fifteen months , for the purpose of carrying out tlie plans of Mr . Etzler , as laid down in his works , the Pa radii- ' " Mechanical System , " Ac , the memhers and friends have had the pleasure of receiving a visit from that gentleman , who has delivered a course of three
lectures in the Mechanics' Institute , much to the edification of every thinking and reasoning auditor . The subject of the first lecture was on thu Nature , Ctimate , Soil , and Productiveness of the Tropical Zone generally ; in the course of which he clearly shewed , that even there alone , there , is land in abundance , and easily obtainable , which , if properly cultivated , would be sufficient to support many times the present population of the whole globe . The second lecture was chiefly confined to an exhibition and explanation of his models ofthe machinery for cultivating the land , and performing other necessary operations of labour . This lecture has gone far to remove the erroneous impressions of persons previously unacquainted with Mr . Etzler ' s system , many of whom ( among which mav be classed some of the principal
mechanics in the neighbourhood ) are convinced of the entire practicability of his inventions . In the third lecture , Mr . Etzler gave a full explanation of the plans , objects , and prospects ofthe Tropical Emigration Society , together with a particular account of the Republic of Venezuela , its form of Government , advantages to Emigrants , < kc . ; showing the benefits likely to arise to the society , -by taking advantage of the proffered grant of land in that beautiful republic . The town of Bingley haa the holiour of having formed the first society in this country for carrying out the plans of Mr . Etaler . la commemoration of which , the members and friends took tea with Mr . and Mrs . Etzler on Sunday , the 24 th ult ., and spent a happy and instructive evening . A great many shares have been taken up in this , and the neighbouring town- of Bradford ; and the members are anxiously
looking forward to the time when they will be enabled to bid farewell to this land of oppression and misrule ; and , in a happier and freer land , enjoy the bounties which nature has amply supplied for all her children . Mr . and Mrs . Etzler left for Newcastle on Monday morning , -where many shares are already taken up , and there is every probability that before his return , the first 1 , 000 shares will be completed . At the usual weekly meeting of tite Bingley branch , it was resolved— " 1 st . That a return of the number of shares taken by this branch , be sent to tba central branch in London as soon as possible . 2 nd . That a notice of Mr . Etzler ' s lectures be sent to the Nqr&ertt Stari with a request for its insertion , therein . 3 rd ; That the thanks of this society are hereby given to the proprietor and editor of the Xorthern Star , for the facility of publicity afforded to all the great movements of oppressed Labour , struggling to acquire its proper positioa . "
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WELCOME TO THE METROPOLIS ^— - A the " ji ! . ran ° S \^ STAR-to the Metropolis , will be held at on the Table a ! t Sh : ^ lovil ^ isely ' John -Street ' Tottenhaiii-court-road , on Tuesday evening Dec . 10 th . Tea the oration . 0 > CoN ' ' « - - Jos ™ a Hobsox , and Mr . 0 . J . IUkk , have been invite , aBd will attend on FleetZrZv ^ fXFT ^ wS ^ }' ° the ^ tropoli ta n Peltate Council ; of . Mr . Cleave , Shoo Jane , sex-ptape flomere to , ™ W , ^ , ' \ fi Strand ; of Mr . Simpson , Elm-cottajre , Cambenweli ; Mr . Arnott . Middle StXw L ? ttUTvu £ „]" £ T 1 Ckel ' ' Se ? l Agent Harrow-vouu ; Mr . Drake . Standard of Libertv . Brick-lino ; Mr . Oaklev-stoet LamS M ^ V mT ™ mi : Mr Tilhn a " ' s CoflVe Hou . se , Tottenhan ,-c ., uit-roa < i . Mr . J . G . Dron , Vbl » ' vVtreet Itethnal \ l ™ M " > P ™ s , 68 J , Co lier-street , Peutoriville ; If . ' . Sherranl , Secretary to the Weaver * Pnffnv 40 !) ' s . am } &J * V i ' i ° Tr ^ ^^ ' Waterloo-mad : Mr . Abbot . Hanover-street , Lewisham ; Mr . Jove- Mr ' Patte mL « i ' . ' MilrK' » -et-street , CWkcnwell : Mr . V . Pake * . . Devonshire-street , l . isson-Ford " if " h roXd & 1 t i * ^ Vt ° ^ - - Tllllce ' ^ rrkh * ™ : Mr . I ' nrkes . Little Windmill-street , Havinarket ; Mr . thcInstifitoAlmX ^ ^ * lllttlhuw ' < >'« wlin . l-sm . i't . Ko , mnl u , n : Mr . Skeiton . CndU ., urt : and at Friends will lie admitted to the Gallery after Tea on payment of *! , each .
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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
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^ ymw ^ yyy
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VOL . VIII . NO . 309 . LONDON , SATURDAY ; DEC EMBER ~ 7 , 1844 . ZTJ ^ V& ^ jL ^ \
To The T7nfraschised Working Glasses.
TO THE T 7 NFRASCHISED WORKING GLASSES .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 7, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct516/page/1/
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