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* 2E PRODUCERS OF WEALTH, AND f J^TflOSB WHO ' LIVE BY INDUSTRY
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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. jj ^^ IsadressyBaupen Mj subject of great T : ^^ i ; OT one upon wMcn from novelty you •^ "J ^ c ^ ly sup posed to bo © ntill-infonned , ^ ita it-rig * * P ° ™<^ o ** ® 0 * * ° sbowtnat ^ ^ jj ^ e up my sabjod for a mere dap-trap ^ L- JUfl OT g * ^ question of the Land is pew ^^ 3 UTi 6 t iww to as S norliave l nsed it for any ^ S % bto ^ I w « te P « a S" iweniy years ago .
t £ T « j 11 ib BeftoB era is toe Jiew era , ana as an tune ^ L aeat is by-son * let me TOty-briefly Tenuafl - ^^ -fl » -I ** l ia ^ e takei hoh » flien npon tine ^ u&jn ** 1833 *^ Si » * Toted in ^ minorily . j ^ -parliamentary en quiry into the -Agricultural ^ . rf ' jhia country . The Whigs then opposed it , iTl jjjsj are bawling <» Hta itjas usual , always" a r jfler thefeir . * . I haveino substantive act oFrny = S to referyoa *> dnrmgflie two first years of my jjgajaentsry career , exoept my repeated endea' -g&to force & good system of Irish Poor Laws J ^ Uie EngBsh Parliament j and which , had not i . tfConndl and his party wilfully opposed me , frKaati oiase npon the principle of
labonr-pre-In 18 S 5 , when I discoYered thatihe question of a n ^ pai of tiae Union was to be kept np for the mere TflrnoseB—firstly , of satisfying the Irish with " the ^^ fts tTras done for them , and reconciling & ^ jo the mnch eva that was done to them j and , !! gaB 31 j , as a means of ready access io their a Aetej I then turned my attention to questions of l ^ uTaaaj m 1835 , I gave notice of a motion to ftgfiitm&j effect : " To compel landlords to jpte ia staornTent
j - ^ -perpetai ^ ^ j and in all cases -i ^ e todswere held npon lease at * rackrent / to j ^ g Qjs Mr value by a jury lii Eke manner ss the 1 of private property is now assessed , vhen «<^ 1 toT ^ G purposes . * Tbo ^ aine ere ? 4 n « * ^ Ats notice * f a motion to remo ve all Parsons ^ L ^ ,-iaw » m : rf S » ?«**» HoweTj ? V 1 w jgerted -&wn the Boose l > efoTe my time for XBTUss iil srrrred ; and , instead of laving the ^ pportoiftj of making my motions , I was moved
jj ^ jgSS , ! wrote several letters in the True Sun ^ g ^ jaier . mder the name of Qnintus Cincinatus , mob flie inject of the Land , and also under my own 5 ^ 5 spwiffie subject of Poor Laws . Is 383 J , I estshliEhed the Northern Star , and jfljBflaVperM to the present I have been endeajjainjj io prepare the public mind for this measure ttidDim and regeneranon . In 1839 , 1 addressed a series of letters to the BJdSs classes of Yorkshire , in the character of ean-Saate for their Suffrages , upon the Landed
queslalMO I wroU myletters to the Irish landlords , fiidnj reply to Baptist Xod ' s foolish pamphlet , together withmany other tracts npon the Land , from York Castle . In 18411 wrole-whal I thought the most Taluable series spon the prindpU ^ for Cleave ' s Halfpenny Chartist GraHar . In 28 * 2 , 1 ledured and wrote continually npon fte abject j and in 1 * 43 , 1 consider it ripe for lghition .
Bejond these passporte-. to jour cam thoughiful j ^ s -npon my own behalf , I must farther remind jraftsi npon ike introduction of the New Tariff by Si EcbertPeel , 3 was the first man in the empire io measnre the real Talus and to seize npon the impcran ; features of that . giant . I told Sir Robert Jed , ia my first letter upon the snbjeet , that the iffitt sRxation which he would be called npon to Z ^ ma ltl' beiht opposition of ihosewho " WMstled d tht Fkvs fc" I think subsequent events hare prod tint I was right j as the Chartist trials have JsMii persuading the' landed proprietors that sreffij for two-thirds of their property would be diapjj purchased at the expense of one third , by imd pev « at home" was to be purchased .
Usssg the approaching recess you will see such B Tjfojvrc ' j saci a eombinaiion , and sach a conjpirt ^ j formed against Sir Bobert Peel , as no IGsEferintinscountry . everyethadtofece . When fiafniff measure iras first introduced , I told you fioi-ii . ironld haTe the . efCs « ^> f ledndng the lent &iafljTsp&eially in Ireland , some thirty per cent . * Hagriienpiu unmet , " It is written ; and in the -fi » 2 is published ; and I am borne out by the iobIb in Ireland ! At the same time I told- yon 2 aJ tie Tariff -ironld be an incalculable benefit to
asffiddle c&ss , and would , fire times over , compen-Bii for asy amount of income-tax laid npon them ; Ed I fnrihei told you . that Machinery -would fepnre yon of any , ihe slightest , benefit in the Msaie . iastly , I showed that it wqnld be of m sdraniage to the surplus paupers ; and , secondly , " > iffl in iroriinj ; order , the rednoed price of food rood ie made flie standard price of -wages . "ffeD , when I first propounded these things , I was 3 » shed at . * Poh ! what is land here worth . " "^ Jffl woul d he bo thered elod-lwpping , npon the ftsrae&SBeeof making STe per cent for capital , when
aa laadred per cent can be made of xabocs V ""Wik do we care abont fixity of tenure P and so feb . 'Thi 3 wa 3 fte way in which I was met , ^ aase fiie question had always been mooted with IBeiEaeeto . capital and machinery , but never met JG& reference to iiBors . I And to speak to men ** 6 & $ rmAig food , when they conld get money for 8 ssr labour to buy feod , was rt throwing pearls teahswine . " But now see the result ! The system siiklaa iiade a drug of produce while the profearsirenaied , has actually made atlrug oTmoney * & « the people " and the Governmtnt are bankrupt ^ a « 3 jffiiig l > e more true than that at the present ^ saaa the Govcrninsnl of this country is put to its
wenfl to keep "Thb Thisg" afloat i while a a ^ emajsntj of the producing class are put to their WfowLio keep life in their bodies 1 i And does » ot fito &cj rore aaj jj , e Government is , after * 3 j ^ da tool of the middle or moiiied classes , *> they have contrived to swallow up ae whole riches of the conntry 1 Bj bonds , loans Jaaaortgages , they have become the real owners b a hrge portion of ibe landed property ; while , as eajaialistB , they haTe ^^ uncontrolled power over |^» a of the country . Inasmuch , then , as all *«¦» "wealth has yprang from labour , and from «« ni . on ] y ; and inasmnch as those who realise it feifinn are starnng , I ihink few will deny that ae-ffxnt of * Protection for iabonr * is the cause of the gri
^^ J of evances -HFith which society is aflicted . 5 o reaed j these grievances , then , is no easy " « , out is 0 Ee tfiidb , if vigoronsly set about , ** J be very speedily accomplished ; and , as my «*« in&e good -work , I now propose to submit to J ^ iTconsideration—what jon are , and what yon ** $ « to be , and might be . ¦ ion aie , in a word , a poor , beggarly , Iou 3 y set « tenk i TRthout house or home , or bread , or ^ es , orfael ; begging the means of subsisteneej "tifcinkfel toiimTTho toU coin your sweat into S 7 - Thafg jost wjj at J ( ra sre . crawling ^ cq . *****' a nitiDn of servile mendicants ! !
-j ^ m aik -Rrhat Joa j ^ t j , e 1 j ^ wfla t yon ^ atde others : comfortable , independent , and ^^ jittaDMiigno man for themeanB of subsistence " ^ i in your own castles from which no foe would jJH * eject you , and in which no tyrant would ^ teinTade you ] Ton are now su / plus lumber " *** $ * & * i xxiik what I propose to make you . I ^ at to year mental view a district comprising
w acres of Land to show what it is capable , of to . ^ - ' *? KBieiaber . thatwhat can be done with ^ flistnct of 1100 acres may be done with almost Jg * ^ HOO aeres , because it is labour , and labour *® e , wluch giTea Talus to land . Labour reduces toJ **®^ ^ 7 to a mould congenial to the most J ^ aotfiouse plant , while it gives substance and . ** 9 lH ; to . & » raj lightest sofl . =. ; Oa « fiaasaud acres of && 1100 . then . I nwmasa to
SSKV ^ A - ^ reat in portionB Of fonr aer es * ach , to ' ^ J ^ m of fiauTies . The remaining 100 acres I ^^^^ 0 assign as ground in common for district ^^ to he cultiTated as folbws , and for the CS ^ -aenHoned pur poses , ¦ tfn f flCC ° piait of fonr acres shoald be bound to ^_ WBr days m-each quarter , or sixteen days in ^ . Jearvof free 3 atfiQTj Bpon ^ g 100 acres * tii W Mtd W" ^ to ? four , thousand days ^ Poa ninet y acres of ground ; ten acres
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in the centre being allotted for play and exercise ground , and pasture : the only ten acres of pasture in the whole 1100 ; as , after all , grass is but the best a weed , and a raw material . TnepubnobuildingBnecessaryforthedistriotwonld consist of a square of farming oSoes , school , and library houses , hospital , and surgery . The inhabitants , besides the cultivators of the soil , would consist of . about ten thopkeepers , ninety tradesmen , surgeon , and his assistant , schoolmasters and mistresses , steward , or manager of the one
hundred acres of ground , and gardener . Allowing five persons to each family , and the number of families to-be 360 ; that is , 250 four-acre farmers , 100 shopkeepers and tradesmen , and ten of all other callings j the whole popalation weald ihen consist . of 1 , 800 personB , or 360 heads of families ; and I estimate thai of that number 500 children would go to school ^ and the boys , say 240 , or one half , would do a portion of work npon the 100 acres , while thfr girls would leant needle-work , and assist in all domestic and culinary avocations .
The boys , such as are able , should go to work on the common ground at six o ' olock from the first of Maxtib , UH the first of October . They should work at weeding , gardening , gathering manure , picking stones and digging , from six to eight ; breakfast at eight , play till nine , go to school at nine , be tanght till twelve , work from twelve to three , then dine , aad go home at four . All should breakfast and dine , that is , all the children , and masters and mistresses , in the school rooms , and should be / edoff the produce of their parents' and their own labour upon the common ground . ,
A committee of seven perrons should be elected by the suffrages of the inhabitants to manage all the genera ] concerns , such as the schools , the library , and the dietary ; they should also give directions to the steward and gardeners , and apportion the monies derived by the sale of surplus produce , after consumption a&d payment of salaries , from the 100 acres , share and share alike , amoDg the 2 * 0 personB by whose labourit wa 3 iaised .
That sickness should not fall heavily npon any one individual , the hospital and dispensary should be Bupportedby general contribution . There should be nothing in common , save and except the publio institutions , and the one hundred acres of land . Every man should be master of Mb own house , Ms own time , and his own earnings , and each should be a cog in the great wheel . - It is my intention hereafter to enter folly into the amount of produce which the 100 acres would yield , and to show the surplns it would leave for
distribution after consumption sad payment of schoolmasters and mistresses , steward and gardener ; and to those -who cannot wait patiently for the whole series of letters , and who may be sceptical upon the subject , I have only to remind them that npon such 100 acres of land there would be expended annually a day ' s labour of 4 , 000 adults ; and for eight months in the year five hours a day of the labour of 250 youths , or about 48 , 000 days' labour in each year ; and that that amount of labour would make every acre of land worth £ b 0 , and
more . As no -human law can be perfect , it would be necessary to annex some stringent conditions for the -well-being of the rural population . Those which I would propose would be as follows : —That all Brewers , Bankers , Attorneys , and Barristers , be excluded from residence ; and that no person be allowed to keep a horse for work . He might keep as many as he pleased for pleasure . No horse labour would be required for any purpose , but to lead manure , draw home the harvest , and take the
produce to market ; and those might be hired from persons who would very soon discover the amount of hone labour required for a district , and who would , no donbt , regulate the supply and the demand ; but I never yet knew of a farmer who did not keep double the Munber of horses necessary for his work . Of course if the plan became national and very extensive , then horso labour , which otherwise might be supplied from without , would be taken into consideration , and made a necessary part of the whole .
I remember that a sapient Halthusian of the name of Hill , ( not otra Hill , ) once denoanced my plan by asking what would be done with the rising generation ? I did not then condescend to answer bo foolish a question ; but to save such querists any tronblefor a very long time to come , I beg to submit to their consideration the following arithmetical question : — If 1 W > 0 acres of land will supply 2000 persons with more than enough , " how many persons will 50 , 000 , 000 acres supply ! Answer , 60 , 000 , 000 ; and
when our population amounts to that number , then I will talk to the Malthusiaus , to * the Duke of Argyll and the Prince Edward Farming Association , without land or money . " 1 have only said 30 , 000 000 acres ; because we are too few to talk of waste land yet : and I have only allowed two to each acre , whereas each acre would Eupport four ; or 30 , 000 , 000 acres would support 120 , 000 , 000 of population . But this it certainly will not do , if one Shepherd eats up the prodace of a parish , or if one Capitalist eata up the profit of a whole village .
Those who cannot otherwise combat my plan , cry " Barbarism / " But if to make drunkenness a sin , ignorance a crime , theft a wonder , and falsehood a disgrace , be " barbarism" then am I a u barbarian" * and that the Lord may barbarwe " the world , is my devont prayer !! If there was » cotton mill upon the precincts of such a district as I have described , I Ebould ^ be glad to know how many English mothers would abandon their " sweet homes" to work for Mammon , and how many fathers would allow their little children to work in the pest house !
Of course I have not said one word about Poos Laws , as none would be needed ; or about Gaols , as they would be useless ; or about Police , as all would be constables ; or about Parsons , as each , according to bis belief , would have full power to go and worsMp at the altar of which he most approved j but would have too much sense to make Ms creed the subject of strife or contention at home . I may here briefly refer to a portion of one of my former letters upon the Land . I expressed my great astonishment at the manner in which coaDtry gentlemen with small comfortable fortunes , and not being
aspirants for office , conld bo far stnltify themselves as to join the great Lord or wealthy 'Squire in the neighbourhood , in promoting their individual aggrandisement . I showed that Euch foDy wholly arose from the social dependency of the little 'Squire and little Gentleman upon the smiles and countenance of the great 'Squires and great Gentlemen . I Can very well account for Earl Fitiwilliam ( a "Whig ) upon the one hand , and Lord Whaxncliffe ( a Tory ) upon the other hand , respectively sacrificing a large , amount of landed income for a larger amount of political income ; but why the little Gentlemen should allow themselves to be so galled for a jjI&sb" of wine , a nod , a bow , or a smile , has always astonished me . But to prove that
polities , more than justice , influences great personages , I must mention what I find stated in a morning paper now before me , that the Whig Earl Fitzwilliem , desponding of Whig Resurrection , and chagrined at the defeat of his son at the last election for the West Biding , has raised his rente twenty per cent . ; and has also raised his cottage rents from 6 d \ io Is . 6 d . a-week , while lie has taken a shilling a-week from the wages ef his labourers . The Earl has said that the Lord has said , that " the poor must ever abide in the land . " The landlord is a prophet with the power of fulfilling the prediction ! Of course , I make no comment upon this , farther than to say that my plan is the only means by which such acts can te prevented in future .
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The great opposition < whieb ; will hereafter " presenlJ itself to the Minister will be the combination of ttf the lesser squires and gentleman who , while aatfe f fied with political protection , allowed the thing to wag on , making no more than a decent ehow of politics upon all fitting oocasiona ; but now no pwe * can separate political from social consideration ^ For this desirable change we have to thank that portion . of the Tariff which admits live stock ; and cured mW , and foreign fruits and provisions , at a very low tate of dnty ; and which , at tke same time , takes the . whole dnty off foreign hides , taUow , hooffl i horns , tails , and bones j because a live beast bringd all those things in Mm , on him , or about him . ¦ : ¦
You are now wise enough to have discovered that society is very curiously and precariously constituted , and that the old maohinory of Government cannot hold place with the new inventions of the mind , any more than the owner of an old mill with old machinery can compete with the owner of- tt hew mill ; Mth new machinery . Those who flourish now do n < M owe their greatness to their wisdom , their jnswte , or their goodness . ; They owe itor rather
, hitherto they have owed it , to your ignoranoe . The knaves and the artful of society ever live and thrive upon the follies and the ignoranoe of the fools of society . Thus you will find the press seizing «^ erjmelo-drsmatio abomination , and placarding firib the contents of their own immorality , in the hop * of gratifying the depraved taste of their readers . This is very deplorable : but I feel convinced that an announcement' that the Northern Star would
contain an acoouni of a brutal rape , a shocking murder , or a destructive fire , woald insure a much larger sale than an announcement , that it would contain a letter upon the Land and Social Economy . However , I write to improve . Many write' to debase , and to make money of the depraved taste thai they have created . No portion of the press will criticise my letters upon the Land ; and for this simple reason : its condnotors know no more of the subject , nor half so much , as the poorest operative who reads my letters . They will harp upon religious prejudices as soon as my project becomes alarming to misrule Indeed , already the heralds of bigotry have begun
to bellow out Socialism , " Well , well ; be it so He is but a miserable reptile who cannot bear hard names , in the furtherance of a holy project . But again I tell you that my plan has as much to do with Socialism as it has with the Comet ; and as the Irishman said in reply to his landlady , upon being asked what she should call him : " Be gar , " said he , " you may call me vat yon plaise , if yoa call me to my dinners . " Now , so I say 1 . * " Be gar , " they may call me vat they plaise , if they call you to your dinners . " I can only tell you , that when we get hold of the first 1100 acres of land , I shall be the happiest man in this world ; and will seek to lay it out more profitably and more speedily than any other man , and with less expense .
F erhaps I have left a gap in the former part of my letter wMcb should be filled np . I have not assigned any duties to the children fr * m the 1 st of October te the 1 st of March . Of course , although they would not work in the fields during that time , they would attend the schools and lectures at reasonable hours . I should also state that the dressing of flax , and spinning , and knitting , and other occupations would be carried on during the winter months ; and that lecturers would be employed to lecture upon scientific subjects—so that the young " barbarians" may differ as much as possible from the present race of the ignorant civilised classes .
The one hundred acres of free ground with thi 3 village community of shop-keepers , trades ' -people , and assistants , would stand in the centre , and thus shorten the distance to that point from the extremities of the district . As to horse-power , and transportation of surplus paupers , I have merely to add , that it would be much more politic , humane , and economical , to send all the fat horses abroad , or cut their throats at home , than to send the poor from our shores ; as I believe upon calculation it would be found that there is more produce consumed by horses and gindrinkers , than by the whole population of the country .
I wonder when the pious parsons , and humane Anti-Corn-Law League , will advocate my simple plan of providing " hich Wages , cheap breab , and rLENir to i > o , " for those whose present condition so mortifies their tender bowels !! I am , Your faithful Servant , Feae « us O'Connor .
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LONDON . —A meeting of the General Council , resident in London , was held on Sunday afternoon at the Political and Scientific Institution , Turnagaln-lane , to discuss the plan of organisation as laid down by Mr . O'Connsr . Mr . Robson having been called to the chair , read over the names of the various localities , when it was found that upwards of eighty councillors were present fiom twenty different localities , Mr . Salmon was elected secretary . The Chairman having read Mi . O'Connor's p . an , Mi . Wheeler moved and Mr . Morton seconded , " that it be discussed clause by clause . " Mr . Brown moved " that the meetiDg adjourn until the following Sunday , to allow of time for
considering the various plans . " After considerable discussion the motion to proceed with the diacnasiOD was carried by a large majority . The first clause regarding the taking of s commodious hall was approved of , but the discussion of it was deferred until the other clauses were disposed of . Mr . Brown moved and Mr Fuasell seconded the adoption of the clause appointing an Executive of five , ana a council of thirteen . Mr . Paxier proposed as an amendment '' that the thirteen should be resident in London , but elected by the votes of the whole members of the National Charter Association . " Mr . Brown , of Bloomsbury , seconded the amendment , whicn was supported by Messrs . Pickersgill , Wheeler , and others . Mr . Goodwin moved and Mr . Packer
seconded , " that the thirteen cpuncillers be dispensed with . " Mr . Parker ' s amendment was carried by a large majority , aud the clause as amended was agreed to . The second clause ¦ was altered to read as follows : — ' That the General Secretary shall have a permanent office , which shall also be the office of the Executive when they meet" The third clause was agreed to with the addition of the worda , " ¦ . and of tener if necessary . " An amendment was moved for seven to constitute a quorum , which was lost Mr . Morton moved , and Mi . Fubs « 11 seconded , " That a committee be appointed to report on the whole of the plans on the ensuing Sunday . " Motion lost . The Council then adjourned until the ensuing Sunday at three o ' clock . All the speakers dwelt upon the necessity of immediate . steps being , taken to perfect and bring into operation some system of organisation .
The Lambeth ; Young Men met on Sunday evening last , when , according to announcemant , Mr . C . Balwell ; of Batb , attended and delivered an eloquent and instructive lecture , in -which he clearly proved the superiority of the present agitation over all psst agitations , by its being purely a struggle of labour ' s lights against the encroachments of the capitalist , as well &b to -secure to the working man ; through the people ' s Charter , that protection which the present unjust Bystem of class legislation denies him , caused by the past apathy and blindness of the great mass of the people to their political rights . Thanks were unanimously given to the lecturer for his address , when he kindly offered to deliver a lecture on the fifth Sunday evening from the present , to young men , shewing the necessity and in fact the duty of their taking part in the present onward march for freedom .
Tbb Wsnbbax Cocscn . of Surrey met as usual on Sunday night . Reports -were received tbftt tne Council had been well received at the various localities to discusj the subject of the land ; sad all seemed to concur in urging our tried friend , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., to follow up the plan he has B * ggested for its attainment—and , more particularly , at a powerful anriUaiy . totiiBlBBmediate , if possible , re-organiaitlon of our body . In conwquenco of the diatanoe feeing great for many of the Conncll toattend at the Rotunda , it was . agreed to obviate it by meeting , until farther arrangements are made , at 1 , China Walk . Mr . O'Connor ' s plaa of organisation was gone into , » ud la to be again brought on on Sunday next . It is hoped the importance of the Bubject i » such as to require no further appeal for as numerous attendance aa possible on Sunday next
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METROPOLITAN DeLegale Meeting . —Ttaia body after transacting smub minor business , adjourned to Cooperate with the General Council ; Is . 6 d . was received from G ' . oba Fields , and Is . 6 d . from Baroabory Park . 7 1 , Tursagain-Lane}—Mr . Cameron lectured at the Political and Scientific institution , on Sunday evening , on " the Duties of Chartism , " and was highly applauded . Means . Mee , Cowan , Rathbone , and Miss Walker , alto addressed the audience , and { discussion was kept up with great spirit until a late'how ,- MESSRS . WHEELER and' BEWnLi . during the past : week visited Colchester , Ipswich , and other Chartist localities in Eiee * and Suffolk , distributing tracts , holding meetings , to . The want of an efficient organization Is greatly felt and complained of in this district . I ;
SiiK WBAVEBS XoCALiTT .--The members of this Locality met at the Weavers' Arms , Pelham-street , on Sunday , Mr . T . Buok , jun ., in the chair . The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed . Mr . D . Cardon was elected Sub Treasurer , prt tern , instead of Mr . Cany who has resigned . Mr . . Cardon moved " That we have another excursion to Watford on the third Monday in July ; " which was seconded by Mr . Hart and carried unanimously . Mr . Buck , sen , moved " That we have a Watford Club at this house every Saturday evening , at eight o'clock , Tickets may be paid for by persona paying threepence per week into the dub . " Carried unanimously . Resolved , " That we n . eetat , this bouse every Sunday evening , at seven o ' clock , 4 o transact the business of this Locality . " ty
The ^ qndon Locali Sunday , Hall of Science , Blackfiriars Ro&d ; Mr . Lockett in the chair Mr . Martin attended , for tbe purpose of lecturing ; but a-motion having been made relative to Mr . O'Connor ' s letters , an excellent discussion ensued . Messrs . Brown , S . Knighton , Andrews , and Carefoot ably showed tbe practicability of carrying it out . Mr . Martin expressed his fear that it would serve i as a detraction from tbe Charter . The resolution was unanimously carried , and the subject will be again commenced by Mr . Brown on Monday , after Mr . Fussell has delivered bis lecture .
Resolved , " That this meeting being of opinion that it is highly necessary that some decided , tangible , and beneficial course should be immediately taken ; and , believing that the means of obtaining a comfortable sustenance for the people lies in the land , hails Mr . O'Connor's two letters with great delight , and pledge ourselves , as soon as he has laid bis whole plan before us , to , collectively and individually , aid him in carrying it out , being of opinion that its adoption will be a powerful auxiliary to the attainment of tbe People ' s Charter . " Twelve subscriptions were paid down as a commencement to its furtherance .
THE MEMBERS of the Walworth locality met at their rooms on Monday evening last , Mr . Puacell in the chair . Tbe minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed , and . other local business was transacted , after which tbe meeting adjourned till Monday evening next , at seven o ' clock precisely . The whole of the members of the Walworth locality are requested to meet on Monday evening next , at seven o ' clock precisely . Clekken well . —A public meeting of the Chartists of Clerkenwell was held on Monday evening , at the Old Blue Lion , IS , Coppice Bow , Mr . M . Weeden in
the chair . The meeting was addressed by Messrs . Balls , Cohen , Waddicgton , and Westny , after which tbe following resolution was agreed to : —" That the whole of the members of this locality be requested to meet on Monday evening next , to take into consideration the best means of arousing tbe inhabitants of this parish to a sense of tbeir duty to themselves and their country ; and also that two persons be appointed to call upon all persons in this district known to be favourable to the principles of tbe Charter , and request tbeir assistance in promoting the prosperity of tne National Charter Association . "
The Chartists of Croydon held their usual weekly meeting on Monday , Mr . Claxton in the chair . The minutes of tbe last meeting having been read and confirmed , the report in the Northern Star , headed Chartism in Essex was read , when Mr . BUcfcaby , in a neat address , eulogised the bold and talented conduct of Messrs . Wheeler and Sewell , in thus bearding tyranny in its deu , and planting the standard of Chartism in the midst of the most intolerant and priest-ridden county in England . After congratulating the good men of Coggersaall , for having so efficient and talented a
a chairman , he concluded by moving the following resolution : — ' < We , the Chartists of Croydon , tender to the Chartists of CoggershaU an unqualified vote of thanks for their late manly and determined conduct in resisting the mandates of the town authorities , and embracing the principles of true democracy contained in the People ' s Charter . " Mr . Hodger responded to , and seconded , the resolution , which was carried unanimously . A vote of thanks waa given to the chairman , and the meeting adjourned to Monday evening
next-Lah ^ sth . —At a meeting of members in this locality it was unanimously agreed , " That any plan to be effectual in bettering the condition of the working class must tend to establish the Charter as the law of the land , We therefore hail with pleasure Mr . O'Connor ' s letters respecting the moans of obtaining the land as the means of obtaining the Charter , and pledge ourselves to take the same into consideration so soon as the whole plan is brought forward , and carry it out to the utmost of our power . " It was announced that the Council residing in Surrey and Kent would meet here next Sunday evening , ; that the distrfot visiting meeting would be held next Monday evening , at the Montpelier Tavern , < Walworth ; aud that a lecture would be delivered here next Tuesday eveuing , by Mr . Mantz .
Martledone . —On Sunday evening last , Mr . F . O'Connor ' s letter * was read from the Star , which elicited an animated discussion . These letters are doing a deal of good to the Chartist cause . The Caxberwell Locality met , as usual , on Monday last , to transact business , when it was proposed , in consequence of the election for general Secretary taking place on Monday next , that our meeting should be adjourned until Tuesday . Tower Hamlets—Chartist Hall—The committee for carrying out the abov « iObjeot , met on Sunday last , April 23 rd , Mr . Plunkett in the chair . Cards for shareholders were ordered to bo printed . A deputation was appointed to wait on the members for the Borough aud other gentlemen , to solicit their aid in carrying out the object in view . The meeting then adjourned until Sunday next , to meet in the Working Mens' Hall , 29 ^ Mile End , and at half-past niuo in the forenoon .
Golden Lion , Dean Stbeet , Soho . —Mr . O'Connor ' s plan of organisation was discusaed by Messrs . Skelton , Grover . and Smith . The plan gave general satisfaction , aud the discussion was { adjourned . The landlord gave two shillings and sixpence for the benefit of the cause . Mr . Skelton will lecture next Sunday evening , at half-past eight o ' clock . HAWICK . —Tbe working men of this place have been furnished with another proof , If proof were wanting , of the sympathy of the League manufacturers for their degraded condition . The firm of Dickson and Laings , after having kept tbeir bands stinted to a mere pittance for a considerable time past , did , on tbe 15 tn inst ., refuse to give out more work , unless at a reduction of 10 per cent , and to induce tbe men to comply with
the offered reduction , they promised to give them fall work . The men refused the work on these terms , and called a meeting of the whole trade in the Town Hall , where it waannnnimonaly resolved to resist tbe reduction , and a deputation was appointed to wait upon one of tbe partners , and lay the whole case before him . The meeting then adjourned till Monday . On Monday , the Town-hall was found too little for tbe meeting , which was adjouned to the open air , when arrangements were made to support the men turned out , and to assist whoever might be inclined to tramp , and Buch & determination shewn , as has induced the company to
abandon the proposed reduction ; but as a punishment for presuming to deftnd tbeir only property—tfaeir laboura great number were turned off next morning and the following days , and their frames are being seat : to the neighbouring towns and villages . On Monday , the 17 th inst , Mr . Dickinson delivered an address in the market-place , to one of the largest meetings that baa been held here for a long : time past SOUTH SHIELDS—A tea ( party was held here on Easter Monday , at which Mr . Beesley was present , and delivered an excellent speech . Several patriotic toasts and sentiments were given and responded to , aud the evening vras spent in tbe most happy manner . >
DUNDEE . —Mr . R . Peddie , of Edinburgh , who endured a long imprisonment and cruel treatmentvisited Dundee on Sunday , on his way to Edinburgh , where he was requested to preach in the Christian Chartist Church . He had not much time to prepare himself , but he consented at once to their wishes , and gave a most excellent and instructive discourse to an attentive audience . : : ; DALSEXTB . — -Txticxs or ( tew * Law I&ctvfitBs . —Mr . Acland , who has been figuring for some time past in different districts in Scotland , daring the last week put oat handbills , stating that ho would deliver two lectures on the Corn Laws , in Mr . Brown ' s church , Dalkeith , oh the evenings of Monday , April 24 tb , and Thursday , the 27 tb . This is the first time we have been troubled with any of the Plague ; and , by tbe Ume Mr . Acland haa finished his two lectures , we fancy be will wish he had not come now ! Well , the first of these lectures came
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off ou Monday night , and at Beven o ' clock , Mr . Aoland ascended the pulpit ; and a } more self-conceited speaker we never saw mount a rostrum . There was a very tbin audience , the great majority being Chartists , who had gone lout of curiosity to hear the big gun . The lecture , full of common plaoo nothings , and appeals to the religions prejudices of the people , went off very quiet and tamely . But , as he had stated in his bills that he woald answer any questions that were put to him , he was asked several by two individuals ofj Dalkeith ; but shuffled by saying he would not answer them till Thursday night , it would interfere with his arrangement , &o . &o . Paring the time one of these persona was enforcing his question , viz ., " What is the best
moans to repeal tbe Corn Lairs ? he was grossly interrupted by the repealers , Aoland , by inuendoes , leading them on ; upon thi 3 , Mr . Wm . Daniells ; of Lass wade , rose and said , Really , gentlemen , I must appeal to your sensa of justice to allow this roan a hearing ; if you love fair play yourselves , I trust you will allow fair play to others . As to Mr . Aoland , I must say that it woald have been more to his honour to have answered the questions in a manly and straight forward manner , instead of equivocating and shielding himself with sophistry . Further , I alto maintain that it would have redounded moat to the credit of Mr . Acland and his masters , the League , if he would act in a becoming manner and keep his temper—( loud cheers ) . Mr . Dickinson , of
Manchester , now rose to question the lecturer ; he would give no answers , but , las usual , shuffled . A short discussion ensued between Messrs . Acland and Dickinson , evidently in favour of tbe latter , during which Dickinson challenged and dared him to discuss the question openly any night daring the week ! But , no , he would not meet him , unless he ( Dickinson , mark , a perfect stranger ) could get a dozen farmers to sign a paper , stating that they appointed him the champion of bread taxing , then he would meet him , not else I This was received with general hisses . Acland then began to congratulate tbe inhabitants , that none of them had questioned him , { though it was notorious that ) two had done so , and he would not answer them ); they were of course satisfied with his statements , when Mr . Daniells again rose and paid , " Not so , Mr . Aoland . I wish , to ask you a fevr questions ; and I am an inhabitant householder in this district : do you
contend that the present depression of trade and low prices of labour , are caused by the operation of the Com Laws ? Acland—Decidedly ! Daniells—Then what comes of the statement of yourself and the League , that you wished the repeal of those laws to enable you to compete with foreign manufacturers , that is , to reduce the wages jof their workmen to the standard of the foreigner 1 Acland , in a rage , declared he would answer no more questions , it was getting late , Jko . He then told Dickinson to come and hear his arguments on ( Thursday ni ^ ht . Dickinson—I have heard your arguments often before , —once too often , unfortunately for myself , at Manchester . Mr . Acland—Perhaps I have got wiser since then ! Mr . Daniells—If you have not got wiser , one thing is certain , you have got a precious deal more self-important since you resided in Hull' Thus ended the n ' rsc League exhibition in Dalkeith . ;
BIBMINGHAM . —Mr . E . P . Mead commenced his summer campaign , on Sunday last , by preaching twioe Within the walls of the new ! Chartist Hall , which is now being erected in shares . Numerous audiences attended his lectures . ; Aston-Stbeet . —Mr . Mead lectnrecl here to a good audience on Sunday eveuing . An out door publio meeting was held at Duddeston-Rovr , on Monday evening last , when Mr . Mead and W . S . Lindon addressed the meeting , which was very well attended . Several fresh members enrolled their names .
MANCHESTER . CAHPENrEH ' siHALL . TWO lectures were delivered in the above hail on Sunday last . In the afternoon , by Mr . Thomas Clark , from Stockport ; and iu tbe evening , by Mr . James Leach , who , in a masterly manner exposed the many fallacies and contradictory statements set forth by the great League authority , Mr . Greig , in his pamphlet on the question of free trade . Mr . Leach proved to the satisfaction of the audience , the superiority of free labour on the land , to the present system ef slavery carried on by the factory system of this country . Mr . Leach then paid , that in all probability that was the last time he would have the opportunity of addressing them , at least for some time , as hei had received a letter from Mr . O'Connor , calling upon them to appear in London . He exhorted them to cherish the spirit of love aud unity wi h each ; other , and not to waste their valuable time in little petty differences , but to unite heart and hand in tbe great work of a nation ' s freedom .
The Chartist Painters held their usual weekly meeting ia their room , Waisou-street , on Wednesday evening last , when Mr . Dixon delivered a lecture , at the conclusion of which several new members were enrolled . BULL . —On Monday evening last , a public meeting was held in the Freemasons * Lodge , to petition Parliament to investi ^ atd tbe late conduct of the police , with a view to bring the guilty parties to justice . The Lodge was crowded to suffocation . Mr . R . Rinder waa calkd to the chair . Mr . Smallwood proposed the first resolution , which asserted the right of the people 'o meet without interruption , censured ffie conduct of the police , and staled the necessity of petitioning Parliament for redress . Mr .
Cohill briefly seconded it . Mr . Robert Lundy proposed the adoption of the petition , and in a lengthened speech , pointed out the conduct of the Whig magistrates when it suited their own purposes , causing obstructions in the Market-place , aad burn ' in > j the effigy of Sir Robert Peel and other peaceable demonstrations . Mr . West seconded ithe petition in a long speech , in which he 6 v « rely castigated the police . He then read the petition , which was carried - with tremendous ch ermg . Mr . Ranibdeu moved , that Mr . Duncomue present the petition , and that Mr . Gisborne , Mr . Ferrand , and the Members of the borough be requested to support it . Mr . Rippon seconded it , aud it was carried unanimously . Mr . West then delivered an address on the remedy for national poverty .
NEWCASTLE- —Mr . Beesley , of Accrington , lectured in the Chartists Hall , Qoat luu , Cloth . Market , on Sunday evening . Air . Kidd being elected to the chair opened the proc « fdints by introducing Mr . Beesley , vpbo rose aDd ahow » - < t from many able arguments , add mnute statistics , the capabilities of tbe land to furnish employment ami unipl'j remuneration for the famishing millions of Britain . Mr . B went 00 to show that a mere agitation for the Chatter without secondary means , would never get it passed into law , whereas , in his opinion , if subscriptions were set ] agoing to procure the location of tbe people ou the soil , it'Would show the practicability of tke objects which the Chartists wanted to be at . and would < m a m ^ nna of procuring many proselytes to the c . iu . io of Chartisin . that
otherwise never would him- aiJj > -red to it , and at tbe same time tbin the population in the manufacturing districts , and thereby give mure permanent employment to such as were U ft . Mr . B . then showed bow many might be comfortably placed on th « land , if one million of individuals were ?<> becrce subscribers of 3 d , per week for the laudable <> t j ct of purchasing the soil for that purpose , and after a'lvtiug the amount that migkt be requisite to build n c ittane , stock a five acre farm , and furnish provision * for the occupants for the first year , concluded by urj- ' r . g nj . on his auditory the propriety of directing tht ^ r » ttmtiou to that subject , as the best means of obtaining tht Charter . The Chairman said If any person had any remarks to make upon the subject of Mr . B . ' s lecture , he would pledge himself
that that person would get a courteous bearing , whethtr for or against the subject , whereupon Mr . jCumbeibeech put some questions to th ¦• iecuit r , respecting the location of the people ou tin ? soil . Mir . B . having answered the questions , Mr . Swallow then rose to show the impracticability of the p < uple in their present oppressed condition to procim the means of purchasing tbe land and contended that we should endeavour to get the Charter at any cest , first , anil the means of locating tbe people on the 1 soil would soon follow , and full protection in tbe enjoyment of it Mr . Beesley having replied to Mr . Swallow , Mr . Sinclair next rose and said , that tbe only objections that he bad to directing the minds of tbe people t « the possession of the soil was , that he was afraid that it would impede the acqvirement of the Charter . The speaker appeared te attach little importance to an
agitation for the Charter , but infinite importance to an sgllatlon for the purpose of locating the people on the land . He , as one , could net consider it consistent in htm , who has of ten repudiated tbe idea * f the Socialists forming a home colonisation in the present unprotected state of society ( without first confessing that the Socialists were right and the Chartists wrong ) to advocate any such agitation , or any other-except for the whole hog , bristles and alL Ho believed that as people were advanced to comfortable circumstances in life they would perhaps forget the declarations they had made when pinched by huifger , " that they would have the Charter or die in the attempt , " and instanced many who made these solemn promises prior to the passing of the Reform Bill , but who , upon being enfranchised themselves , joined in the general cry that the people were not yet prepared to wield the franchise , and consequently they had no right to it j Repeal tbe
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Reform Bill , aad v « wou'd soon get the Charter . Make more men comfortable cud you will have no equal number of elesm 8 rs from our ranks . . Mr . Beeslsy having replied to Mr . S ., Mr . Johnstout then rose and put several questions to Mr . Beesley , aud we understood him to contend that the Charter was only- 'a step- ( although a very necessary :, ons ) to an end , and if a false step were taken , it might prove inimical to the accomplishment of the grand object of otnr anticipations . Mr . B . having replied to Mr . Johnstone , it was decided , thiit as the night was far spent , the discasaiou should be given up and resumed on a fature occasion , — -Mr . Beesley will again Iscture in the Chartist Hall , on Monday evening , to commence at six o ' clock .
KBLSO . —Mr . Dickinson , from Manchester , lectured here last week , after wliicu a few stanch friends of the Charter held a meeting in a school room , aud after a few remarks from tbe chairman and some observations by tnose present , tbe meeting adjourned until Saturday next , at eiijht o ' clock p . mi , when they wiilmtet to enrol new members . ' LASS wade . —Public Meeting to Peiit om FOB THE GHAHTEB . —A public meeting of the inliabltaut 8 of Lasswade , Bonnyri g ^ , toanhead , and vicinity was held in the spacious School-room , Bonnyrigg , oh Wednesday evening , April 19 th , to take intp-coiisider ation tbe propriety of petitioning the Qateri , and both Houses of Parliament , in favour of the People ' s Charter ; on the motion of Mr . W . Hay , Mr . William Diuieilg
was called to the chair . The Chairman opened the business of the meeting by reading the placard by which the meeting was . called togesber ; . after a few appro * priate remarks on the object of the meeting , be coo * eluded by reading the petition to be submitted to the meeting Mr ! Wm . Stewart moved , and Mr . J&cksoa seconded the following resolution : — " That the petition now read be adopted by tcia meeting , and one sent to the Queen , and one to each of the Houses of Parliament ; the one to tbe Qaeen to be sent to Sir James Graham , the Home Secretary , that to the Lords to lord Brougham , and that to tne Commons to Tbos . Slingsby Duncombe , Esq ., M . P . for Finsbury , each to be sigTied by the Chairman on behalf of the meeting . ' * Mr . John Stewart proposed as an amendment , " That no petition be sent to the Queen . " The Chairman then
put tbe amendment and resolution to the meeting , when the amendment was lost , and the resolution consequently carried . After a short discussion i % was . tgreed to tend the petition to the peers to the Karl of Radnor , if Lord Brougham be abseBt from the House . Moved by Mr . Jamesr Jaokson , seconded by Mr .- Wm . Aitkrii , — " That the cordial thanks of this meeting be given to Thomas Slingsby Duncombe , Bsq ., it . P ., for bis uo * wearied and talented exertions in the cause of the oppressed people of this country ; and that a copy of rhts resolution be sent by the Chairman to tbe above-named gentleman . " Carried by acclamation . Mr . Kuberi Lowrey then delivered a lecture on the rights and wrongs of the working classes . A vote of thanks was given tothe lecturer and the Chairman , when the me-bing broke up .
PUBLIC LECTURE m THE O » EN Aib An excellent lecture was . delivered at Lasswade BtiUg « ou Friday , 21 st instant , by Mr . Thos . Dickinson . M * Wm . DanieHa was called to tbe chair , who in a . abort address introduced the lecturer to the meeting . 1 i » subject of the lecture was , " The present evils of society , and their remedy . " The lecturer spoke about two boura , daring which time be unmercifully lashed the Corn Law League , and showed from facts and figures , the evil tendency of the free traders , and proved to a demonstration , that nothing short of the People ' s Carter , would permanently remove the present distant , aud give real justice to the people . The fectorer matfo a good impression . Totes of tbaufcs being given to the lecturer add Chairman , the meeting quietly sepn- tt .-d . Mr . Aoland the Corn Law lecturer , has given notice of a visit to Dalkeith during tbe next week . Mr . Dickinson intends to meet him , as an old friend .
Leicestershire . —Mr . Bairstow pretcbed on the Reoreation-gronnd , Leicester , last Sunday afternoon , and Mr . Cooper in the Market-place , at night . On Monday evening Mr . Cooper addressed the Shakspearians in the open air , at the bottom of Humberstone Gate ; and Mr . Bairstow lectured at Thurmaston . The land , question is attracting muoh attention in this district . BLACKBURN . —At a public meeting held ia tha Musio Hall , in this town , on Wednesday , the l $ tb , the following resolution , and address to Mr Duncombe , were voted unanimously : — Tba ; softer having heard read , the charges made by Tiiotuaa S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., against certain magistrates for their brutal and illegal conduct , towards
the inhabitants of this Boroogh , daring the late strike , and having at the same time heard the magistrates' defence , in a leading article of ih * Blackburn Standard of the 6 th of April , we * rc itl opinion , having had ocular proof , that Mr . Duncombe ' s charges were positive facts , that they were cronies only as far as they did not set forth one tithe of the disgraceful conduct of the said magistrates , and that the article in the Standard is a grot ..- ; misrepresentation of faots , and a malignent attack upon Mr . Duncombej for exposing conduct so ontrag-joas , that we conceive it oar duty to fchaa publicly sta mp it with ppprbbrium and contempt . Most Noble and Patriotic Sir , —That not having the honour of a personal acquaintance we have nevertheless , ior a
length of time , paid much attention to yovr conduct , as a member of the falsely so-called Houas of Commons , and have narrowly scanned your conduct as a public ' man , we conceive it to be mcumbant upon us , as men determined to be frea , to come forward at this eventful crisis , and tender yoa our gratuitous , hoartfelt , and unfeigned thank- ' , for your disinterested exertions in behalf-of the toilworn slaves of our muoh injured sod sorely oppressed country . When a nation growing under the weight of its grievances , are anxious for an exposition of its wrongs , you Sir , were the maa universally looked upon as the fitting instrument tor the expression of a people's will . When Judge Abinger thought proper to deviate from the straight line of judicial duty , you , Sir , came forward in your place as a member of the British Senate , aud respectfully and indignantly called the noble and learned deHnonent to account for his abominable
treatment of poor undefended Englishmen . And , last of all , in a speech which , of itself , will reflect immortal honour upon its author , you came boldly forth as the champion of the oppressed , and arraigned at the bar of the country the magistrates of Blackburn and the manufacturing districts generally , for having violated the law ? they were appointed to administer with benignity and equality , for tampering with and setting at nought tbe miserable remnant of liberty which class-elected despots have left the people . Goon , then , beloved Sir , in the great and glorious cause of freedom , and that you may live to see your efforts crowded with success , when peace , plenty , and coatentmont reign in the land we love , is the sincere prayer of the inhabitants of Blackburn . Signed by ord > r of , and on behalf of the meeting , George Mvikle , chairman .
BRADFORD ^ -On Sunday the Chartists of Little Hortou mot in their room Park Place , when Mr . U'Connor ' s plaa of organization was disouast-ti . It was adjourned to Sunday next , at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . On Sundav tbe members of the Council mot ia their room , Butterworth ' s Buildings . The amusament committee paid in Is . 2 d . The discussion on the p ' an of Mr . O'Connor for getting on the teud wns aojnurned to Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the af eriioon . Mb . Robert Ross lectured in the large room , Butterworth ' s Buildings , oa Sunday evening , on the urgent call made on the people to unite for the purpose of obtaining the land , as the only means of obtaining the People's Charter .
The Charhsts meeting in Butterworth ' s Buildings , have unanimously resolved to recommend to the council the establishing of a shop for tbe sale of Chartist publication , and respectfully recommend the pian to their brother Chartists in Bradford . They will meet every Sunday morning , at ten o ' clock , iu the Council Room SHEFFIELD . —Wilvam Tell . —Mr . Edwin Gill lectured in the Fig-Tree-lane Room , on Sunday evening , his subject being the Jife and exploit of that itumortal hero of liberty , William Tell , which he treated in a masterly manner . Mr . 6 . intend * to continue his biographical sketches of the patriots who figure iu history's page , and thns make his heamrs fuliy convcrsjnt with the deeds of tbe heroes and martyr * who have struggled and died to establish the rights of man ,
The Allotment System . —Mr . Orange , agent for the " Artisans and Labourers' Friend Society , " leomred in ihe Town-ball , on Monday evening , to a crowded audience , on the advantages of allotments of land to the labouring classes ; bemg elsewhere engaged in the Chartist cause we bad not an opportunity of hearing tht > lecture , but we are informed it gave great satisfaction . Onr Sheffield friends will see that the subject is to be discussed at the Fig-Tree-lane Room , on Monday evening next . w « hope that ; both the friends and opponents of the proposed scheme , will attend , so that the question muy be fully discussed , and truth thereby elicited .
Representation op Sheffield . — -That our senior member , Parker , is to resign is now fixed and certain , and that his "junior partner , " the oracle of the Weekly Chronicle , is to follow bis example ? i 8 nearly equally certain . Parker ani Ward are to go out , but who are to come in ! The Whigs and Stufgites are wonderfully agreed on this snbject—Bright of Rochdale is iha pet of the former , and Colonel Thompson the chosen of the latter . No account istaken of the Chartists , who have so often thrashed both parties ; the Chartists there must look to tnemselveB . For good reasons We say no more now , bat beg of our democratic friends to keep their lamps trimmed ,. and be prepared for the contest in which they must and will take a pan .
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Monevmania . —On Thursday last , at Brentwood petty sessions , a , lady , named Mrs . Margaret Maynard , was committed for trial , charged with stealing a piece of lace . At the time she was apprehended , she had in her possession £ 8 OQ 0 in Bank of England , notes and India Bonds .
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AM ) LEEDS GEljlAL 1 DYEETISER .
* 2e Producers Of Wealth, And F J^Tflosb Who ' Live By Industry
* E PRODUCERS OF WEALTH , AND f J ^ TflOSB WHO ' LIVE BY INDUSTRY
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YOL . YL SO . 285 , . SATURDAY , AtjIL 29 , 1843 . pmc ^ ~^«? ^ r ^
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. /^ W ^^ A" J ^ , \ J / 1 L ^ t / jLcA-J ^ L
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 29, 1843, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct800/page/1/
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