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^ ATKINS'S 1 E&ACY THE CHABTISTS . LECTURE IIL CONCLtDXD . Aj CfcrMisniiy has been perverted , polluted—&g it jj ^ been reversed by those who " profess and call thenijeiTBS Christians , ' * there in mnch need of s revival of g of a restoration of it to its first principles—of a jssewal of it , and what is to do this ?— -what but ChatggmJ . Politics led religion astray , and politics must jgiag her back again . By the Charter alone can the deformed be transformed . J& Is necessary therefore that we ihould ahow the analogy between ChartiBm
jgii Christianity— that we should compare the two . jj& fini . there is tfeia one rreat prevailing and pervading principle common to both—they are both essentully democratic Nothing can be more opposed to tlajs-leg isbtion , class-distinctions , usurpations and oppressions thm ChriBti&nity ia . There are numerous - ^ 5 ge « in the New Testament that prove this . Were ft © quote tbem i ^ 7 "» wiM fill up a sermon of themselves , — I will , therefore , leave that part of the subject to yourselves , and hasten to some minor points ol Tesembiance or coincidence "which are not so obvious .
The Rtform Bui was the precursor of the Charter , even as John the Baptirt -was of Jesns Christ The aid John was no " finality Jack "—he always modestly represented himself as one who was merely preparing gje way , making the path straight—as an inefficient herald or harbinger of s mighty reformer and Saviour to come , " whose fan , " said he , " is in his hand , and be Trill thoroughly purge his floor , and gather his wheat into the garner , bnt the chaff he will bum up with un ? qoenchable fire . * "Will not the Charter do this with , the present despotic form of government and the accursed system which it baa brought forth—even as death was bom of sia ? Yes , the Charter is the axe laid to the root , and every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit will be hewn down and cast into the flre .
Among the poor tee gospel was first preached . The Idrher c ] asses did not come forward to set an example , except a bad one , but were compelled to follow the example Bet by the lower classes . Christianity took its seat at the lower end of the room , but was presently bid to walk up higher , and in the end she sat at the head of the table . So will it be with Chartism . Bat let Chartism in prosperity not forget what it was in adversity ; not-forget its true end and latent Christianity began in the villages—it flourished most in the country . So with Chartism . Jesus Christ could make but little impression in the cities ; 1 b the bellow ' and rotten capital , in Jerusalem , he could mate none at alL
The doctrines taught by Christ were not his ownthey were not new ; they were founded on truth , and troth is old , old as 6 rod himself ; but his manner was something new ; it was something new to see a poor man , a carpenter , a -working man , oct of an obscure city to see him coma foith , and in the teeth of prejudice , privilege , and power , in spite of general corruption and degradation to hear him preach reform , and with a fearless disregard of all personal consequences , not caring trhat friends he lost , what enemies he found , boldly tell the truth , fearlessly denounce the inhuman rich , enter the very places of publie worship , places which he told them thsy had made dens cf thieves ( themselves being -the thieves ) , enter into the solemn temples and tear off the reil of hjpoerisj from tbosa who deluded
to oppress the people , give a true exposition of those doctrines which they bad wrested and perverted to -Serve their own sinister purposes , and not only minister to mind's disease , but to diseased bodies also , for the Jewish priest * were physicians as welL All this he did unpaid ; be did it though he suffered for it . Now no one in modern times has had the daringness to do this , onless we except George Fox , the Quaker . He wen ? ints what he called the " steeple-kouses , " and rebuked the parsons in the face of their congregations . They who saw and heard those things thought them strange —thought them the tricks cf a madman , for " truth is ttrange , stranger than fiction . " A good man was to them a great novelty , but , as I said before , there was nothing new in the doctrines taught by Christ , nor in the principles which we Chartists teach . They are not the creations of ear own fancy , the inventions of our own imagiBati&n . No . We take them from God and nature , as best suited to the welfare and happiness of man ,
both here and hereafter . They are the wisdom of the past experience cf all ages , stamped with the simplicity cf trots , with the sublimity of ail time ; they have the impress cf divinity itself to give them currency ; they are nn new-fangled notions ; they were in force in ancient Greece aad Rune , and mads those republics bo famous that they , are siili quoted as exemplars to all nations . Many heroes , many martyrs have fon » ht and died for them ; America owns them ; England once owned them—yes , our Constitution was founded on them—was formed cf them ; for , like Chris ., we come not to destroy but to build -up—to fulfil the law which las been turned aside , made a tool of , a destroyer of justice and humanity—those sacred principles which it was mea-t to preserve . As Chrirt entered into the labours of the ancient prophets to 'continue and conclude them , so are we perfecting the labours of the good men and true btfore us , the Painc-s , the Cartwrigcts , the Huats , the Cobbetts .
Those who ter ^ ch doctrines commandments of men , in opposition to G m 2—who , having possession of the vineyard , beat the messengers sent to them , aid ¦ would kill the heirs , the rightful owners—those unjust judges and wicked stewards say that w& blaspheme whtn we Jell the truth—that we are madmen , liars , spoilers , destroyers ; but wisdom is justified in her ciildrea . We care not for their misrepresentation , their calumny , their abuse ; we know that we are in the right ; they know it too , and therefore they avoid discussions with us ; they dare not ask us questions , for they dread cur answers ; they harden their hearts ; but W 6 Uke Christ's advice respecting all Buch— " Love your enemies , tisss them that curse you , do good to them that hsta you , and pray for them which despitefully Bse jou and persecute you . "
Christ's celebrated sermon on the mount—what is it but a manual of Chartism—a mann ^ i for Chartists ?—of comfort to all in tribulation , cf encouragement to all who agitate , of exhortation to leave off worldliness , and to bsware of false jropbets . " llany false prophets shall arise , and shall deceive many . " Has it not been so with us ? " Because iniquity shall abound , the love of many shall wax cold . " Has it not been so with us ? Have not some been seduced from us , others been alienated * ' But he that endures to the end the same shall be caved " There wtre many who believed in the doctrines taught by Carist , who acknowledged them to be just , and yet would not confess so much openly , lest they should btconie marked men . and be pnt out of their
synagogues . So with us . Chartists have been turned out ef rtligiocs societies , and cut of employment for no other crime but Chartists . And on the other hand , there are others who foilew , not for the S 3 ke of the cause , but for the loaves and fishes . Again , a further point of comparison . I own a point not much to the ereoit of either Charitem or Christianity , bnt cases of defect axe stronger proofs than even eases of excellence . An additional example is , that there was a strife among the disciplts of Christ aa to who should be greatest "Xtt Lub , isaid Ciarist ; who wculd be greatest among you > e the least . " He himself was bo . He was their 5 er-. a . it as well as master . He stooped to wash their Vtr ; - feet ; but in thus humbling himself , he exalted hiiDslf—he showed himself the greatest .
Ciirisi wished for reore labourers in the field—he employed all who offered their Btrtices , whether at the fixsi or at tie eleTciith hc / ar—he wished none te be driven out—he -wished not that the usefulness of any oce fchou ' ii be lessened , but rather increased . He scusht not to engrcE 3 all the honour , all the merit , of the good -work to himself—whether done by himself or by others—be fonsrbt only taa advancement of the cause , arid he sent forth his disciples into every town and viazce to promcts its progress . We have mis-EoLaiiea who meet -with a similar reception to those of Christ—that is , they are better received in seme places than in others .
J « ts Christ said a isan s foes should be of his own hou 7 rh « : ld , but he also said Uiat he who "was not Wiiung to leave father and mother , or son or daughter , to foiluw the gocd cause , and to snffer all manner of evii / or it was not worthy of it . Toey were to leave wealvis for poverty—a home for a wilderness—to take up the Charter , and meet all adversaries and all adversity in carrying it forward . Christ ' s EZj ' wgs and . doings were misrepresented—his motives misrepresented ; and Lis character maligned , as ours have been—hi 3 , priBcp M vere hid from , that is , they were not re- ; ceivtn r . y the worKly wise , bnt -were revealed-unto habes—unto the siHip 2 e-niicde > - ' and the single nearted . TTi CiibTUszs do not scruple to do Ccartias ba * iDt& 3 nn the Sabbath-day , and we have been reprehended for ; this by the platter-scraping scribes and Pharisees uf cur ; day . Christ was an enemy to all humbug and l-JP -j cri = y . If he were living , would he rot iash our ctiitf , Priests , ?—aot with a whip of small cords . Bui '
«• Our weapon is the whip of words , j ^ . nd truth ' s all-teaching ire . " P WLa ? Christ most lamented , what he found the i harnt--: to remove , the moit difficult to overcome , wr . s : the apathy , the delusions , the pn-judices ol the people [ thcKse . ves . There was not only the difficulty of getting ; men to receive the tiuih ; but when they receiver it , ; there -was the greater difficulty of getting tbem to retain . it 2 ec . the still greater difficulty of getting them toi preserve it pure from all admixture of error , for ene- . aits came after him and sowed tares . He saw . that j prearfciEg plain doctnres was dry work ; tbat abstract truths were not easily understood or relished ; that j they needed familiar images to render them intelligible ; the EfepBe to be skowu by sensible e-xsmples . He therefore , preached in parables , and his Christian parafor
bles ere as applicable to cur times ; as suitable our purpr ^ E ; as well adapted for Chartism as for Chris- j Vanity Witness the parable of the sower . Have we ret bM fhoye wio received the seed by the W 37 side , j and the I .- > wis tf the air , Corn Law Repealers , have come j and csr . ght away the seed ? Again , have we not had f others -who heard the word , and understood it , and loved it , ^ 3 nil who have any I ovb of truth must do ; j ir ^ *> 7 beked persistive constancy , for when tribu-j fetjon ' ? re ; mention cane beca use cf the word , they ' Wtrt tr-vi . oed . ard having no root , -withered away , i ¦ igait , U . TC tttre tot been others who received the seed , v » t the carts of this world and deceitfulness of riefcts , tL-trd it like weeds , and it became unfroitful ? ] lastly , Irrt net ethers , and , thaak God , they ere the j ? rfst * r 3 jwi ! v . the rest are but exceptions ; are there j Got z-iilioiuj Vfco have r&ceiTed the seed isto igc-ca j
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ground , who have heard Chartism , understood it , borne fruit , and brought forth some au hundredfold , some Bixty , some thirty ? ¦• He who hath em to hear , let him hear . " There is also tho parable of the mustard seed , which is said to be the smallest of all aeed ; fent grows into a giant tree : so it is with the seed of truth , when sown into the heart , it is a mere word , an idea , invisible ; yet , let it take root , let it be nourished , and it will grow , it will expand , it will enlaige itself , it will become too great for what contains it ; it will burst forth and scatter its seeds abroad into other bosoms .
To whom shall we liken the Tories—they are like old bottles in which if you put new wine , the strong and vigorous wine of Chartism , wine made from the very vine of Christ , it will be too much for them , they will crack—they will fly—and the . Whigs are like those old-worn-out clothes , those tattered garments that if you patch them with the stont broadcloth of Chartism , the new tears away the old , so that there is not much difference between the tso . Both travel in the highway of the world , they go through the wide gate—we have entered the straight gate o ! principle—we have taken the cross of Christ for our guide-post—it points not to Buckingham Palace , nor to Lambeth Palace , but to Heaven , and the Charter is nailed to it , an everlasting scroll , in which is written our title to freedom here and to happiness hereafter .
There are more parallel cases in the parables ; but I am afraid of taking up too mnch of your time , of tiring your patience ; I will , therefore proceed with the other points of comparison . Have not the Chartists as many and as heavy complaints to make against the Bishops and Archbishops as Jesus Christ had against ths scribes and phsrisets . He boldly reproved them in their very presence , and some of our brethren have done this at Norwich and other places . Bnt Christ bowed to existing laws , and so dt > we , not that we revere thrm , but thst by law we may mend the law . We have been tempted by Corn Law Repealers , and we have resisted their temptation as Christ was tempted by the devil in the offset of his ministry . The devil took him fasting , and it is when wearehuncered , when there is a famine in the land
that the Corn-Law Repealers come to us and tell us -cf the cheap bread , the cheap sugar , the cheap timber , the cheap everything that shall be ours , if only we will yield to their proposals , if only we will agitate for them ; but we bid them get beMad us , for tbey savour not tie Charter . . And now the rich are subscribing to give alms to the poor whom they have beggared ; but we tell thtm that tie widow's mite is worth all in our eyes , and more than all when given for the Charter . The same kind of enemies that conspired against Christ conspire against us , and for the same reasons ,
because we are opposed to their class-robberies and classcajoleries , and as the chief priests and elders would have taken him long before they did take him , had they not feared the people , so it is their wholesome dread of the people and that alone that keeps the hands of our oppressors eff us . Christ was betrayed by one of his own disciples , and it was a disciple of the Charter—they are professing Chartists that seek to betray u « . A robber was loossd anil pardoned in preference to Christ , and our Government is more inclined to favour the worst feloaa and indeed actually doe . » .
Now these are a few of the parallel cases or points of resemblance between Chartism and Christianity . I could adduce many more , but let these suffice . They are sufficient to show that a strong , a close analogy exists between the two , and that no man can ba a Christian unless he be a Chartist , and via versa Ought not this to be matter of comfoit to us—cf consolation—yea , of exultation . Does it not shew that in working out our political redemption , we are actually st the same time wo / king out our spiritual salvation . The bishops may tell us differently bnt we know that they , are not Christians—their lawn sleeves and silk gowns , their bushy wigs are not the wedding garments
of Christ—all who are not Chdrtisti are not Christians . It is the evil we are striving to lesson—the good that we wish to put in its plr . ee that entitles us to the appellation of Christian Chartists . We are doing the work of God on earth—we are instruments in hia hands , and thiDk ye net that the afflictions vre eudure in-endeavouring U remove affliction from others will not be rewarded hereafter ? If we wipe away the teats of injured excellence , of innocent distress , will not God wipe away the tears from our eyes ? Yes , and were it not eo , there is surely wifficicut reward for doing good in the satisfaction of our own consciences—for virtue rewards itself , compensates itself .
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AJDBRES 3 OF THE COMMITTEE ; APPOINTED TO SrPERISIBSD THE ERECTION OF i THE H 0 . \ tM £ M IS ME 1 I 0 ET OF 1 HE LATE ; HEriET HX- 'ST . To the Chartisls of Manchester and district , and all those j in the Untied Kingdom who support those principles , ! namely the rights and liberties of the wholepeop ' e . of ' . which thai diftini / uished patriot teas the unswe ,-ving , j unconquerable , and persevering advocate till death . ! Bsothes Democrats and Co workers in the i RIGHTEOUS CAUSE OF TBUTH i . ND JUSTICE , —Yen , ! who with us , are striving to redeem yourselves from j political bondage , and for the salvation of your country I irom impending , and if judicious steps are not speedily 1 taken to avert it . inavittible ruin .
' The ten 3 of thousands ef you who assembled at Manchester oa Good Friday last to witness the cerei mony of the laying of the foundation stone , and our ' numerous friends who resided at a distance who re id irom the newspapers the proceedings of that day , and : cf the grand and numerous demonstrations en that occasion , will , we feel assured , be anxious to ascertain ! what progress wa have made in our patriotic and ¦ responsible undertaking . It is therefore with feeiings ; of pleasure aud gratiScaiion that we hertby inform you ' that we are getting on with it rapidly . Tb 9 monument I is already raised twelve feet , from the ground , and wilj i be considerably higher by the time this eppear 3 in . ' print . There are four stone masons constantly em-I ployed at it , and will be until it is finished , the architect .
! their employer , having guaranteed to have it completed j by the 16 th of August next , the same date on which : the ever-memorable bnt cruel and atrocious Peterloo ¦ Massacre took place in the year 1819 j To form a striking contrast betwixt the t ^ vo dsys I in the two separate yeaTS . and to show the onward j march of democracy and the omnipotence of public I opinion , we have exerted ourselves on behalf of its : completion , and it is our intention to loose no time , I spare neither pains nor expense so far as is consistent : with our duty as public servants , in preparing at once I for a national demonstration , to be held on the ICth of | "August next , to celebrate its compietien , and thus hand i it down to poste ity as a national token of respect for virtue and integrity .
To enable us to perform the task which we have set ourselves of getting it finished , aad , if possible , paid for , we take this , the first favourable opportunity , to make an humble , but urgent appeal , to onr brother Char tists , and the Dcicocrat 3 generally tbrou ^ huui the empirs , who wish to show their respect for , and atr 3 chmer ; t to , those principles cf -which Henry Hunt , Esq . -ST 23 decidtdly one of the bravest , most faithful , and unflinching advocates that t 7 er lived in any age , or any country , for a contribution of their mita for so worthy an oMect
Any don ' it "! OLS or nibscriptions , however sm 3 ll , will be tiianfcfaily received , end tluly acknowledged , whta we publish our bilinee-sbeet of the income and expenditure . Onr desire ia to n : ake it a plain , neat , and elegint token of esteem ; such a one as wiil be worthy tbs life , cbzracter , contact , and principles , of the Dian whom it i * Intended to honour—to fcaiid it down as a personification cf ^ re :: * principles , which wiil be creditable to our ? ives , who have been entrusted with iU erection , ana vre trusi wiil r . fleet a never-dying honour and admiration on the heads and hearts of those who shall coiitribtKe tswards carrying the intention of the connmutie inio full tff = cs .
We htreby b .-g most sincerely to acknowledge the pecuniary aid rendered us bo fir , likewise to teude .- our grateful tfcenka to the Chartists and Trades of Ma . ii rheiterand district , for their assistance , and the prompt and enthusiastic mmner ia which they responded , in their aocJs . irr . i ng tb ^ usancis , to our last appeal for a demonstration cf puiiic opiiaon , Yiten thu foundation stene was ; aic 3 . . In an Especial winner do we thank Fearjjus O'Connor , Esq ., for his kind and punctual attention , for his vahn ^ itj exertions , wh ' ch were properly appreciated , and for coming to accommodate ilie committee upwards cf "twohundred milts , at his own expense , and , at that tircft , great inconvenience to himself , to make good his rronii ; - ? , and perform a public i . utv .
We be ? likewise that the Rtv . William H : il , Editor of the Sorthern Star will accept our thanks for the long , txotri . ' ent , and f .-iithful report -which te gave of the proceedings c >{ tue peeple on that day . We pay the same complirsei . t to Mr . Joshua Hubson for his liberal donation of the pr inted circulars ; and all those friends who honoured ns with their prrssnc 9 from a distance—Messrs . Cooper , of Leicrstt-r , Harney , cf SbcfSdid , and Jonts , of Liverpool , & ¦ :. We desire thus puU' . icly to ackiiowiedte the serviees of the excellent musisians ;
tfce Iqdie 3 and youths whoso EU . nerous ; y graced the procession with their pitserxe , and in short , ail who before , then , and since , have taken an active port in connection v ? ith us in so laudable an undertaking . We hope they will not think ua presumptuous—and asking for too much by making another call upon them collectively—and by thus telling them that we rely upon their support aud presence , if possib . e , at the forthcoming demonstration . We feel assured that we shall re «! iTe their patronage in getting it up , and cheering us on in our arduous duties .
The committee have passed 5 resolution authorising le secretary to forthwith specially Invite the successor f Henry Hunt , Esq ., the man of the people , Feargus 'Connor—hoping that af-. er this has met the eye of jat pstrJot h 8 will make no other engagement for that ay , bat will hold himself in readiness , and free ; so jat , if pcrslble , as be laid the foundation stone , he iay tak . 3 his proper position when the top stone is . id . The last procession , as allowed by competent juiges , itrivslled anything of the kind in Manchester for asbezs , ordtr , and grandeur . Such a one as the gold ' tt 9 factions , their press , and exmiocs combined > -uV , l r . ot convent . Still we flitter ourselves that the ir . ia of the imperishable , industrious portion of the ^ Tnunity to see ths splendid monumeiA—aud a whole 3 . 1 a c-. ' cirti ; mstances which Tender it r . sco 5 S 3 ry to givs i-jiltr u : vfu " al )' . c * irsument of the un ^ Eimity and
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power of the many to the tyranical and monopolising few , will tend to make the corning one even outstrip the latter , and by such testimony of eur unity , numbers , sobriety , and good order , strengthen the agitation for liberty , and hasten the popular ( and never to be stopped by all tha powers combined ) movement for the natural and immutable rights of the now excluded and consequently enslaved millions . . Brother Democrats , —To more widely and universally txtend public opinion in favour of the principles contained in the People ' s Charter , to show that we do not wish to take all the credit to ourselves , that we Jn
Manchester and district do not wish to monopolise all ths glory , bat rather make It a national subject , wa humbly but emphatically call upon the Chartists and friends in every large town and district in Great Britain to send a delegate who shall be present to represent them at the demonstration ; so that the active , good , and true , from all parts , might witneaa the honour paid to virtue , and by that means stimulate them to step out of the routine of their former energies for the salvation of themselves and country , —always bearing in mind that tho most prominent feature in the life of a public man is , that he prove faithful till death .
We call upon the good men of London , Bath , Birmingham . Lseds , Sheffield , Liverpool , Gjasgaw , Edinburgh , Sunderland , Newcastle , 4 c , to send delegates , because by bo doing it will give an impetus to the agitation for liberty by sending the democratic fire which will ba then kindled in every breast through the length and breadth of the land , to Inrn up the embers ot apathy and indifference now lurking in any patriotio bosom , and plant in their stead a motive and stimulant which must urge them forward resolutely and determinedly in the gigantic struggle , until their labours are crowned with success , by arriving at the wishful goal of freedom-, namely , mental , religious , and virtuous political regeneration .
To carry out effectually the preceding recommendation , we advisa and request the sub-Sscretariea of the National Chatter Association to lay the suggestions before the members of the General Council in their respective localities , for their approval , or stherwise . If tho former , as early as convenient , discuss tha propriety of electing sober , talented , and judioions staightferward men as delegates , and forthwith collect funds to give their quota towards tha monument , and bear expences . We nlso make the same appeal to the county delegate meetings , hoping they , likawiss , in their collective capacity , will give the matter a due consideration ; and if they agree with , our project to exert themselves in its favour . The Committee held a long and proper discussion as to whether we have the power , without being considered to have outstepped the power delegated to us , by offe : ing a suggestion to the members of the New ' Executive , which ended in a
resolve" That in otd « to make tho gathering of good men from various parts of the country to be doubly uuefat to the movement , and answer two purposes , we most lespectfully suggest that they , the members of the Executive , discuss the propriety of calling a National conference of delegates to be held on the following day , August 17 th , ia the Carpenter ' s Hall . Manchester , when perhaps a friendly understanding could be established , all ill-feeling and bickering amongst leaders put nn end to , the plan of organization read , discussed , and it necessary , revised , and all jealousy for ever banished from our ranks . Differences arise frequently through misunderstanding—men who have done wrong unintentionally are denounced and looked shy uponwho if remonstrated with could be made acquainted with their , error and have some chance of reform , and for the want of which the cause sometimes loses both
their talents and influence . If this desirable end cou d be achieved it would giva an opportunity for the delegates when assembled to adopt other meatures which they in their wisdom might deem necessary and piuden'c tor the advancement of the cause . '* To ths trades of Manchester we say that we are right glad once more to have nn opportunity of giving them a chance of coming out and identifying themselves with the popular movement for the rights of labour , and by their joining as traces , to set an example to those who have hitherto let reason slumber , aud in consequence have been apathetic . We rejoice to have it to record that the bricklayers , carpenters , painters , mechanics , fustian cutters , smiths , and spinners have already mads a move in the right direction , and we hope and trust that others betwixt now and then , will see it thsir duty ( every other scheme having failed ) to go and do likewise .
We wish mist respectfully to say to the aristocratical portion of the Trades , who have hitherto stood aloof and treated ua with indifference , suspicion , or contempt , that in our opinion , judging ratiorally from passing events , that the same circumstances are at work ' still which have brought down the wages of , and impoverished oth « r trades , and will continue , if not checked , and operate alike upon theirs also . Let us seriously impress upon you tho necessity of behoIdJng the signs of ths times . Remember that the system is like unto a round ball set going from the top of a hill , every turn it receives inciensts its velocity . Remember that while Nero was fiddling Knme was
burning . Read , we bestech you , the history of the rise and fall of other great nations , and compare it with your own ; and if you are determined tbst politics shall not be discussed in your assemblies as trades—if you have not ytt begun to study or penetrate into the state cf the country in all its minute and inward workings —if you still persist in excluding the mott essential ingredient from your deliberations , de for once take a more general an 4 outward view , and then ask yourse . ves , any of you , whether the black cloud wb ' ' r . ov hangs over thousands of youj fellow-creafures , who were once in tolerably good circumstances , will not overshadow you Tritb its dreary and gloomy despair ?
Do yon not know that every scheme which genius txu d discover has been scatcbud at by capitalists , for the purpose of obviating the necessity for manual labour ? Has not this been done , and is it not now being done , both at home and abroad ? Yes , thousands are being thrown out of employment , to wander in despair in the bti-eets , creating poverty and hunger in their domestic circles . Encroachments are daily made upon the rights of labour , and wages arc reduced . In twelve moclhs no fewer than 118 . 000 have been compelled to leave th « -ir country to seek a living in another , not been able ta obtain one in their own ; and it must ba evident to every sound thinking mind that in proportion as every industrious labourer leaves this country and joins witti its competitors , it must , in the same ratio , impoverish us , and strengthen our rivals .
We are now in an .-unnatural , artificial , ruinous competition of nation agaiuat nation , of master against master , and of artisan against artisan . The word competition means neither more nor less than blood , sorrow , groans , and tears : it means if you do not beat us out of the market—if you do not starve us to death , vro will beat you out of the market—we will starve you to death . Money is being taken out of circulation , which injures fchoj ko pe .-a , ( k-stroya tha best m .-. tket , namely , Lome coasumpuon ; cottage property is sinking in va'ue , in const que : ice of tenants not bein ^ n , «> l'i to pay rents , or ar 3 compelled to leave them to live three or four fa : uiliLS in a house . Poor-rates are ricing almost evtry -. reek . In oce town , not rnora than six mifes
from Manchester , there was a discussion in t-se Court Room , in the year 1836 , as to whether the rate should ba Is . 6 d . or Is . It w ; . s resolved by tlio ratepayers to try the latter , und if found in-iifficicat , to inaka another grant . It was tntd ; it nibt the deraand . and lsft a surplus . But now , in tha same town ( Stockport ) the same rato amounts to the extraordinary sum of eu-ht shillings , and tivea that is not Eufficient to meet the demands . Churches are be-ins ; buiit on almost every hill , for a full-beliied and weii-ciad backed parson , to preach contentment anil submission to an almost empty belly and naked back . The industrioriB ml ! liins who wish employment and food as a ri ^ bt , a ra insulted and degra ^ iinciy mocked by bugging letters . Bistilus are-being L-uiit and fitted with the
system-mado victims . The pawnbroktr 3 ' shop shelvts are actually bending beneath the cloihing of tbo miserable and starving working classes . The furniture brokers' warehouses ara crammed with articles of furnitura , which people out of fmployuifcnt have been driven to sell to obtain money to purchase soniitVing to eat , and keep them from eiihtr going to a bnstila , to tut to beg , or be iittraily starved to death . We read of numbers of poor nivn in one part of the country being glad to get up a co ^ r which had died of a fsver , on purpose to eat to stop the cravings of inuiser . We lead of another poor man who was in tbu act of boiling a dog to ent . Can an all wise , merciful , omnipotent Creater and Ruler v { the universe , the G : h 1 of nature , of truth , justice , and purity , who has sent abundance
for all , were it nat ior misrule and fie ' . Sxbness of men , look dowa with his irrespective and impartial eye upon such a wicked and atrocious s \ stein us this with his divine approbation ? No ; perish the tison ^ hfc . ' it wonM be direct blasphemy , having revelation aud the immutaole and eternal book of nature to gaz ^ upon , to sappose Hi ; -h a taing . To carry this black catnlogue a little further , we hear complaints justly made from every quarter . The dissenting religious societies are crippled , arni cannot many of them carry on for want of funds . Benefit socittits tire going to rack ; one of the best lodges amongst tha 0 id " Fellows sunk £ 60 in two quarters only . The bankrupt list filling more and more every week . The land of ths country monopolised by the few , and locked up by class-made law from the many . We see the Whigs and Tarles only carrying on a factious Sght ; we have a Government which will not listen to , nor remove the miserieu under whieh the
people are groaning ; we are pestered with a corrupt and factious press , whose apparent object is to keep the people divided while those whose interest they are paid to serve , is robbing them daily ; in fact , nothing but ruin and misery stare the industrious people ia the face , and slavery and wretchedness of every rtesorirtion will be the lot of their offspring aud posterity . Lot the trades only view this but faintly-drawn picture of the system which is sending crime , poverty , murder , disease , ancJ prostitution , with their concomitant evils , through the lane 1 . L . t thorn reflsit seriously upon the position in which tfce ? stind—lit them remember that another dark diva . iv -winter wiU coma ini increase the stagnation in tradts . p . n . i that eicpluyer . fi no \ y con take almost any ad 7 uii £ age , and they win net only respond to cur caii an > l the cnl of inihiofjs of iLisis reilow-creaturcs , but they wi ' - i come fuvwar ;! ia v , tiou aud spirit oi i \ vsma . vcc for liicir i-ini of oruissio )! : a not e-jiniag to cur standard tefore . Tbe Charter is not the object
Untitled Article
of a party , it gives to all alike , if virtuous . It is a ngbteons instrument- ; and bad aaTour condition is , we believe there are sufficient elements in Great Britain to gire plenty to all , both of food and clothing and shelter . We hate examined all projects put forth by faction to . benefit us . and have conscientiously come to the conclusion that the Charter and that alone , will be a lever to lift us out ef oar difficulties . We entreat , moat nrgently but respectfully , the Editon of the NorthernStar , British Stalisman , Comtnon wealthsman , * n& Chartist Circular , to assist us by inserting this address in their current publicationsas
, they are devoted to the interests of the people , and give us tneir help in every way which to them shall appear best calculated to forward the object We virtually appoint and empower them to open books for oubacriptions Irom friends In their district . If Hani had been a general , he would be honoured with either a marble or a ; copper . monument We also appoint Mr . George White of Birmingham , to receivo money in that town and district . _ Mr . G . J . Harney of Sheffield , Messrs . Wilhams and Burns of Sundorland . , Mr . Sinclair ' . of Newcastle , Mr . BartleU of Bath , and Mr . M'Cartney ,
Liver-All monies for the monument to be sent to our treasurer , Mr . T . Scholefleld , Every-street , Manchester ; that gentleman having , on the good faith of the resolution passed at the last demonstration , which promised to render him . support , p . iid part towards the monument , and pledged himself to see that the bthor is paid when finished ; unless , therefore , we receive some assistance from the . thousands who voted on that occasion , pledging themselves to contribute their mite , he will have to make a serious sacrifice ; in addition to what he has done already . He has given the ground and all his labours , and many pounds besides . We need net say that this is aa act which but few , moving , as he does , in society , that few ¦ ¦ parsons , at any rate , would be guilty of towards the much calumniated and persecuted by the fuctions , but revered and esteemed by the working classes , Henry HuntEsq .
, Those from the surrounding towns are "' Hereby informed , that tho procession will assemble at half-past ten o clock , in the chapel-yard belonging to Mr . Suolefield , whers the ' monument , is qrocted . A large platform will be provided for the committee , the presa , and speakers . The chafr will be taken at eleven o ' clock . When tbe monument has beeu .. - Viewed , and the speaking over , the procession wiil form in E very-street , and march , accompanied with bands of music , fligs , and banners , through the streets , a route which will b 9 laid ont . Cavriagt s will be provided for the delegates from a distance . . A tea-party and ball will be held in the evening . Every arrangement the committee promise to attend to .
In conclusion , we intend to do our duty , and feelisve that you , to whom this humble appeal is made , will do yours ; and may you and we work harmoniously together , until every man possesses his rights and liberties , and may the Ruler of tho Creation stamp your and our exertions with the seal of his divine approba < tion . Until then , Wo remain . In th 6 bonds of Friendship and Brotherhood , Your humble Servants . Signed , on behalf of the Monument Committee , William Griffin , Secretary . Every-street , Manchester , June 8 th , 1842 .
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CHARTISM , JOHN COMPANY , AND CABOUL . " It is the height of virtue in Hindostan or Affifhanistan never to beep faitb . with a Ferivighee !"—A Woolwich Cadet .- Northern Star , 27 th March , 1842 . Tho accounts lately received of our position in Affghanistan are anything but satisfactory , and we must point to our motto for the truth of what we have hitherto asserted . Gnuznee has surrendered , and the Commandant , Colonial Pamer , -with bis . ' -- ' regiment of Sipahees , 1000 men * laid down their arms , ou condition of being marched in safety to CabJul . But the terms were not adhered to ; the natives mre massacred , and the European officers , were kept for ransom . Great encoursgenient this for our native trdop « to prosecute this deadlj strife , this war of extermination ! Another : body of our troops under General England suffered a check with some loss at Quetta , en the march to Candahar , to receive General Nott , and were obliged to retreat and wait for reinforcement ? .
Mark how uiceiy they miuce their words in the various despatches ! and people here at home talk of a garuo at war as a schoolboy or sick girl would talk of a game at chess , or some old dowager recount her triumphs or disasters and fight over the battles of the last night ' s rubber . Sale has again made a gallant sortie from Jellalabad , and burnt Akbar Khans ' ' . camp and re-captured four .. gaits lost at Cdbout , ' but Colonel Pemire with a number of brave men were killec * . We fear much -that General Pollock will find immense difficulties in bia way in marching to Sale ' s relief ; as the road ( ? ) from the Kbyber pass to JellaSabad , within fifteen miles of the latter , is very rough aud stony , " k-adiug over an undulating hilly country , which is
cut by deep ravines , having a descent of 2400 feet before reaching the plain in which Jelleiabad stamls . " From the Kayber Pass to'Jetialabad the distance would be about seventy or eighty miles , consisting of barren and stony plains , and also through narrow gorges and high hills , and through tho 1 / indi Kunni Pass , where there is an elevation of 3400 f ^ ot Too Kbyber Pass fs a narrow ravine between steep hilla , and twelve miles in length ! The elevation at the top is about 3000 feet , and four miles from the top , on a conical liiil , which rises up in the centre of tho pass , is tho foit of Ali-Musjtd . It appears that Gineral Pulloek with the Bengal division , haB gained possession of the entrance of the pass , and taken the forts commanding , it , but tbe question now eeem 3 very pertinent , lias he fought his
way through the twelvo nriles , has ho carried the fort o / Ali-Mu * jui in the centro , and has be got out of the pass ? We fear the difficulties ; he-will have to encounter will b 8 great , aud his losa already has been very con-Buierable ; and once more , -with the aid of the Duke of Wellington , we call immediately on Ministers for a coinpromiso , find an honourable withdrawal . The Commona Hou- e of Parliament has shewu- us many adepts lately in the former , anil it would be a fine opportunity for' Shoy-Hoys' to descant upon and inundate the reading public wita Bpeciintfns oftheir oratory , liberality , feelings for the oppressed , disinterestedness , an'd patriotism . The opportunity should not be lost , and their power of eloquence , now at such a grievous di count , mi ^ ht find creticsiico evau at a Lord Mayor ' s feasV or : amoug the
saints of . Exeter Hall . It is stated that forged orders wero brought- to Col . Palmar at Ga . BZ-. nee , by Ruhilla Kuau . - . ffom Gen , Elphinstoneaji ' d Maj ; ir Pott , inj ; er , and that tha people of . Imti : i have a remarkable facility in imitating writing , coats of arms , &c , and that thoy make a- common prautice T-f forging such otdnra p . nii cominuniciti ; na as terv « their purpeses . To corroborate this wa \ vill rtouut ah-anecdote which wo heaT'i from Sir Charles Mttcilfe i-oinp years aijO , himself . When be - was resident at I Us hi , the capital of the once-famed . Vogu ! E-. » pire , lie was ono < ia . y undergoing tha operation of shaving , and notica : ! , aftt-r a time , that his hnj ltsm , or barber , ( coninionly cailrjilin Bsnu'ala Nappy , ) wca lidguttinfj about him in an extr tordiaary manner , smirking , gTimnn ^ , anct big with some portentous eveut 3 , which htsetmed burning to I ' o ' ate to the Burra Sahib . Tho Nappy has : ' i ) variably a two fold
eniploy-Rifcst ; a cbrpnicler of daily events , aa well aa tonsor , in tho . former of which he is coMi . pIetely at honie ! Presently , ba asked Sir Charles if ho ramombercd a C : itie . which be fcdd decided a-fd \ v . days .. 'igoj between t-wo Mohanime . 'ian merchants , respecting a large sum of monpy , one of whoni claimed the whole from the other , for which he produced in Court a bond duly executed and attested , : md legally witoesaed . Sir Oiijsi-ltfs Raid he h . id nr > t forgotten ' it , as ifc waa a very extraordinary aftiiir ; but the other imTchant also , a » thou 2 h be bad formerly dtnkd any knowlertRo whatbVurofauch a bond , now cduiitted his rival ' s claim , feut produced in Court a . receipt in fiill for tbe wiiele amount ! The receipt in full was ' found-to be perfectly correct-, tbe seyexal , pArUfs -witbrirew forthwith , and the case terminated , upiJitcnily to the sa ' Slsfacli . iMi-of the Court .
But Sir Charles was yot to . be . 'enlightened ,-, and thvough tho liwilmm uf his " Nappy . " Tnese ratrchants ¦ wure at variance ; each was striving to ciriuiiiveht the otherj and ruin him in bia pvoptrty and the estimation of the world . By means , oi a turged bond be thought to effect this ; and in its . operation shewed such a complic ition of-candour u , ; vl cunning that the world thought him n . psricet martyr , ' anil the other a swindling villain . Tiia poor browbeaten wretch in vain declared be « -v ? ed him noliung—tbut taa bond was a forgery : ju . i . tics dfini ::: ie . ; i a speedy - settlement , and hs w ; t 3 or «" icrcl to pay The -whole Bum into Court tho next day ! The creditor and deb . or made , their , rsspsctive appearances at the time
appointed with their train of fri-jiuia and acquaintances . Tho bond was pr . nlnwd and all vyas in oriler , aniVpay ' * mint was imm-diatply to take placo by order of the Com-t . All seemed to go on snii ! in « iy , and , like Shylock , the holder of th-v bond deiuanitid nothiUg but his due . A change came o'er ths spirit of h's dream , and lo 1 to his astonished vision a receipt iri full was produced ! To dispute it-would have bci ? nworse than useless ; the adversary had fought-hint- wfth hia own" weapons , and " Non mi ricordp ' \ f ; w the-order of the day . In the words of the Dsl'tii Nappy , after ccqaainticg Sir Charles with the whole of the circumstaiicea and malting him laugh at the result , " White niati may beat black man in the fieia of K-ittle , but devil biuiseii can't beat black man in justice court !"
For . the sake of the hosfiigea , for the sake of Generals Sale and Nott at JeilaTabad and Cauiiahar , and all the bravts msn belonging to us ; for the * ake of our honour , safety , and moral superiority : in India , let U 3 for once Bho . w au txamplo to , the wurici , nud kt civilizition put a stumbling-ibieck in ' oar ¦ UH-hoiy-paths , and show that we are capable in re sTity of being l ? tha envy and admiration" of nations at homa a . n \ ubroad . Lat Sir Robert Peel * V . vetl amply on the Duke of Welllingtcn's stitssmon-lito avowal , and let him urdar . forthwith an houourablo VTithclrawal .
But we must have men o £ anotiher stamp tl aa Elieaborough to effect this , and ' no ' tlina rausit bo ioat * Shall we mention ona who wiuul bo peculiarly a * sptscl for such a Bvnici * ' i ' -f alive ! ? Colonsi Scadamore' Wiad . )
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Steel , "" formerly Quarter Master General of ¦ ' the Madras army , and latterly Seeretary io ( SoyerBment In the political department at Madras . We have had the happiness of being personally acquainted with him , and we con attest his merits and capabilities . ; A Woolwich Cadet . Chichester , June 9 th , 1842 .
The New Patenf Composing Machine
THE NEW PATENf COMPOSING MACHINE
Hitherto . "in spite of some abortive experiments , the compositor branch of the printing business has been deemed secure from the operation ot machinery in diminishing the demand for manual labour . This secutity i 3 now , we suspect , at an end , for we think that no practical printer can txamino the new pateat " Coiar posing machine . " now at work , and exhibiting at 110 ^ Chancery-lane , without being satisfied that it will lead to a greater change in the compositor-department than the stoam-press has done in the branch technically called press-work . \
Although the public ate generally tolerably familiar with tb « art and mystery of putting--. types togetber , we would require to begin in some sort ab iniiio , in order to render a " verbal description iuteHigible . Not that the machine itself ia complicated . It combines in its construction , beauty , precision , and simplicity . Any compositor may understand ib action in ten minutes , may work it after an hour ' s practice , and should be able to do so with facility in a day . But let us remind the general reader of what is the business of a compositor .
A compositor , m " setting up , " as it is called , stands at a frame , supporting his cases , -which contain the type , tach letter haying its separate box or compartment . Holding ths coaiposing-stick iii hia left hand , he picks up the types with the thumb and fore-fiuger of the light , conveying Ihera with a rapid motion to the composing-sticft , which is adj'usUid to the exact breadth of tbe particular work he is engaged on , be it quarto , cfctavo , or the coluran-siz-i of a newspaper . Each Jine must be justified , that is , extsntled to tb « full breadth and rendered tight , which is effected by platting-more or . less space between the woriis , and by dividing words where an entire word cannot be introduced at the end of a line . When the conip'biugsticlc is full , the massis .. ' lifted out ; ( an operation c-f some dexterity ) and placed on a galley , the compositor re-flUing his " stick" as before .
The labour of putting Vipe * toeetheT floss not requite much of absolute muscular exertion , but it requires grtat activity , considerable dexterity and facility of hami , with no small portion of endurance . A . clover compositor will put together as many . as 2 , 000 types in » n hour , but the average is about 1 500 . In thia calculation the spaces v / hich divide the words aro included , for though' of course , they do not appear in print , tbey must be picked up by the compositor as well as the letters . Now , the new " composing maohins" enables two
individuals , with the subsidiary aid of two or three boys , to put as many types together in an hour as can be done by four clever compositors , ani that , too , without a tithe of tho physical power repaired by the p ' r-eaaut ' mode of composition . Htnee , too hoys , or two inteiii ^ e nt girls , may pt-rform the work cf four men ; and the type by this process input togsther in a continuous series , \ vithout-the necessity of dividing tbe copy as it is called—a necessity which frequently causts inco : ivenienc 8 when work is in a hurry , by reason of one niaa having his portion of copy don * before another .
The ** composing machine" is a patented iuytntion , by Messrs . Youpg and Dalcambre , who have now triumphed over former obstacles , - ami produced a felicitous contrivance .. On entering the room whtr ^ the machine is at work ( l 10 , Chancery-lane , j the visitor pereeivea what ona of our contemporaries has termed " something cf the appearance , viewed in front , ofthe interior of a cottage piano forte , " At the instrument sita a-: youiYg lady ; the copy before her , precisely in the at'itude of one about to charm a drawing room . Suppose she . is about to compose the words If or them Star , she / touches the key which connnunicates with--the letter-N-, and itDmediately the letter flies down aa inclined plauu ,
through an . ppc-n channel cut in a brass plate , and straightway it will bo found in its proper place . The other letters follow ; and the completed words are propolled by a wheel , along a bass slide , towards tho person who justifies—that , is , whose business it is to divide the continuous , streaiu of nietal worii 3 into lines of tho requisite length . JFor this purpose the justifler is proviued with a box , . - . divided into compartiuehts , containing spaces of different thicknesses , with hyphens , the marks indicating divided wonts . But we do not know that we can better describe the . instrum ' eiit than by quoting a portion of the description already given to the puWic : —
" The machine itself has something ef theAppearance , viewed in front , of the interior cf a cottage piano , and has seventy-two keys , precisely of the shaye of the keys of that Instrument . To tbeie keys are attached upright steel rods , which communicate veitU the same number of brass channels' at the top of the macliihe . These channels contain a complete foiii \ t of type , each channel havingits proper letter . At th « bank of the machine la an inclined plane , vrith thirty -six , cut ved channels , all of equal length , into which the letters aire made to fall , an ! through which they proc-ied to a Bort of spout , down which they ara goiitly foriuCd , by an ingenioua eccentric movement , tuwarUs the person who justifies .: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦' .-. ' . ; - . - " ; ,. . - " ' ' - ; - : . .,
• ' The key , when struck , moves a email lever , which , as it -were , cuts off a letter from the column ' iii ' the brass channel . Tie lever instantaneously resumes its position , and the column of letter , by ifc » own weigJit , as instanUneouily descends , the byttora . Utter l > Bing ready for the . lever to let it eut iinmeiiliateiyii is required ; and so on till the whole column ; o £ thaVpatticular letter may be exhausted . The letter , falling into tile curVad channel ot the inclined plane at the back of the machine , descends into the spout before spoken of . This spout is very little wiuer than the type which falls intp it , letter by letter , with , its face towards the person playing tho machine This spout is curved downwards , from its mouth for ten or twelvo inches , and , when the machine couinieucts work , is filled with quadrats the whele length of such curve , as a support f > r tb . 8 letters to fall on . The eccentric movement alluded ta touches the letters abova one-third
Up aa t ' wy fall into the epou- ; , and gtutly forces tnem through the curve , ami . thence aiorjg a hor ' zjntal chaiintl of brass towards the justifying box . Here the typo is drawn into wh ; vt the compositor would call a stick ; and when t ^ e proper number of lines have been justified , they are taken out and placed in a galley precisaiy as the composing stick is tmj > tied . Apy process more simple to effect such a purpose it would seem impossibla to accomplifch . " The person playing the machine niuat possess tbs ordii ; ary intelligence necessary for composing ; and the type thus composed ia as liable to bo filled with blunders as by * ha present mode of composition . The player may omit to touch a key—may niiespell a word —may omit a sentence ; or , if ' the copy . be-manuscript , conuuifc some of those mistakes which occasionally irfict
" agony of . agonies" on tue ssuls of sensitive gutn ? r . s . But the facility with which the modus operandi may be acquired is evinced by the circumstance thnt ilie macliiae is-worked by young women , with the assistance of boys , who aro thu 3 occupied : —Tho young women are alternately , for two hours each , employed iu playing tLe machine , in justifying , and correcting . Two of the boys are engaged in rilling the eeventy-two channels -with their lospt-ctivo . letters , two in distributing tho type , and the ttttu buy in giving motion to the wheel by wbicb the type is pushed forwards . into and along the spoat towards the justifying . lino . The "work done at present is at least tqtval to that , ^ hich could be accompVishe tl by four able cimipusitors , at about a taiid of . the .-exp « nce , while the machine occupies uo moro space t ' aan a piano .
The maker of the machine is Mr . J . O . Wilson , of 10 , P « TCt ) VaI-iitreet , CierkBiiwell . its txpence is about £ 100 , and the ono now in operation waa made in about five weeks . .
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with great injustice to the publie , mmy of whoin never heard of the Acts of Parliaraeht or prochmationa on whicli the present order i ? founded . About onetbird , perhaps , of the gold circuiatjpn is tr . der weight , and yet passing current without 1 st or challenge . A large proportion of lisrht gold has been issued from tha Bank of England , who have refused to issue sovereigns of full weight when the exchanges were unfavourable , and their bullion stores at a low ebb , to prevent further , exportation for profit According to cmaage weight , 1 , 000 sovereigns should be tqual to 211 bs . 4 cz . 18 dwts . 10 ; grains ; According to the Queen ' s proclamation , they : vpili be "' allowe'd topass - . correct ; ' if equal 4 o 5 dwta . % h grains , or 21 lbs . 3 cz . 4 dwta . 4 grains ,
making a difference of 1 tz 12 dwts . Cjcmln ;? , ¦ which , at £ 3 17 s . lOid . per cz ., is equal to £ 6 BViStJ .,- or 123 . 6 < h' per cf ,, or i ^ rf . per iiiece . Many of tha sovereigns now current , and half sovorGiins , will be found below the new standard weight , and the holdera must , in that case , sell them to a bullion dealer , or present them for -exctUnce at the Mint Tho reception which the holier of a light sovereign would r < fceiva from the officer of the Mint we c . in easily imagine , but no information or guide to the public on this suhject has , as Jet ; come under . out ;' observation . Eveiy sovereign rcuat now be weighed before it i 3 talcen in payment , and much confusion and delay wiil prebabJy arise inconsequence . .
The Gold Coinage . —The measure of the Government , in calling ia the light coin * is 'likely to give more corrency , to Bank notes , and especially to tbose of the Bank of England , as these when < f str . all denominatipna are far more readily pjpsed , aud -vithbut the incoavetuericaof weigWug . It is urquestionably the tiuty of Governmeut to appoint the Dank of Eqglarid its receiver-gensral of light coin , at the actual value by weight , in order to get ' . the" currency-la . a soauii -stito as soon as possible * A notice has been poatad . as ' , the Bank of Eucland , partly meetirg t&e -o- 'ji-cioris above urged ,
hut still beir . g of rdie ? to the largo hol . jers rathtr taan tbe smaUer and more '' . defenceless oiies , E > i : i v . e must reppiifc . as ! we hav ^ aairil sbova , that the- only in ;; t ! ii >( l of ¦ withilr . iwing the light coin ia by establiahin « Governatnt recfciviiu ; ofScss and for the very smallest sums . Tbere is in fact , no other security against the re-circulation of light sovereigns for which ¦ lisa holders may only have received the actual valuo in weight . In the Couotvy dUtriiits -the bTa&vhea of tho B . \ nk of Er . gland should ba directed to exchange ; and at once deface the dtfi . cieut coin . TheiiovicwAaas Jv >\ 1 o-t ? 3 . — . --.
" Bv . ik of -Englandj Jane 8 1842 . " At th '; request of tb 5 It' ? ht Honourable the Lords Commissioners . of Ler Jdijtst / . s -Treasury , and for the re ' ikf < f those who have in tFi&ir " pce ' s « -ision tha ^ gold coin of tiiis kingdom below tho lesal current weight , " Notice is hereby g ' m-n , that from « trt , sf cer this rfay , nny quantity of such gold , iri amounts cf not less than £ 50 , will be taken at thii public-tftisa of-the Bank of Bn ^ lanJ at £ 3 17 a . lOtfd . pi . rounce , frutii . tlie . hitw& ' ot nine o ' clock in the moraiag to thi'ee in the aftcinoon , until further notice . "
Light Sovereigns—It . is almo ; t impossible . -to deseriba the 'ihcbnvcnicncs ; annojiince , and confusion created throughout the motropoiis by tbe publication of He ? Majesty ' s proclamation relative to the present gold currency ' . Tiiwe have been felt more or U-m every day since that document was pubJisfccl ; bat on Saturday last they wera at their height . It is bard ' iy necessary to observe that most of the working classes in London are paid on Saturdays ; too many of them not . till a very late fiour . Upon these classes the rumours which had been in circulation for tue two or three days previously had no practical effect until they came into the markets on Saturday to purchase ti-eir nectssaries for the coming week . They then fouuvl to their surprise aud annoyance that most of the ' shops' refused to take
any gold whatever , aud others would only change a sovereign- upon a deduction of a shilling " of' axptnee , whether the coin was heavy or light . Y \' e aliudo particularly to tha populous districts of- . Lambeth ,-the London , Borough , and Kent roads , and down to Bermondsey . ' A report was circulated , and obtained very extensive c ? etlenc 3 , that tbe Queen had called in ulLthe old sovereigns at 19 s , and that after ns-sn m « ntb : they would not bd rtc-rived for more than 15 i . This tended greatly to In Tease the prcs .-ure oa the working cesses , and sovereigns were readily parted with , in Kiany instance ' s , for 189 . How far the evil here noticed was occasioned by the some'vbat ambiguous reading of tha
proclamation it . is nut necessary to inquire , but certain it is , that most ' extravagant notion ' s -were . circulated and bblioved as to the actual loss th » t vrimld accrue on a sovereign which had been rtjected as 3 ; glit . Tbis was vjiritd ifrom sixnsneo to live shilltega , and will sufficiently accouct for the panic which prevailed geiisrall ? amongst the paoi-er hc ' tlers of gold coin . It i 3 probable liowever ,- that the worst is now past , and that before tha ' lJC-x't- n : arfcet . day the great- " niass Qf the working classes' will hav « a more correct ootinn ' of what the proclamation is Intended to convey ; if not , stime uieana will probably be devised for preventing a rspetitien o ! the ' -presBure ' of last Saturday .- —Times .
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LORD ASHLEY'S BILL . ' A nsw meisurehaa been introduoefi to , tha Commona this wetk > : with every prospect : of biinjj cMricA by acoJamation— q bill : to prevent ? the t-yiia ; rei 3 enUy ,. dajcio ^ d in the uitiies " and edllieries . TJiis Is a strikisg instance' cf thq . .-practical advantages of : iiiquiry ; * and ¦ tUo'la ^ d Govc-rnuieui , much ; as it waa twitted With it 3 a-jraudsdoBS , iis entitled to some -fiiiai'e cf . sp ^ robatioa ¦ fjr .-ths freedom ' anil readiness with wiiicii i . i inquired into anyUiirg and everything ' . -Ssiiue ilnii } ' zgvihiire was an invest : t ; atioa inso .. the ' . emplovnisat of the children in . f . ictorits ; and it 'was riiseov-jred tLr . t niisnianagement and mercenary ; brutality hud ' gr . KUuiSy biiiit up a system -wiiicli waa ¦ . 'cistoirMnj * a ^ cl cr ipp'irg , ta& rising . ' t' ^ eration-of- ourfiiost iinporunt districts . ¦
A law t ? a 3 passed to prtyentthe . coi : tlr . tiince-of th : it ev ! L It was t 2 ien rJlened that tho cuntiitit / n of children in other emplojiuente W 33 even ' -rone ; and the iSertions of ' L » i * d Ashley procured t'js sppciiitnient of Iho Children's ' . ' "Employmerit Coremusiouere . They have examined into tho state of yci :: ig . p « . rsvns in or . a branch of industry , mines' acd oolite . 'ies ; and ia the ccursa of their inquiry they have disclosed more than the sufferings of th'i ciiildro-a alono , fr ; r they found the case cf the women in many places no . legs pHiable . The frequent coinoidonco of gver . b iurtividutl wealth with jmtional distress has been rtniar&ts'U H 3 one of the characteristics of England : the Report cf ttis Cominisaioners . exposes , in conjunction with tlw oishost
civii'Zvtion in the world , -whole st-Cviutw of the peop ; e fcunk in ihe lowest birb ^ i ism . In some lUstricta infanta 'aro condemned by tbeii" -j- 'sirents to perpetual iaboar , at a work—ta tail it bejon -. l their slreDgth in saying nothing , for it ' . dooius thvui to premature adolescence , < liaeaso , tad misery ; i % is so conducted that tLe infant is carfit-tl alr . iost from the cradle to . that mcval degradation aa-i piiysical Buffering iu which he is to pL-ri . ^ h ; and it ia ptrtormed in places so st ait and noisouic-, antj- so jn-nloan , that tia very bsii'i ; in thtm is a iiita i't-. m which bruies would be ehieirteri . Famiiiariiy wih tiang >' and misery , andsc-tiu-sion from uicrai or civil control , fi .-iter i : s tha . grown Jnea f&tilpgs cf fcr .- . 'oit ;/ und reelskesneis , cf ' -wiiicli tha defth ' coR'Ss ehili ; ren tud wp-mtn- cro the
victims . ; ' and : 'tho nuter are arivt-n jroin-iiit .-ir o . » -c dutiea to bear ic toierj . lio lcaci « J .. . T ; e zhiid of the moAt refined civilisatioM has rolitf 1 - i" bis curriages , ptrehance reading to btguila tho wayi cf dih ' . aht , isp-as-ahti ^ ayas . o ractts , over ' thorn murky labyrinth * whero the Kr ' tJtli trpalo ( lytts--if t } : a " -tir .= t :-eiith c . r : ; tiuy lead a / iiio-degrad ' " r > 7 the traits o ; sayaes > oc : t-ty , ji . elu : ! iu ^ th a worst-of : . all , ika sutjscti . cn of tb ; vf ..- ! v , ; ile SfX-tO the condition of a-beast of l-uw ! en , Wo ' - . l ; n . » w all that ia emiurevl by the Inciar . tqa-iW ; ai .-y chiUi oiuid tell yiu' that t . h « -wouibn-of Puiynesia -j ^ f . ; i ; i v-o c ' .: U ; lgery of hfo ; tut it coined uvon most of us with the of
tfftet cf -painful surp . i&e , ihat a vh : ;? e c ^ ns the country wo : nen of Q n-nn Victo ; i ; t um ' tigu a in-. : c horrible and degraded i " a » .-tlrin ' any which Sivasia . life entails upon tbe Et-x . Ex : st-ecc iii twi ^ < f ta- nines appeals to clijjt-r fro > i > . that cf ' sava >;^» cliifflv 1 :, iiit it is buric-ii from the sun t-rj air , aii-i ti ;< i '» th't . toil i . tver ends . Here : s a fio-d for the tx . r-y . sa < tho ? uperafcumiant--cori ? oi ? . ' . e ¦ philanthropy of " Gu-. A' B'itiic ! Souifcties'fi ?* ths tmaiicipatioji—ay , evtu of . B acksneed-not se 5 k far .. objects cf tyusp-iti . v i :: d | stant . qi' . arr tors , df the-globe : they have them ttrf , uivtler -. sa . tir vtry'feiit . ' ' ' ¦ "' . - ¦ . - .. - . ... ' : ' . ¦ ¦ ..... ; .:
To know these things , and not t * li ! i : i a Ci-insre at oac « , Were scaice . y possible ; urd Lril A ^ Lie >' s bill wiil instantly e-xtin ., ui ») i the mest hl . ^ 'otis . e-en ' s It will totally--. prohibi ; - the-esripioj-iiif-i . t of ieinutts -u the mines and collieries ; . boys w ' , * t tiint ' i , n-years -. f . ' nja wiU . b ' e f-X'J \ U ' fert ; taa cahctll > i ( g > -f tx ! o ' . i :. ' g ai'f . rcsticcEhip-i : H 3 tritu ? es , and -tbe'fotbii !< : iii : sr , < t » s . ji >' i ::: ft :-ppr .. 'nticeship for tha future , xri .- ! t : i !> : i : roi }> nt' : fi c :. jm of white- slaves ; and . ch ' . Kiren v . 'ill iio ic-nitr bu'if . uu :: ltd with the duties of "ecginetr . '—a pniit ' ca ¦ wi-cii . produces Bomo rf the . most fthujG-SciU iiisi ; -tvss . srirt retk-Ie * 8 ncfi 3 of . t 22 e present ey&ienu To this me . iiur . ! little obj ' -otion is bint'ci . Som « hin ;< :-is saut- a' -i-u-: the limitation of age for boys ; for io is-s , u-p | jcsed td ' ai they canKot-after ; -twelve yor . ts of hko coiitr ; H . i " the ^ . t-cuiiar beml of the bask" % Th : c ' a ' .. ¦ fctfiw a , ' wi . Ji-r —« i : j . * n niKii ,
it nii ft ht te said ; do r . p * . crjw-lo so urS'nVj' ed klmts The instant witharawal of all feiiiak' ia . oar c ! u « m not appear tb cause any ap . p cbension uxt cc-ti . ; : nii ; i : g : «'; unds . Counting on tbo cccurr-uce of -iheir M- | j , )! ys 3 iie | ' « -i lients the men lead a very irrVgular iifo . : ; :. u . raatji 5 ti ' -sof debauchery with fiia of iadustr >•' : < i . i * nve thtiu ef the aid woJ'ch ; ttey . '¦" -. rsttw &xset fro : n tl-c-fstbis ,, find ' - . they raust divide aincn § s- . t . theaiieires' \ i ' ;^ iv . qrk ' which -will hot be altogfethbr suposst-cbd- ty :.. '; u ; . j . ' ? s > yemtnt 3 in the mines ; cad it seerna tc have been SV-inO , in " practical experimenta , that the fauriliea are no poorer , and of course incalculably happier , whtra th& woaiea arcs - exoluded froni . the mSnta and left to their domestic dutiea above ground . It is very seldom that a measure receivsa such apj : roval from , all , Bed ions of OppcsU tijnists -and .-. MinisturiaHsJs as Lord Ashley-s bill
—% eotei > r . -::- : ;;; .: -. , .,,, \ . : - . - .: . ;'• - ¦'; '; - . ';¦ . : - ' .- " - ' . Iiisi ' .- ' --wEtic » . . ' in Wurwickiiiuc , a- .. ' . ¦ . youv ?; - ' inan u&med : Mills ( s"ho . \ $ - » s c n / jaged aa uridtrk-. C'r J " Wrigbt ' Sr-wild . bsaS ' D . VsbQw-,. in ' r : S -bis dcaii m the foUowinK ; shockii .- " niayiafer : — He , with :- "fh& head- - kccpei-, wjsRt ^ fiio tl }« apniof thelic ; : e ? 3 f 6 y tj ^ iz-irppsq cf ckat » iDft . < jri-epa 4 ru > gii , Vi'lic-ii : tb . cs ' a \ ipe 3 : ix ; T i-aving cocasiffiitit if&jc&Aifim fe a ebcrt t : u : ? , Mii ^ swaa left * lotfo with iho > .: ii 3 iaV which Ft'r 33 : i _« . wi : oi hisa ¦ SH ( i laoeiaied . liiza ia tho . moot trca-i ' u ] " Kaiincr : Aftct : 4 iiistT ^^^ - / i Tcat- ' - ? n ^ y ; - l V- - ; 0 'e . ' ; v ^ ;' ' ^ ay ^ eatit ipiiilns jed-hii sufieriM ? * —NvrmcJi Mercury ,
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THE GOLD COINAGE . BY THE QUEEN—A PROCLAMATION . Victoria It . —Whereas it baa been represented unto us that great quantities of tho gold coin of this realm deficient in "weight are ricrir in circulation , contrary to tii < 3 tsuur of two Prgcianlationa iskued ^ one fey his late Boy . al Highness George Prirce Kegent , in tLe Earn *; and on behnlf of his late Mnjfity Klncj Guorge the Third , bearing date the 1 st of July , 1817 , and the other issued by his late Majesty K ^ ng George tho Pourtb , bc-aririg date the sixth of February , one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one ; and there being reason to believe that due attention is not paid to the weighing of the said gold coin , and the directions given in tk > i Acts of Parliament now in force ; -with reapact to tbe
cutting . breaking , cr defacing such pieces thereof sis are found t 9 bo of itsS weight than those declaied by tha last of the aforesaid Proclamations to be current , and to pa-s and be received in payment ; we do by this our Royal . Proclamation doclare and coiuinapd' that from ana after the date hereof every gold sovereign of k « M weight than five penny weightstwo grains and a half , and every gold half sovereign of less weight than two penny-weigbts thirteen grains and one' eighth , be riot allowed to be current or pass in any payment whatsoever ; and we do hereby strictly require arid comnuind all our loving subjecta , and particularly allthe . officers ; collectors , and receivers of bur revenues , strictly to conform to the orders hereby given , and to the
directions and regulations enacted and established in the several Acts of Parliament now iaforce witbrespec : to the cutting , breaking , and dtfasuig wich pieces of the said gold coin as shall be found deficient in weight : and we do hereby further ordain , declare , and coromaJiU that the said gold sovereigns and half sovereigns of the weights last above descxibeti shall pass and be received as current and lawful moiioy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain aud Ireland , every iu « h sovereiga as cf the value of twe . ty shilliiigs , and every such half sovereign as of the value cf tea ehiliiBgs , in all paynients / whatsoever . :., „ V' . Giv « n at our Court at Buckiafeham Pala . ce , this th ' .: A day of Jane , in the ye ^ r vf . ou ? Lor d , one thousand eiglit bundveu aud foitj-two , in the fifth jsm of
ourrugE . COD SAVE THE QUEEN . Oa the arovc prrtlan atioi , Ibe Chronicle obfl € rvcs—The opcTftUcn tf thisTnvy Cpiinc'liaw wUl . be attis ' fled
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_ _ THE NO RTHERIMTAR , f
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 18, 1842, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct603/page/7/
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