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THE 5TO.RTHE.RN STA& SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1841.
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Bt> d&tsfotv$ ant* €ovve$uon?ieni
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ZA 27 DOK , EXTRAORDINARY MEETING AND DISCUSSION . DEFEAT OF HETHEBIKGTON , LOVETT , AND THE " NEW MOVE" HUMBUGS ! The long-expected discussion between Mr . 'Watkins , news-agent , of No . 9 , Bell Yard , Ttmple Bar , audMr . Wa : soa , bookseller , City Road , c&me . ofFon Tuesday evening last , at the Hall of Scienoe , City Eoadi aadj such was the desire of the Chartists of I * i / doo , to tesilfy tlieir disapprobation of the " new XB / Ore ^ aid its a&ettors , that tbs place xvas crowded Yarn ? before the ccrmnrne-emem of the -pr-.-vveriiDgs . tu
van us- inc b ^ -mcss was a ^ -ou : comic tuee . Fear ens O'Connor , Esq ., drove up to the place of meeriug , to fulfil his promise made at the Ctotvh and Anchor on the previous evening , namely , that he wonld address the meeucg . He iras immediately surrounded by s « sv-ral stonemasons ar . i coppersmiths , who reqnest-ed him not to hrerfere in the matter . They clso stated ; ha * it was absolutely nec ^ s ^ ry that the discussion should take place , as there was a number of people in Lo : ; don and the country -who thought the " new move" party to be numerous , whereas they were a mere fraction , chit fly composed of shopkeepers , and that it was the determination of the Marykbone Chartists to show them ut > to the country in their true eelour 3 .
Mr . O'Coxkob stated his unwillingness to em&r into the controversy , and took his leave , at the :-aue time , expressing his regret that there she-old have been ttv . j < iJssenFion . The business was then commencod . ilr . C ^ mcrcn was appointed Chairman on the part of Mr . Watkins ; Mr . Dyson on the part of Mr . Watson . The regulations as to the length of tine for each of the gentlemen and their friends to speak , ha ^ ii-g been reid , Mr . Gardner was called on to preside as Moderator .
Mr . W . i . r-05 c-cmsaJTiced by stating thithe found himseH piacsd in a very extraordinary position . He was labouring nnder peculiar disadvantages as regarded the charge . He had to perform a pleasing duty—that of vindicating , as far as he was aole , some indiridaaJs with whom he had been connected for a length of time , and who were , he believed , creatlv misrepresented ; men he had acr-ed with
for years , and of whose sincerity he could not i time . ) He would conclude by moving the resoludonb : —wEose rrutn , for a single moment , ne could ¦ jj 0 ; i . ^^ 4 e ^^ wf § S %£ ^ X * ^ at in the opinion of f t * meeting the chafes defend men charged with certain crimes , and tnis was j ^ i ^ >? ^ , ^ . atkm f ? ampWei are fuhy his extraordinary twsirion-the accuser would not ! es-abbshed . ( Lendcneers . ) make the charge . This wa-3 curious . A verson was put i ^ | F seconded the resolution . npon his trial , and no charg 9 was made against him . i Mr-105 KE 1 T m 07 eu M ** amendment : —
( Hear . ) He was to produce the evidence against the parties charged . He considered that the charges ought to be clearly brought home to the parties ; for they had been long before the pnblic . ( Hear , hear . ") They had , for a number of years , taken part in public discussions on - the democratic- side , the charges ought not to be made from personal motives bu ; from thorough conviction , not from vindictive feeling . ( Hisses . ) He believed that the men who had been attacked , were advocates of the People ' s Charter and honest advocates . ( Cries of pocket . ¦) He would at once enter into the question . He attended with a friend at a lectureroom , in the Old Bailey , where a sectional meeting of the Chartists was held , he there heard certain eharges made , and he challenged Mr . Watkins who
tras the person who preacned tne strmon , if it cuuld bo be called—( hisses)—before that he had not ^ personal knowledge of ill . Watkins , but he had read a Miles of communications that he ( Mr . Watkic . ;) had addressed to a popular journal ; he ( . Mr . Wa : son ) therefore went to satisfy himself as to the correctness of the reports he had heard , and likewise to see what the charges were , which were made against his ( 3 Ir . Watson ' s ) friends . He was surprised to find that charges were made withen : proof or foundation ; he ( Mr . Watson ) required proof , nothing less woul .- . satisfy him . Mr . Watson then referred to the SitiT of May 1 st , l ? 4 l , in which 3 letter from Mr . Watkms appeared . He likewise read an extract from the Star of May 8 ; h . ( Cries of " Time . ") He ( Mr . Watson ) was surprised to find a man caking use of such statements . Mr . Watson then proceeded
to read extracts from Mr . Watkin ' s pamphlet , taking the following as bearing most upon the case : — Such men are respectable in privitc life , but that , would n&t excuse their public delinquency . Xay , they have great moral inSuei . ce , that- only make ' s ' their political influence more ti&ngeruus—the more fat&L ^ In answer to another ex tract from j . ige 7 ,: Mr . Watson read a para graph from ileisri . Lover . 1 and Collins' pamphlet , to prove they considered : that education , or neu-eiucauon , ought not to be . the test of the franchise . Ke conr . d ; red that the remarks made in that pasaphl--1 were likely to lead to ; an injurv being committed on the i < er ? c > n ? whom :: ' denounced . ( Laughter , met vr . tn crie- or " Hear /') ' He would mereiv mention that he hid heard of ; one person in F * insbury , ~ hj was re ^ -y to ' carry , oa : the doctrine advocated la : he pz ^ uhln . - by
Mr . W ^ t ki 55 co mmenced 5 ay :: 'g tnat Mr . i Watson had complained that he had been dragged ' int-o this discussion—but more truly might he , Mr . Watkins , make this complaint . . Mr . Watson had ' given the challenge , and though he ( Mr . Wstfcs ) was never forward to give a challcct ' c , ys : he woulu not be backward in accepting oi . e . lir . Watson ' s ; name had not been mentioned in ihe sermon of which ; he complained . Mr . Watson had not been alluded I to—his name was not upon the new move list . The < meeting might ask what had mad ? Mr . Watson the ' first to step forward—to step before parties whose names had been mentioned 2 Why had he come i
forward to defend their characters I Becauie they could not defend their own ; and the manner -in which Mr . Watson was defending them nr . c ' nt make them exclaim , " Save us from our friend ! " He ( Mr . Watkins ) thought there was little occasion for him to ri ~ e after ilr . Wa : ? on ; he almoii took ? hame to himsslf for doing 50 . because Mr . Watscn was c-oequer 3 d _ before the battle begun , and thera is net much honour to be gained in triumphing over 2 prostrate foe . Mr . Warson had no : been personallv aimed a ; ; but he was one who formed a link in that trade union , that chain cf trade combination which had long bound down the cause of Cha _ r : i ? a in London , and prevented its free growth . It is an olo
adage " toucn niy purse , and you touch my person . " This mi . gh : exciam the reason whv Mr . Watson bad
interested himself so prominently in * . hi ? tSilr . Mr . Watson migl :: be a fiir-cealing man—h ? iu : gh : b = more honourable than the rest , and thus i .-ei morr sensitively on the score cf character ; bu : w . y : &-:- np the cudgels for other parties—why be made : ¦_ cat ' s paw by them ? They were no : conren : w :: u profit , they waited honour too ; they -. varied boih the money and the stzS , —but * why shv " . ;! d h jt : ov . t outlive honesty ! "' > Ir . Watson wanted h : a '"Or . " Watkins ) to give a list of charges . The charges - - — - ¦»¦¦¦¦¦ / rtr J ^ - W r * »»^ k Wi ^ . i . lt ^ \* - ? t XliU * - - >»« i . ^ . J
^ were in the sennon which had given occasion to the challenge . Did Mr . Wa-. son wa . Lt a frssL list of charges because he could Had nothing to rake hold of , nothiugto makeahandle of again ? t him . Mr . Wa- - kiiis ! Ke f J * Ir . Watkins ) was not so simple as to give him that . He h'd called the Loveituea traitors , assassins , and spies : and he now reiterated the charge , and would prove it . They ^ -ere trairor-, inasmuch as they had be'rayed the " confidence reposed in them by the people ; they were assassins . , not perhaps of individual ; , but what was i : 5 ui : cly worse—of the cause , the cause of ail individuals , — . they sought to stab the cause ; and they-were spies . they had their emissaries , who came into every Charm&J ii-i ^ i UitU r . iu i ^^ t 1 i ^ - j IliiU C ^ LLiD 1 L 11 U C > Ci J WLUti- '
tist meeting to report for them , and to cause " dissen- ¦ don , if possible . When he ( Mr . Watkins ) first ' came up to London , he thought the rea = oa why London was so lar behind , why it wi ~ a disgrace * to the cause—a dishon-. j to Chartism , " ; in the apathy of the men of London ; but he-£ oon found that : he favh- wts not in the men , ¦ but _ in _ the pleaders . Hs had been invi-f > d to assist in the re-organizition ot the Ciirtis : associations in the several localities of London and * ; his Srst question naturally was , what dis ^ reanised you ? what caused yo p to break up ? 2 nd the invariable answer he received was the Loveunes ; then ' he always advised them that for the future they ! should avoid LoTetrism . Lovett had obiaired ihe
confidence of the people and abused it ; he and Collins ' had been supported by the people when in prison , bat were they to be sent the ' re novr would the people support them ! ( Xo , no . ) They had lost i the confidence of tne people . Lovett and Collins , had had their courage cooled in prison by rhe cold ; baths ; they had been converted and baptized m i prison ; they had gone in Chartists , but had come ; out Whigs . The Loretnies call our associations illegal , they might a 5 well call on Govern ' .-. en : to ' , p rosecute us . I ) an O'Connell says Charti-m is > illegal , is a transportable offence , that is^—to frighten i others from joining us . These men are always j boasting of their sufferings ; tkeir sufferings were j lueky , and they may well boast of them . They pubMied blasphemy for profit , and were deservedly ! imprisoned for it . They never suffered for Chartism— j for coasience sake , no ; hut for profit ' s sake . They j
went secretly to work , and they brag that we aid not discover them sooner ; they work in darkness because their deed 3 are evil ; they exult in their secrecy , and defy us to prove them traitors , bu ; it is not necessary for us to prove them traitors ; they themselves proved themselves so—out of their own iBoaths they are condemned , they have done nothing but act treason ever since their " new move" came ont . ih . Watkics next entered into a narrati re of Ids sufferings and sacrifices in the cause , and time being np ,
Mr . _ Watson replied to Mr . Watkins , amid much confusion ; one party of the meeting seeming determined to hear no more , but to come to a vote . At last he was heard to declare , that he did no : profas himself a Christian ; but he would exhibit more « f the trne spirit inculcated by that do : trine than did the pamphlet before them . As Mr . Watkins . being a bookseller , that he could not deny ; but he had a right to gain bi 3 living : he had commenced Witll the Poor Man ' t Guardian ^ and . U' tkia was a
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i j : ! charge , Mr . Witkrns waa aa much to blame as he was , for , said Mr . Watson , holding up an advertisement , here he publishes to tbe world his calling , and in the Old Bailey there iB a , placard stating Mr . Watkins to be the agent for { he Northern Star . ( Hear , and laughter . ) , He then alluded to the notice of Mr . Frost , in the pamphlet .- ( At this moment the most discordant sounds were raised , and Mr . HetheriEgton , who was oh the hustings , was pointed at , whilst calls of all descriptions were made use of . ) Mr . Watkins briefly replied to Mr . I Watson . The noise was renewed , and cries of j ( " Who said he would put down the Northern . Start" " Hetherington' * and other cries were raised . ) j The scene baffled description , but was only a pre-: lude to more noise in the subsequent , part of thf > evenin g .
Mr . " White , from Birminghim , rose amid 3 t eheera . He said he had much pleasure in addressing the meeting , especially as it was a meeting of wcrkmg men , for he was one of that class himself . ( Cheers . ) Ever piace he had known right from wrong he had been an advocate of the principles of the People's Charter . ( Hear , hear . ) He ft It pleasure in fpeakirg to the iu » n of London . ( Cries of " You are paid for it . " ) He could appeal to Mr . Hetherington , whether , seven , years ago , he had not at Leicester been a supporter ' of tha the Poor Man ' s Guardian , and he had ever continued to advocate the principles he then advocated . ( Hear , hear . ) He . had suffered much through his advocacv of the rights of workiog men through the Tndes' Vr . ion . Mr . Watson had come forward to support his friend , acknowledge at the same time that his plan was too wide , anu that it was impracticable to work it . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr .
White then took a survey of the conduct of Collins and O'lNeil with regard to their charge of illegality . He ? aid the Chanisrs , according to Universal Suffrage , had propagated a plan of organization , and the country ought to follow it out , ( Hear , and cheers . ) But , to guit Messrs . Collins and O'Noil . the country had been put to , £ 70 expence . Talk of legality ! Were : hey to go to the Attorney-Genera ] and a-k his opinion before they formed a union ( Cheer ? . ) Look to his own case of illegally being imprisoned or . account of pxeessive bail , through a letter from the SoliciTor-GeneraL The Judge , a Tory Jad ^ e , said it was ? hr . meful ; but could he get redress \ Ko . WLy ! Unless a man had tuoney there was no redress " for him . ( Hear , and cheers . ) With regard to the gentlemen charged , he would just whisper " Farewell , a loag farewell to all youx : \> nner greatness I" ( Cheers , prolonged for wme
" That the charges in the pamphlet were false and calumnious " Mr . Moobe Seconded the amendment . He defended Mr . Lovett , detailed how long he had known him , under what circumstances , and , after passing a high eulogium on him , sat down . Mr . Hethkbtjcgtoh presented himself to the meeting , when a general uproar took place . He was assailed on all sides by crie 3 of " traitor ! who would sell the Star ] trading politician 1 " A conflict took place in the body of the meeting . Cheers were given for the Charter , Feargus O'Connor for ever , cheers for the National Charter Association , groans for the " new move . " Mr . Hetheringwn , after a length of time fruitlessly ! spent in essaying to speak , eat down . Mr . Dtsos left the chair . Mr . Cameron , the other chairman , put . the amendment , which was lost .
The original resolution was then put , and carried by an overwhelming majority . Three cheers were then unanimously given for the Charter , three groans for the " ' move / ' and a number of other cheers , and the meeting separated .
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' JUSTICE'S JUSTICE . " Evek ready to render honour to whom it is due , we svizj gladly on aa opportunity when such an one is afforded to us of chronicling the good deeds of either Whig or Tory , or the good words of their supporters in " the Establishment . " We find the following just and pertinent remarks in the Examiner of the prestat week , aud have great pleasure in transferring i ; to our columns , as evidence of the right si-nie 01 justice entertained by our contemporary .
" Some gentlemen haviag amused themselves at the risk of the public by driving furiously through Brentford , ~ o as to endanger the lives of persons on the road , the police proceeded to apprehend them , upon which the officers were resisted aad assaalred , as stated in the following evidence before the Brentford Jusrices : — 1 Joseph Smith , T 00 , deposed to taking the defendants into custody . On celling into the pbtalon to do so , he was immwliattlT collared bv Mr . R . Newton anO the groom , who struck him several times , and they both tried their utmost to throw him out of the carriage . He then crew his staff , and in tbe BccfSe struck Mr . R . Kew . un twica over tbe irm , after which he sent off la the Station for yssibtsr . ce , and , on the arrival of trainer constable , the iuhabitacts unhitched the horses a $ d drew tbe pharon to the station . The defendant B-TleM-hiie that was doingstruck several
, , persens ¦ wh-j were pus ' Ling behind the carriage "with his hat . At the Stirion Kouse , Mr . R . Xiwton and Mr . Boyle were v-17 di ' . rderly , so that before the charge could be taken they wsre c . L ! ig-= d to bt placed ia a c « lL They pulled ' . h" pens out of the » errtant's hands while taking down t ' ue charge ¦ . caV . cd ihr police rogues and vagabonds . iHTing thev ¦ n- . - . n . tcd :. rob them ; and the defeadirt . Goldsmith , swore if the police attempted to lay hoH of him he would knock them down . They Wcrt oil - " * r . Jr- ' ¦ rm * i "' &ti ^ t 'Sicl i
^ ; < -c < . ' Creed , a police sirgesnt , T 15 , deposed that when troiiiht io the station tbe defendants , R . >" ewton and the groom , refusrd to i ,--i out of the phaeton , but at Is . it raor ? constables -wers procured , and tbey were ' ' . ragged out . In the staUoii-Loui- they all impeded the charge being taten by every rueau 3 in their power , and cclie'i him :. nd the other constables & \\ the foul names they could lay their tongues to- When leaked up in the ce'b , a little wicket-door was left open for air , when £ == iag a female cross the ysnl , they cnlled her a , and used other insulting words to htr , after ¦ svhich they imitated eatcaD ac-A ice criea of rificg persons , besides hallooing out " murder" with all their mightand at lastseeing the wife of the inspector
; , pissing a window of the station-house , they made use of the most beastly and disgusting language , so that the female iBxnjT . es of the station were compelled to be removed to another part of the premises , but an immense crowi remained coilseted round ^ the station until past ten o ' clock . ' Mr . R-Ncvnon inquired why some of the female 3 vrho were so abashed had not been produced . The fact w _ lS , th ^ . t the p ; Lncipal damage done was to his own phre-oa , arid no disturbance would have happened had not Uie policeman , Smith , jumped in ' . o th « carriage and struck hiia twice over the ana , and atuaed him . ' Smith instantly denied that statement , and several respectable inhabitants on thuir uath 3 declared that the not word of truth in what ' ewton
re was a Mr . R . N hid stated , and passed a w ? . rm eulojium on the police for the temrer and forbearance they displayed under the insults and blo ^ s they received . ' The bench said the iine of defence adopted by the defendants had more than anything convinced them vi the truth of the tvhole of the evidence against them , and the bench then withdrew to another room to deliberate whether they shear d cot at occe commit the defendants to hard labour in the House of Correction for a menth , and , after an absence of an hour , on their return into court , Mr . Baillie said the bench had convicted the whole ef the defendants of tbe charges made against them . They had done so after a most lengthened and patient investigation , and , being desirous oi administering the law without reference to the parties b * ing rich or poor , he hadhesitat » d for some time , audhad ¦ very unwillingly given way , his intention having been to commit each of them to the House of Correction foi
one month- Under the supposition , however , that they were gentlemen , and moving in that station oi society in whicli sach a punishment ¦ would be a slui upon them during their future lives , he had consented to the infliction of penalties , and the decision of the bench was , that Mr . Raymond Newton pay a fine of forty shillings for furious driving , or one menth ' s imprifionnient ; also £ 5 for assaulting the policeman Smith , or one month ; £ 0 for the assault on policeman Travis , or one month ; and forty shillings for disorderly
conduct at the station , or one month . John Goldsmith , for assaulting Mr . A . yrca , £ 5 , or one month ; £ 5 for assaulting policeman Keywood , or one month ; and forty Ehiiiings for improper conduct at the Station , or one month- Richard Boyle , forty Ehiiiings for assaulting policeman Keywood , or one month , and twenty shilllings for feia conduct at the Station-boose , or one month ; and Mr . Henry Xewton forty shillings , or one month , for disorderly conduct at the Stationhouse . They had made a difference in the case of Mr . Henry Kewtoo , bat they considered He . Raymond
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THE" TORCH AND DAGGER " CRY . Ixauother pu « e wo give the letter of "a Repealer " to the Tuam Herald , in which we find this passago : — " The grand let and obstacle to the amalgamation of the O'Counollites and the O'Connorites ia the oftear-x'eateil . buE as of tun denied , charge of the torch and dagger . Let tins one article ba erased from the political creed of the Chartists , and botu parties can then join hands , and proceed unitedly ia the great work of political regeneration . "
Njw , while wo would shvink from any alliance with Mr . O'Conxbll with a strong feeling of abhorrence , wo believe that many , very many , of his deluded followers are honest patriots , with whom it would give us heartfelt pleasure to join hands . And we have no doubt that the writer of this letter may be one of them . What , then , ia the obstacle ? The writer says , it is the " torch and dagger" doctrino of tho Chartists . But then he admits that the Chartiats repudiate this doctrine—that they deny it
and disown it . Then why persist in attributing it to them , if he be sincerely desirous to bring about a union i Why , above all things , persist in doing so , without offering proof 1 He says , " Let this one article be erased from the political creed of the Chartists , and both parties can then join hands . " But how is it to be erased if no credence is to be given to the Chartist disclaimers , and if the senseless cry is to be received as gospel , without proof or evidence , every time that the "Liberator" chooses to assert it .
No man knows better than Mr . O'Conneix that this never was an article of the Chartists' creed ; that the Chartists have uniformly and always deprecated it ; and that it has never been holden by any appertaining to the Chartist ranks who have not been subsequently disowned . Mr . O'Connell is the oldest living advocate of the " Torch aud Dagger " doctrine , and he still deals in it more largely than any other man . From him it was borrowed by the
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Birmingham traitors , who madethe tour of Scot * land to Bell muskets " of the right sort" for 12 s . 6 d . and whose adherents talked of " Moscowing " England . With them the physical force mania of their very few followers Originated , and . with their expulsion from tbe ranks by the just voice of popular indignation it died away , and has never Bince been heard' of » save as a bugbear cry iu the mouth of O'Cokweu , and his clique td frighten the Irish people from examining the principles of Chartism , which they know Warild be the death of HuiAbugj . &ndthedestruction . of the * Rint Rc i . l . " The assertion that theChartists hold " physical fbrcs" doctrines , is as false as is the assertion of ' O'CoNNELi at hi 3 " Loyal Royal" meeting the
ottfcr day , that - ; , - ' . •• No man could read five or six of Feargua O'Connor ' ii papers without perceiving a direct incitement of tlie people 10 assassinate him . " Large numbers of the Northern Star go weekly into Ireland ; and they tell their pwn story of the " assassination , " and the " toroh and dagger" doctrines . •• - .. ¦ > The truth is , Dan knows , though his dupes do not , that Feargus O'Connor a , nd the Charti 6 ts would give the people of Ire / and Bepeal , which would spoil his trade of talking about it .
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MR . ROEBUCK , THE TIMES * AND THE NEW POOR LAW . On Monday , Mr . Roebuck gave notioe that whenever the House should go into Committee on the Poor Law Amendment Continuation Bill , he should move that the Board of . Commissioners be abolished , and that all the powers exercised by them which might be considered requisite to the working of the measure , should be transferred to tho Secretary of State for the Home Department .
If we could have been surprised at anything in the form of inconsistency coming from Mr . Roebuck , we should surely have been surprised at this . If we had auy doubt of the justice of our suspicions that this Hon . Gentleman is waiting tho chances of the market ) the homage , to the worst principles o £ Toryism contained in this motion would have gone far to the removal of that doubt , and to the satisfying of us that the " fair trial" which the Hon . and learned gentleman , declared himself determined to give to the new Tory Government was , in reality , a fair trial whether his serviced might be thought
worthy of " a consideration . Essentially despotic , arbitrary , auu unconstitutional , as the New Poor Law is , we know but one improvement necessary to make it perfect in iniquity , and that is just the improvement suggested by the Honourable Member for Bath . In its present form there is a sort of show—a kind of an appearance—of responsibility about the Cerberus in chief to whom its administration is deputed . That there is more of appearance than reality in the responsibility of which the Commisioners boast in their report , we are perfectly aware .
We adopt fully the sentiment and language of the Times , that with a strong corps of dependent Assistants , whose manifest interest in framing exculpatory statements ia not greater than the eagerness of a collusive Home-office to receive them , the alleged responsibility of the chief officials is really an insulting farce . Remonstrant boards of guardians have ever found it so . A more unmitigated and unchallengable despotism than the Commissioners have uniformly exercised , clothed in the forms of legalized power , has never benn practised in any free country . "
That , however , which has never existed Mr . Roebuck , in his anxious deyotednesss to public liberty , would fain bring into existence . He would throw off the mask and expose the Gorgon head ; and that which is now in its exercise an unchallengable despotism , through the collusion of the Home-office , ho nculd make a pure , naked , and legally established despotism in the person of the Home Secretary .
It commonly happens , however , that anxious waiters upon Providence are too eager in their assuidities , and Mr . Roebuck forma no exception to the rule . He has pushed the bar too far , and the Tories wont follow . The Times in commenting upon the Honourablo Member ' s motion describes it as " ia every respect aa exceptionable one ; " aud tases occasion to treat Mr . Roebuck and his proffered "fair trial" with a superciliousness that has roused chat gentleman's sensitiveness to a pitch little short of boiling . The Times article appeared on Wednosday ; and , in a fuss , on the same eveuine , conies Mr . Roebuck to
the House of Commons , v / ith the Times paper in his hand , exclaiming , " See , Mr . Speaker , what a shame , the Times calls me a ChartisD and a one shilling gentleman ! " and insisting on kia right to bring the printer of the Ttmes upon his kuees before the House , and to horsewhip Mr . Walter . No dcubt . it was very vexing to find proffered service thus rejected ; and it mu ^ t have been very pleasing to Mr . Roebuck , after the kicking of the Times , to find himself laughed ac by . he House , of which not o ; : o Member agreed with him in opinion that its privileges had been at all violated by the l ; thunderer's" civilities .
We certainly think the attack on Mr . Roebick in the Times was somewhat personal and scurrilou ? , and we think Mr . Roebuck Well deserved it ; not for his occasional interruption of Tory Members in their diatribes , but for the intimation , roundly given both in this notice of motion , aud in his previous conduct on Mr . Crawford ' s motion , l > l a readiness to swallow his professions of all liberal sentiments , to nire popular freedom the go-by , and to uphold despotism in its worst form . For ibis reason , we think Mr . Roebuck deserves all the abuse of tho Times , and f <_ v a liko reatou we think the Times deserves all thu abuse oi' Mr
Roebuck ; of which , in his breach of privilege speech , it camo in for no small sl-a-e . Arcades amboJ Mr . Roebuck , ou tho accession of a Tory Ministry , would sacrifice his hitherto unvarying support of tho New Poor Law to an " improveinont " in its constitution , couched in tho pure spirit of despotism . The Times , on the other hand , sterns not unwilling to abate considerably the strength of irs hitherto unwavering opposition to tho Poor Law , because of the same circumstances . We hear no more from the Tunes of a tearing of it from the Statute Book , of its utterly uaconsutiuional character , oi" its anti-Christian principle , of the impossibility of patching or amending ic , aud . tho necessity of its entire repeal and a return to the 43 d .
of Elizabeth . Instead of all this , the Times now tells the New Home Secretary " on takiu ^ an intelligent retrospecs of the larger experience which the country has now had oi tnat law's objcelionabie character , may not be wholly indispoiod , to remodel its structure , and to mitiyate its frightful rigours . " Very ^ entlo language this for the Times in reference to the New Poor Law ! We beg , however , to assure both Mr . Roebuck and the Times that no trimming policy , ou either side , or by either party , shall avail them . The time has gone by for it . The people are awake ; they know that their " privileges" have been invaded , aud they will make both Whigs , Tories , and sham-Radicals to answer it with fear and trembling , aud that speedily !
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We regret much that we connet persuade our friends practically to observe the very clear and plain dilectioiis which we have so often given and repeated about the sending of matter for the Star . The extent of our circulation obliges U 3 to go to press en Thursday afternoon ; and , therefore , our friends seem to think that if their communications reach us by Thursday morning it is quite soon enough . This ia a great mistake . They should remember that every word of the paper has to be put together by single letters , and the whole space filled before we can go to press , and it is impossible to do this in
one forenoon . Our men are busily employed in filling up the paper with matter -which , from one source or other , -we must supply during the whole wetik , and it seldom happens that mote than one or two columns , besides the necessary space for editorial comment , remain to be filled on Thursday morning . Hub shews the importance and necessity of all matters of news , occurrences of the movement , reports of meetings , &c being sent to us at once , immediately they occur . Instead of which , it of ton happens , that on Monday and Tuesday we have scarcely any letters , and on Wednesday com-
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paratively few till toe night post arrives . Th « consequence iB , that those letters whieh do arrive in the early part of the week are carefully attended to and given generally at length ; while we are obliged to have recourse to the ; London papers , and varlom sources , for matter to flu the remaining portion of so many columns of the paper i&musi oe set on before Wednesday night Wednesday night an 4 Thursday morning ' s posts bring us a shoal of letters from all parts of the country ; these corns nv , ; ^ just in the hurry of writing and attending to v . iut are called the leading articles ; while in the e .-vriy part of the week we have more time to attend to correspondence . Tbe eansequence is that Ons half of these letters are passed over entirely ; and
the other half compressed into the smallest possi . ble amount of space—and the next consequence is , that in the following week we have letters of complaint from various parties about their com . municatious being treated with neglect Some whose letters or reports may have been omitted fot want of space , refer occasionally to the police reports—the column of " varieties ; " or some othei portion of the contents of the 2 nd , 3 rd , Sfch , or 7 th pages of the paper , which are always Bet up first—and ask indignantly if their communication was less important than such or such a thin * which appeared in the same paper from which it was excluded " for want of space" —others accuse us of partiality and unfairness , in cutting
down their reports to a mere annoucement , while those of other towns are given ' at greater length . We Kava iad-BHUjy most angry-letters - of this description , thecausefor which has rested entirely ¦ with the parties themselves ; Now if our frienda will but bear in mind that we are filling np the paper every day ; that the same column cannot bo filled twice over ; that we must give out such matter as we have 3 vst when the mks want it , or there would be no Star on Saturday , and that therefore we can't wait for the next post—we must go' on ; if they would tememW
all this , and send their communications promptly —in the early part of the week—all would stand a fair and a good chance ; and if Utey would also remember that we have only one weekly paper for all England , Scotland , Ireland , and Wales , and that , therefore , no one place can be allowed to monopolize an unreasonable portion of the paper , we should have no complaints of inattention to any party—because we know there would be no gTound for them . Our anxious desire is to make the . S 7 < zr a truly national organ , equally representing a . 11 , but we cannot do this unless the country will aid us rightly in tho sending of their matters
of communication . The above remarks apply , of cenrse , to news , facts , meetings of the people , Chartist intelligence , fee . Original papers , letters to the Editor , personal correspondence , poetry , tc , must be here at the beginning of the week , or we shall not hold outselves bound even to notice them .
The 5to.Rthe.Rn Sta& Saturday, September 11, 1841.
THE 5 TO . RTHE . RN STA& SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 11 , 1841 .
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" THE CHA 2 T 1 ST 5 HATE PROVED THEMSELVES MOKE ACCURATE CALCTLATOR 5 THAN THE MIDDLE CLASSES Wkkthes TaEia nostrum -would have mended MATTERS 15 -NOT - VOW THE QUESTION ; BGT THE " RESULT has sBzvry that they tteue correct in their OPINION—THAT IN THE PRESENT STATE OP THE BEPRES 2 NTATI 0 S , II WAS VAIN TO THINK OP A BEPEAX OP THE CORN MONOPOLY . •?•••• ? Political poweb in this CQTyrsY , though it RESIDES i > - A COMPARATIVEXT SAL 4 . LL CLASS , CAN ONLY BE EXEKCISED BY THE SUFFERANCE OV THE MASSES . " — Morning Chronicle ( organ of the Whig MinistersJ , Friday , July IGth , 18-1 L .
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A NEW MOVE AND A GOOD ONE . The ibllo ^ vin ^ appears in the Morning Chronicle of Friday . — " We learn that a number cf large and influential spinners and manufacturers had a meeting a £ Man-Chester on Tuesday last , to consider the propriety of Bithiirawing iheir business from all merchants and brokers in Liverpool who give their support ; to Pro corn
law members of Parliament ; and that they cr . me to the conclusion that such a course -would be quite justifiable , and that they saw no reason for giving business to those vrho were doing their best to deprive them of their means of living—no reason for increasing the wealth of those -who were reducing them to poverty . Auether meeting of the spinners Mid manufacturers of the town and neighbourhood of Manchester was fixed for Taesday next , for the farther considering the matter , and carrying it into effect "
Such are the means resorted to by " the plague " for the carrying of iheir measure and the punishing of their opponents . * We congratulate the Chronicle upon the new light which has dawned upon it along with the Baronetcy , and the electoral intimation that the Whigs must " badge . " The " Bloodies" are now made to practice one of their own favourite maxims : the late " guardians " of theRoyal Workhouse are thrown upon their own resources . And pretty pranks some of them seem disposed to play ! One hoists the red flag of defiance , with the motto- " BREAD OR BLOOD !" Another gently intimates that the stature of Dr . Hook ' s wife and daughters might be reduced by
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lopping off their heads , and that their trunks would be fitly disposed of by being trailed through the dirt . " Hints like these are doubtless valorous ; but as they have the merit of coming from those who shoot " privileged , " though poisoned arrowB , from behind a soreen , so they have the advantage of being ineffective , from the characteristic cowardice of faction . The " plague" men have no stomach , ' | br snch pastime ; but like true Whigs exhibit all tlie rancour of their nature in a form less hazardous . They
determine not to kill the Tories , but to prevent them from being able to live . " Exclusive dealing"'is tbe order efv the day . No Tory shall touch our money say the " plague" men . Of course , the coin has a reverse ; and the move" will be met by the ' friends of agriculture" with a counter move . " Thu 3 , the beaten faction ^ finding , that neither of them can longer gull the people , resolve , like Kilkeauycatg , to worry one another . "Go it , gentlemen 1 " we say ; and see that you do your work well .
Carry ont your system , of exclusive dealing ; make failures and bankruptcies to occur wherever and to what extent yon please ; remembering always that this plum will suit a Chartist pudding just as well as a Whig one ; and that if you should find ( as we sincerely hope you will ) the peopia resolved to treat you as you treat each other , you will have no reason to complain . If to withdraw your business from all merchants and brokers who support Pro-Corn Law Members be justifiable , and if there be no reason for increasing the wealth of those who are reducing you to poverty , the same reasoning will surely justify
those whom you not only are reducing , but have reduced to poverty , in following your example . We have long reasoned in like manucr with the people , but have never yet been able to induce the * f levelling , " " property-haUna" Chartists to apply the reasoning practically . We do sincerely hope that now when our advice has been taken , and acted upon by the manufacturers and cotton spinners of Manobester , and when not only the expediency of such a course of procedure , but its justice , has been declared by such high authority , the whole of the " workiea" will go and do likewise .
Let our readers weigh well this movement on the part of " the Plague ; " for it is fraught with instruction of the most important kind . These geutlem . au , " all honourable men , " of course , deem it just and right to withdraw their custom from all those merchants and tradesmen who voted at the late election for pjo-Corn Law candidates at Liverpool ; and , of course , the same principle will be carried out all through the kingdom ; and why Because these said candidates were supporting measures detrimental to the general interests of the country \ No ! but because the Corn Laws are
opposed to the individual interests of tho said manufacturers and cotton spinners . Now we don't find fault with this ; but we say that ; the Chartist 3 have a better plea for commenciug and carrying out the system of exclusive dealing than these gentry even pretend to have ; for the interests of the Chartists are not those of a party , or a faction , but of the whole people ; and we advise them at once to set about the work , and resolve that they will support no man by their countenance or custom who voted for candidates of either Whig or Tory at the late
memorable contest . They have a light to take this step aud it will not only be perfectly just in them to do so , but it will be manifestly unjust both to themselves , their families , and their country , if they negleot to do so . We have told them so repeatedly , and we tel * them so again . It is only through their pockets that the brain ? and feelings of the shopooracy can be approached , and this mode of attack should bo commenced without delay , and persisted ia till our just and inalienable rights be restored and secured by the enactment of our glorious Charter .
It ia , however , in vain , that we thus urge the working classes to adopt the means of securing their politic- ! and pocial redemption , unless the people will become united and organised . By union and organisation everything not only may but must be gained ; without thorn nothing . Man must staiid by man , family by family , and town by town ; and then the tyrants will quail before us . Let well-organised Joint Stock Societies be instantly established in every locality , and let no man be dealt with but such as give good reasons for their being tried and consistent friends of the people . Capital is ail in
all in this country , and whence does that capital come , but from the labour of the working mea You work hard , and your earnings are carried to support those who would visit upon you and your children tho chains of an everlasting slavery . Thig must not continue . Reason , Christianity , patriotism , and common sense alike forbid it . Unite , organise , and put the profits now realised by the retail dealerthe wretch who soils the interests of his best customers at the bidding of the tyrant—into your own pyckets . Thus will you create capital for yourselves , as you are now doing it for your oppressors .
Immense advantages woald aecrue from a real national organisation , such as that wo recommend . Such an organisation , firmly bound together by common laws aud common interests , and carefully worked so as to secure public aud general confide nee , would enable the whole power of the whole people to be brought at almost a moment ' s notice to bear upon any ^ iven subject towhich it mi ^ ht be desirable to apply h ; and such a power so constituted , and so operating , would b .: irresistible . It would be the death note of faction , and the subjugation of despotism . The paltry wretches who now dare to
insult the people , and to endeavour to stifle the voice > f public opinon , would be made to feel their insignificance , and to hide themselves in the dust of their own meanness . Let the op < ratives in every town and village meet aud i ' orni an Association , the members of which shall pledge UleEKelves to deal with no tradesman who Will not pledge himself to support , by his vote and influence , Chartist caadidatcs at the next general election . Let this bo done throughout the kingdom , and tho next House of Commons will give us the Charter .
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Newton ' s conduct well deserving of a committal to the House of Correction . ' Mr . R . Newton immediately pulled ont a roll of Bank of England notes , and paid the whole of the fines , amounting to £ 31 . ' u Magistrate first proclaims hia desire to administer the law without reference to the conditions of the parties , but in the very next breath he says , that as they are gentlemen , he has been induced reluctantly , vo consent to the infliction of a penalty . He t&us plainly avows that he distinguishes between rich and poor , against his sense of duty . But he is induced to deviate from his first intention to do even
justice , by the consideration that imprisonment in the House of Correction would be a slur on them for the rest of their lives . And if they had been poor men , or humble men depending on their characters for their bread , would not imprisonment have been a slur , and would the Magistrate have hesitated to inflict the merited punished , because it would carry with it the e < jually merited slur ] "To a poor ma . n imprisonment ib a far greater punishment than to a rich man . Imprisonment deprives a poor man of the exercise of his industry , and when he comes out of a gaol he finds that his place , has been filled up , and the fact that he is coma out of a prison is a bar to his employment The labouring man ' s imprisonment , moreover , is
tantamount to a fine of the amount of what hie earnings would have been had ho remained , at liberty . But what Magistrate hesitates to oommit the poor man to gaol because of the slur on his character , or the pecuniary damage attendant on his confinement ! The poor are toid that if they commit offences , they must take the consequences , however ruinous they may be . To the rich another measure is dealt out . Th « Magistrate tells them what they have deserved , and he tells them that they shall not suffer what they have deserved , because the due punishment carries a sl » r with it . Why , the slur is as much what they deserve as the gaol . Tbe slur is the due consequence of their conduct .
" For the full beauty of the Magisterial discrimination in the case before us , tho groom should have been sent to take the slur of the House of Correction , while the master was indulgently let off with the tine . " As if with the desire to blazon the partiality of the judgment , the Mfl ^ istra-te concluded most emphatically that one of the prisoners well deserved committal to the House of Correction , aDd so saying , he awarded the pecuoiary penalties , so far short of the declared due punishment . The gentleman hereupon pulled out a roll of bank-uotes , and paid for Mb amusement in riot as he would have paid ungrudgingly for any indulgence for which he had a whimthirty pounds' worth of outrage . Had he been a labourer the fines would have taken the coat from his back , the bread from hi 3 mouth , and sent his bed to the brokei ' s ; or the imprisonment would have deprived him of the twelfth of his yearlv earnings , and thrown his family on the parish . The fine to the gentleman , so indulgently spared the slur of the due punishment , is but a trifle taken from his means , and is paid with the zest of triumphing by force of wealth over justice . " Let us turn to another example of law for the rich . ** A per ? on of great wealth is apprehended for a horrible offence . Mr . Jardme , of Bow-street , after hearing the evidence , said—1 He bad no observations to mafee about the charge , or the evidence in suppor t of it , but to require bail , which would be in proportion to the prisoner ' s station fn life , and that was , himself in £ 208 , and his Bureties £ 10 * each , to answer the charge at the next sessions of the Central Criminal Court . *
" A poor miscreant in such a case would have been unable to find bail , and would have remained fast in the hands of justice ; the rich one will joyfully give the £ 200 for his escape to the Continent . Dirt cheap to him is such a price for his impunity . And ia requiring sureties so preposterously small and iuadequatc , tho magistrate had tho effrontery to talk of proponiouiog the bail to the prisoner's station in life . The accused , who has before been under the same charge , had , indeed , pretended that he was a servant , but he afterwards confessed that he was a gentleman of large fortune , and the magistrate was informed of his real name and condition . But at Bow-btreet , as in Brentford , there is doubtless a desire to spare the slur—that ip , in the casa of the rich . "
\ s e fully jom in every sentence of the well-expressed indignation of tbe Examiner , at the infamous preference of the rich over the poor , evidently given by the aduiiiiistration of tho ! :. w . But the different use we make of such instances of gross injustice is this : — The Examiner rates the magistrates and reprobates the practice ; we would go further : we use such . fact 3 as these as pryutnents for the necessity of that organic change , wiiich by placing in the hands of the people a power orer the law , will at the same time give them a wholesome and necessary controul over the appointment , and continuance in office of its administrators .
So much for administration . But we maintain that the evil is not merely administrative : that the law itself is vicious aad defective . We thiuk this is proved sufficiently by our contemporary ' s reasoning , in which he shew 3 clearly , that the alternative offered to the rich man of evading punishment for money , is at once au indemnity for crime ; and , in fact , a premium upon its commission . Whatever alternative might be offered to poor men , ( ti > whom fines are really heavy punishments , and in the case of whom , incarceration often infl \ ct 3 more punishment on a helpless and innocent family , ihau on the individual offender . ) it ie clear that , ia the case of
the rich offender , no alternative for personal punishmfDt can be defended upon my just grounds of reason or argument . It is only in a sense of degradation or in actual privation that punishment consists ; neither of which are inflicted upon the man who can pull out a roll of Ba . uk 0 : England notes to pay fines amounting to £ 31 . Money is to him a mere nothing , and is paid , as our cotemporary well observes , ungrudgingly for the amusement , as ke would pay for an ;; other indulgence for which he had a whim . It is but a tritie taken from his means , ami is paid with tlie zest and tho air of triumph . Th ? re is no privation in the matter . And for the sense of degradation we find
that in the s-hameless assertion oi' ihe scoundrel before the Magistrate , that the principal uatnaaje done was to hi 3 own pha'ton ; indeed to talk of any moral sense of degradation aff ' -ciha ; such doubly-depraved brutes as these anu like specimens of " rank and breeding , " is just as ridiculous as to talk of £ 5 . being an adequate punishment for their offence against society . Tho end of all punishment is the rcclaniwiion of the criminal , and tbe restoring of him to his forfeited place in society by the correction of his vvi ! habits . This can never be effected in such cases as the present one , so long as the law provides the odious alternative wh : ch enables the rich blackguard to purchase its violation for money .
Not a week passe 3 in which we may not notice numerons instances of like infamous partiality in the dealing out of justice , and it will never be otherwise until those who , as a class , are made to suffer this odious distinction , through the power of the other class to make , as well as to administer the laws , shall determine to bloc out the effect , so disgraceful to humanity , by overpowering the cause .
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Daniel O'Connell has denounced the Rechabite Order . He says no » ne can be a Rechabite without being guilty of a transportable offence . Lord Fiizhardinge Bebkbley has written to tht Morning Herald denying that he is the nobleman alluded to by Junius , whose letter we gave last
week . T . C . Spexceb wishes to call the attention of Mr . Bairstow to the village of Ticknall , in Derbyshire one mile from Melbourne ; a thickly populated village in which the banner of Chartism has net yet been erected . Wesleyan Methodism . —Can any friend lend us a copy of the Minutes of the last Wesleyan Conference , and furnish us with a list of the « jj-• scribers , and the sums subscribed respectively , to . the Wesleyan Centenary Fund } Victim Fi / . m—Thomas Crossley wishes us to sag ¦ that the Chartists of Sowerby have sent to Mr . Skorrocl : s £ 1 Is ., being 12 s . from themselves , and 9 s . from a few friends at Soyland Mills . Thomas Booth writes to the Radicals of Shaw , near Haivorth , intreatlng them to cast away their
apathy , and become active for the Charter . A Chartist , but no Revoltitionist . —We have no room . L . D . — We cannot give a certain opinion upon it : much depend * upon the usages of the country . But we think that if he can prove the hirinq ht would command the wages . J . Buckley , Ashton . —We have no room for his poetry . Boston . —The Boston Radicals write us that they ars anxious to join the National Charter Association , and much desire a lecturer to visit them for the purpose of organising them . We commend thin to the attention of the Executive . J . J ., Ghenock . —His Temperance Story will not suit
us . James Peat , Royston , —The subjeet of his letter U being taken up in the proper quarter . T . Peatfield . —His lines are delined . A Constant Reader , Stokesley . — We do not , 'in tht absence of Mr . O'Connor , undertake to answer legal que&tionsyor to give advice thereon . As far as we can judge from his statement , we should think his chance of success in any action very small ; and if even he did succeed , we fear tht esppuces would more than stvallow up all hit gains . O'Connor ' s Liberation . —The reports from Burnley ^ Sutlon-in-AihJicld , aud several other places , of the proceedhiqs on the 30 th of August , are a littU
stale : they should have been sent last week . John Williams writes to congratulate Mr . O'Con nor on his release , and in doing so remarks that the Charter can never become a panacea for the ills of the country without an issue of royal or national inconvertible paper money , ivhich shall be a legal tender for the amount for which it is draw ? 1 . Belfast , Ireland . —Papers for Robert APGlaahan are to be directed to No . 33 , Bank-lane . Belfast —The rules and regulations next week , Gracchus . — We admire his patriotism more than hit poetry . W . X . —His verses next week .
G . Lawley , Brighton , or Birmingham . —The Post ' master »* not responsible except ( he registration shilling tvas paid . Joseph George , Warminster . —We do not think he need fear the prosecution for libel . If his statement was trim , the wretches will not venture on it : if otherwise , they will not think it icorth their while . However , if the prosecution does come , he can , of course , subpeena as witnesses , in support of his allegation , all the parties named in hn letter , and any others who knoic anything about it , though it will depend upon the kind of vrosccutioii , C whether civil or criminal J whether
their evidence may be received by the Court . Addresses to Mh . O'Connor . — We have received ¦ more of these from all parts of the country , but ¦ from Scotland more especially , than would Jill . two papers . Our friends will see , therefore , the impossibility of their being inserted . They have been all tranxitiitted to J \ lr . O'Connor , or are p- escrved tor transmission to him the first opportunity , which is all ice can do with them ; saving that v : e may state in general terms that tht addresses all concur in rejoicing at his liberation , and most of them contain invitations to attend ( he places tchence they are issued , at his earliest
. Thomas Mitton * . —None can regret more than ice do ( he " bickerings" and contentions which occasionally rise among indiciduals of the Chartist body . And ivhat 'ce ' reorrt most is , that personspw fessing Chartist principles , and avowing ait anx ' eiy to see those principles practically recoffnised in the State , should act inconsistently with their own principles by taking any steps to weaken the force of those united energies which are all necessary to our cause . Such must necessarily he thr effect of all sectional movements and
separate societies having the same avowed object ax the National Charter Association , but not cooperating with it . It is a loosening of the only bond wherein our strength lies , and must , therefore , produce the most painful excitement in the minds of all such honest Chartist ^ especially if resident in the locality , as take this view of the subject However much , therefore , we may regret ihe "intemperate language" and " personality '' complained of b y Thomas Mittoi :, ice cannot less regret the mjudiciousness—to say the bed of it—which dictated the formation of the society against which he describes it to have been
fulminated . Wm . Thomas . —If the friends of Merthyr have not had their p'ueeedings noticed more frequently it has been their own fault : ice have hitherto in m " serUd every report that we have received . Norwich . — We have received from Mr . Goat , a letter enclosing a copy of their petitionagainst the return of the assumed Members for that city , and correch ing a serious error in our statement upon this subject , copied from the Sun . The petition was signed by G , 003 working men , instead of two . Mr . Goat complains , and with some appearance -of justice , f ' .-. tl this statement should have oca taken from the'Sun in preference to the account and ex variation sent by the men of Norwich . He also complains that he has sent very many communications chat have been unnoticed in theStaTt
and say ? , very justly , that the isolated condition 4 ) f Xonoich , the distance preventing it frora , being visited by lecturers should give it a claim to much attention from the Siax as to ensure an insertion of the reports of their proceedings tcne sent . In reply to nil this , we have only solemnly to assure Mr . Goat * and , through kirn , the men ef Norwich , that we have never passed unnoticed any one communicition from them . The two communications specially named in his letttf were never received nor heard of here . We hav 4 never had any unpaid letter from Norwich , so that that canno * have baen the can ? e . Whereat with whom the fault lirs we knoic not . r > f advise them to stir up the Post-office . T'ier , " some foul play somewhere . We have often betm astonished , and a good deal chagrined , ihuttM people of So-ncich did not communicate tcttn u $ more fr&pientl y *
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4 THE NORTHERN STAR .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 11, 1841, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct566/page/4/
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