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==== T?Ti;rTrrD Amri-wr EMIGRATION.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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-ffHESE TO , AND HOW TO PROCEED . jKtfES OF A IOTB IHBOFGH A PORTIOJ ? O ? CA 5 JLDJL , J 5 D SETEBA 1 OF ^ HB STATES OP KOBTH iXKBlCA , PiBIlCCXXEtT THJE SlATES OF 3 U 55 ACHOSETTS , 2 E 0 SB ISLAKD , KEW TOBK , pKf ? 5 TLTA 3 ni . OHIO , HICHIGaH , ILXrHOlS . -STSCOSSIS , XSI > SE-W XEBSXT , TJ ^ DBBIAXEf -jrjTB . A TXEW OF ASCEaiXlSEiG TTHB 3 > ESULASlUrr , OB © TSCKB-HTSE , OP BMIGRaSIOK ; ^ yj > TO JGDGB OP THB BEST XOCATIO 5 , 3 ? OB J 2 SGL 15 H EMIGKASTS , 3 PB 0 M . ACTUAL
OBSEUTAIIG 3-gy LATTBEXCE PUKKTHLY , cf Had&ers&ald . { Continued from our last aeePs paper . J JOUB ^ A ^—CLEVELAND , PAIKPOHT , BTJFIA 3 JX ) , KIAGABA BITER , THE PALLS , ! £ 2 O > 5 UBBOTTNDING DISTBICI . j jsibat , SSt-r-At Sts , a-EL , -are entered the port of ^ jjnrEiAXO , in Ohio . Cleveland Is to the left , and I jjHio taty to the right *> f the river as -we enter . 1 j —gsed firs place in the night -when ^ ing West , ami { gyit ^ aife ^ y saoraiBsbi . On onr Ifilt isa long street ; ^ & 3 ade of the xfrer , afcout s quarter ol a mile j jpjjn -where w lay ; and after ascending a pretty steep j jgjjt , -s-e enter a street * leBsribeain my former notes ! ^ jen maj vrcy Westward . Prom the top of iMa bat * )
j jad a Seb view of Ohio city , -which isprineapaay ! j ^ gt span £ he oppeate bank , of about the same eleva- ] ^ jgn . a small portion is upon the slope or inclined J -jjsne , and a snailportion , consisting of storehouses , on ¦ Ujg £ sii » itomor cnni of ihexlver . It seems a place j , g » jess hnacess aafi bustle then on tha Cleveland aide . ^ sodl foundry was ia active operation near the ec- } jones hyUiB oicfcnver . Cletelaxd 3 s a place of great business , ana there ! 51 jdeal cf shipping in the » t » , it being the entrance ; * j , ti * 9 Erie and Ohio canal { ^ exkcoined here five hsurs , and took in coal and fgsr oi - ! We ha 3 a fsir "Bfad , and travelled 1 S 1 mQes from jjesoit to this place in aa nnusually short apace of \ &&- j Uje ^ IUehestes" steamer from Bdpfaxo eame into ! ttesiver while vtb -were there ; bnt she only staid two >
UOTTS- la passng down from JJstbqit -sre met the Sis * , i jjeau vessel I had seen in operation triih Estiller ' s pn > peDer , a iind of Aichlmaaaian screw . We reached Patrpokt at half-past three , having \ isen two honrs ^ nd three-qnarterB ont of Cleveland , j j £ isbnfce of thirty milf-i Here "we are 131 miles from ! BETFiio , at "which place it is calculated we sball ar- j jira at dose or four to-morrow morning . 1 Paolfobx , on Grand Rrrer , ia a " ? ery Email place , ' . -gmasfeg ef a few dwelling-houses , a large hotel , and : jfew ^ arehonses . A short distance from thiB place , ; anaixjrdEring ^ n the forest , is &e -riliage of Richmond . ; Bs appsEiancs is clean and neat . A litile beyond , j 7 tbs infbrmsd , stood a considerable town named
Jai 5 XSTiij _ e ; that name being giren it in honour of ' . fte fasnons Thomas Paxse . author of the Rights of j Jixn , and T » ho Soured in the Pxtneh and American re- ; ~ TDfat ? O *^ - \ The county all along the shores of this l « tr « ( Erie ) j xre coTEred -srith srood , excepting the clearings "which : are itfher iniinFrcna . ] SiirBDAT , lotii—BTTPPAio . —I rose at break of day , J and prqsrtd for landing , hating jast got ready to go j jjhore-whfia tlkBTessel waslud alongside the pier . My !
foafrisnd , Mr . Spencer , was instantly on board to loot J fame . The captain was morions to get in before break- ! iut , ss it -srould saTe about thirty dollars , -which sum ) fljsniEalTTOuld cost , —the fare , including provisions . ] TTben we reached Mi . Spencer ' s hose , he informed j sis of the turnouts and riots in Enzlscd , the drcum- j ^ snces attending "wMci 1 felt the most intense anxiety j ioleszn- 3 Iy £ ist information was of a very unsatis- < iartoiy nature , and excited my fears . I was alsoiniarrnfcd that Tictoxia and Albert were about to Tisit Scciiaa-L ^ iVktw usp i
After dinner , iirs . Spencer and I walked oat to make seme visits , in our round , we went over the < psno&rte manufactory of Messrs . TFrtley and Bnrdttt , where 2 saw some beautiful wood and workmanship . ; 2 bssght sofiiB rich maple Teneer * , as samples to Impg j viiliinB , also some black walnut , which , when polished , j looks extremely rich . IVhUe here , a Mr- HotaHng , a Ere&chman , came in with a chfld between four and , fire years of age , who played some of the best airs in a £ rst rate style . He is a perfect prodigy , having never hsd a lesson ; and , though an infant , would never mbisit toTecetFecue , and wben snj ms attempts to tSsz & suggesQon , he Instantly leaves his iDBtromBst . He performs mpaa other instruments , as well as the siaas .
In my round throuEh the city I ^ was told that the EngKsh turnouts had burnt the house of Sir Robert Peel to the ground—that Britons had , at last , plucked up a spirit—that , they had met , engaged and defeated Bib military—that fhyy tad t * '" * - *"'^ and burnt the property of many Individuals , and that no doubt the «• Revolution" yrsa -effected . 1 learned that on Hie Erie and Ohio canal , there isa community in which Is included a considerable town samedZoar ; it 5 s -under the control of a chief , whose mziel did sot learn . - Their possessions are very ertenstb ; their gardens are Also large and kept in the best possible order , abounding with fruits of the richest description . It is a place of great attraction andxesort So charge is made for admission to view the place ; bnt zbosld any oae pluck a single apple , a charge of a ¥ oik tiuDt&s i 6 id ) is made .
Hojtdat , 12 th . —I toss early this morning and pra " jned to depart . 3 diB . Spaicer , pnrposely to stop me , iSa nt 4 leave her zoom tin late , and sent a message to vjI was not on any acceunt , to leave tin theaftemoen ; 2 - » a » tlrus flirown too late for the steamer , and she Gin . S- > bonsbfe » ^ parrti ^ of Toaiatos and preserved & ** n for me to take home . She saM they were the best thing in the -world for refreshing , for richness ol isroot , andfor preserving health . 1 visited ths *• Great "Western , * ' the finest steam ship rathe lakes . ShfeiesHy is , in all leEpects , an admiiaHs-ressel
TFe visited tie foundry of Messrs . WiOiamssn * Co ., * KchiaaTEry neat and well contrived establishment foi forging , casting , r ipxTiTng- and . flnwiitiig steam ^ Offli snd olher maclanEry . ThEre -was a vast quantity ti ^ exquisitely finiafced Hiedels far castings . Mr . Tfilknaon , the senior D&rtEsr , a native of Glasgow , told hb that the best moulding sand could bs procured in &mdscee only two smiles from the place . He also J&owEd me excellent coal , sdtabls fer blacksmith ! , Wncb itas got at no great distance and at a low price .
TEaib J am writing , the flashes of ? ig T » tr-. iT » 5 are fol-* " ^ = geach other in rapid succession , and the peals of fe&fe are terrific , while file rain dfiscends in torrents , Sg that described at the delude , when the windows of iesrea were-qpened . It could not pour down faster if fee -doors were also ^ thrown open , or taken off the langes altogelfeer . Lightning is of very common , Umai nightly occurrence . I frequently watch it in the *» oanEB , and admire its bolts , its brilliaDcy 5 " M > d its ^ &nofioD . 2 f othin ^ comparable to it in grandeur i erer visible in Britain .
"W e next visited the Arcole Iron Poundry Warehouse Sr . WHtiason , one of the partners , was very polite , *> d sb&ved me and described his vaiions descriptions ^ tfiooos , snd presented me with a drawing of some * tefss f ¦ pt cookiDgi "whikh are in gsnersl nae wherever 2 ^ re travelled in the States . Ttey have in them a 'syiBgauous contrivance for baking bread , -which is Tayneeeaary , s » they have it hot every morning for ^ Kai Sbey can bro 3 fiieir meat , boil their po-* & ** . a . vd water for thor coffee , and other purposes , all tfthe tame time , Mr . Wilkinson told tds that bs was SaSden t tie isaking -co of ibosB stoves in Britain , " * hs thfy « mldbe made cheaper than in America , ^ 8 ) 3 be a profitable speculation .
35 ns gentlesan erpreraed a strong desire for the 5 ?« alof ourCom laws , assigning aa his reason the * 3 a of the Ameacans ^ to exchange the 3 > rodnce of ibeir * S for our manEfacturesj beeaase they considered that 2 > e ^ amtting np of tSeir people in factories did not paaport with their free institutions ; and farther , that r ^^ raptea ffee moralB , and reduced the physical i ? 3 i of fee operativES thus employed ; producing ^^ t oaes of limbs , and « ngendering an inferior race . * isi S-ey dearfris , to keep the many employed out a ° waa , « ulQvaSng tte fields , wbare , with pure all ^ 1 good txsreise combined , their frames would be *^ ^ gorons and strong , and the mind clear and ^ re- He a ^ . ^ pgfl several oiiier reasons in support
« Ks vdsh for the repeal of the Core Xaws , the selfish-* Oof all cf which was self-evident Ixcplied . that 1 S ^ n oi bat appreciate the moflesty and candour of to T : aji ] kfces ™ fee expression of priEciptes so purely *« sk ; and added , that it was dear that their motives * Ob to have the ferfile and Mealy-cultivated fields of |* s & Britain Ml waste in order that we might gratify te ? Ett 8 , ndn our fine country , aid lock -ap © ur pre-^^^ 7 fine population in those terrestial hells -which ™ 9 » 5 fe Taakees , abhor and tletest .- 1 said , pray , ***« JoGk faay ai the quesfion , and say if it is not ? 9 » that esehof the countries JEhoald take * ahare rL ^^ factures , as -well as in fi » e cnltivafion of the *« V » find then we should stand upon that principle of g ^ B ty fca "which they so strongly contend among "S&SfcJTa .
I" » M greaUy OTTp 7 isea to bainformel by 20 t ES , «* lEftSomEnetEhire ten years ago , that p ^ g iron is ^^ Btea feom 1 Mb place toBruais tobemade intoisalla-^^ orsteel , snd-thatafter paying freight , duty , ?™ oa a « rpenees it < osts less than it < ould be made *^* Jhcine . Hejflso infonnea me that he belonged to *^ i oases at Frpme ; and thatltTeguired Sfae whole ^ teients to meet Qie charees for asseasments , poor-^ JepKiE . &c . ^ Mi Morpeth caaie to this c % ten days ago , in the ~^« neamer , ann took up Ma lodg ingaatthe Westr ^ j ^ eL KosoSeemistaken of him . He proceeded ^^ a ^ > &e Fills of magara , whi « & vronld no -d onfct ^ na hiai of ejb great Torkihiie fall at the last elec-S aaarf as prfcsdpal steames trading betTfeen Bnf-* r ™ f « rbonr snd the various ports on tbe lakes and
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Gr ^ t Western Sandnaky BeWittClintoa , Fairport , Commodore Perry , Cleveland General Harrison Kent ( British ) General Scott New York H > £ r ° 22 STSSSL }^ » ^ SS ° GonsUtntion Missouri Xn ^ f ^ ^ Cbesspeake North America Illinois Gen ^ sl Wayne Recbatsr *?*??* James Maddison Bnffa 1 . Bunker ' s Hill *?? ? Lsvington Waterloo ~ . ~
Many of the above ships are of immerse size , havine powesfnl enginss , and proceed at great speed , and they poaseas excellent and extensive accommodation . IThe nnifonn fares by such of the above steamers that ply to Chigago , a distance of 1047 miles , is fifteen dol £ w cabin , with provMonB ; and eight dollars steerage without provisions . ¦ The principal hotels are the United States , American , Western , ManHon-honse , Huffs , and the Parmers . An immense bnflding , intended for an hotel , and to surpass all the others in splendour and extent , -was jast commenced ; when crash came down the banks , and with them the proprietor . It has since rested as a memento of the folly and extravagance of speculation mania .
Tkesdai , 13 Oi . —I left Buffalo this morning at nine . Mr , Saith , a painter from Aberdeen , pointed to a steamer upon which he bad , in painting , once expanded above a ton of white lead . This surprised me .: I went by the Wateiloo steamer for the Palls . On getting into the river we had a tolerable view of Fort Erie , < Canada . ) in rnins . We passed Waterloo , Black Rock , Dam > lllls , and the foundry on the Great Breakwater , Beaver Island , and tJracd Island , which iwe pased oa the West or Can&da side of the Island . This island and the land on both sides of the river is generally flat , and nearly covered with wood , but having some few improvements . We next arrived at Navt Island , from the head ef Vfhich ^ our view being clear , the spray of the Falls was viable , resembling the smoke of a large number of forsaces ; or , perhaps , more like the smoke from a collection of limekilns .
After passing 2 f a vt Island we put in at Schlosseb ., where the far-famed steamer Caroline w&scut away and seat over the Palls . Here we landed a few passer ; gers for the railway , which passes near the river on this side . We next crossed , inclining upwards , near ths island , in order to avoid the enrrent , which is strong at this place , acd increases as it approaches the F 3 H 3 . Were a vessel to cross direct from SCHLOSSES . te Chjfpaw a , instead of keeping » p in and crossing the middle of the river where the current is Ifss rapid , the probability is , that it would be dashed , as was the Caroane , into the inuneasureable pool beneath . It is quite eviduvt that were a vessel of say description ^ ta approach too near the xapids , nothing on earth could save her . Above Schlosseb ( which contains only two small storehouses ) theview is very beautiful , having in sight the Grand and Navy Islands , and the main land on both sides of the river .
I witnessed some wooden bouses which had been knocked down by the British bombs from the Canada shore . My attention was directed to the havoc done by the bombs in crossing from £ chloss £ & to Chippewa , when passing very near the Island . The entrance to Chippetta is by a small river , which has been nia 3 e navigable by considerable cutting at the entrance , where it is dangerous in consequence of its being ¦ in such dose proximity to the strong current immediately above the rapids . On landing , we found the railway carriages waiting to carry us to the Palls , which , although apparently we were close upon , was found to be six or seven miles distant . The passenger train was completely crowded outside before I reached it , and being desirous to see as much of the country as possible , I mountsd upon the
luggage truck ; and the horse back being a puddle , I got well besmeared with mud , thrown np by the horses feet The rails were laid through an nu-interesting line . We soon , however , approached , the grand object : butlo ! wben precise }; opposite the Palls , and on the summit of a frightful precipice , the axle-tr&s snapped in two ! but the carriage turning from the precipice towards the wall on the left , I was { most providentially ^ preserved from being cast into the depth below . I was speedily on the ground not having sustained any injury ; and after giving directions that my luggage should be given ; in chaise of my friend Mr . Smith , who was following me on another train , to be taken to the Clifton Hotel , where we had agreed to dine , I hastened to descend the steep and wooded bank , in erder to view the Fails , and thus lose no time , being determined to reach Rochester , this day .
Yass numbers of learned travellers , historians , naturalists , and poets have visited this spot , and attempted a description cf thiB the only outlet of the countless rivers and streams collected from tractless regions ; oi territory of immense extent , under the republican government of the United States and the monarchical government of Great Britain , and forming themselves into numerous bodies of water , —the four great inland seas , known by the several names of Michigan , Superior , Heron , asd Erie Lakes amongst the number;—and after the talent of the world has been so repeatedly applied t » the sol-ject , and the gigantic wonder described in prose and verse , in copy and stanzas , unequalled for
sublimity and unparalleled for minuteness ; after this embodyment of waters from the vast expanse , in its dash , and in ita motion in the boiling abyss below , has been coloured and paitted in every size and quality , and brought-home to the mind , to the eye , and to the fireside of every one , in colonrs the most brilliant and in language the most transcendent , by masterminds of past and present ages , who have spent weeks and months upon the spot expressly fer the purpose of entering into the most punctilliouB minutiae : after all this any attempt of mine at delineation would be perfectly futile . I -will therefore extract from an AmpriwiTi work of considerable utility a plain , nnstSltified account , which I trust will be fonnd interesting to my friends : —
«• The Ifiagara river , which , issuing from the K . E extremity of Lake Erie , at Black Bosk , runs N ~ E . thirty-five miles to Lake Ontario . It is navigable for twenty miles to the Fills and from Lewistoj * to Lake Ontario , a distance of seven miles . " As is fiows fnrn the lake , the river is about three quarters of a mile wide , and from twenty to forty feet deep . It maintains the former depth to the Falls . Five miles from the lake it is divided into two channels by Grand Island . The eastern channel has a width exceeding 100 rods ; the -western larger , and
generally deeper , forms the boundary between the United States and Canada . Grand Island ia twelve mOes long , and contains 17 , 384 acres . Neither the snows ; of winter nor ths heats of summer , nor rains , nor drought materially affect the volume of this majestic river-Its shores on either side are thinly settled between Bctfalo acd the Falte . On the American shore , are two viliages on ] y , Black Bock and Tomaw asta . Thick forests still cover the bank , with some farm houses , few a d far between . On the Canada shore , are Waterloo , opposite to Black Bock , and the camlet of CHrpPEWA , opposite Fobt Schlosseb . "
These scenes are made famous by the exploits of the Canadian patriets and the Republican sympathizers against the British forces . The last named place ; is that from whence the British cut away the ill-fated steamer Caroline , and sent her into the current , when she was speedily over the Fails Ko donbt , the Caroline carried ammnnitaon and anns to Qie patriots on Navt . Islakd , Her captain now coramsuds the Franklin , plying between Buffalo and JJEIBOII .
THE FALLS . " Below Navy Island , the union of the two branches gives a breadSi to the Niagara River of two-and-a-half miles . Tee waists have here an accelerated motion , and three quarters of a mile above the Falls commence their rapid descent , falling within that distance by successive chutes , or leaps , fifty-two feet on the American , and fifty-seven feet on the Canadian side . These cataracts form a most imposing feature of the scena They may be advantageously viewed from several points , sb from the Table Bock on the Canada shore , and from the main bank . The first view is presented from the south west corner ol Greal Island , above the Mobs Islands .
" Goat , or Iris , Id&nd , is half a mile long by ; a quarter wide , and is heavily weoded . There are several other Islands among the Bapids ; some of which are consect * d with Great Island by bridges . Bath Island , twenty-four rods long , is united to the American shore by an ingeniously constructed bridge , and contains the tollhouse and an extensive mill , lima Island , directly upon the precipice near Goal ; Island , again divides the stream , and the " Centre FalT' from the " American FalL" From the north west point of this Island the best view of the American Fall is obtained .
*• There are three distinct cascades ^ two the American Bide of Iris Ifland , and one upon the British sida Onthe American side , the lower Fall is about 220 yards broad , and 364 feet high . It was formerly straight , but is cbansiBK to a curve . The Centre Fall is near eight yards wide , with a height similar to the low ^ r one . The Upper , or Great Fall , from its form , called the Crescent , or Horseshoe , is at the bead of th « ravine crossing tha direct line of the stream ; its breadth fa estimated » t 600 yards , and seven-eighths of the water of the river is supposed to pass over it ; its b-Bigbt is
lSSJfeet . , " Tbs depth cf the water , in the American channel , being ranch less than in the C . « , Tinflian one , fhe rocks are near the surface and break ap the flood into foam ; bnt in the Canadian cbannd the deep green of the billows is but idieved by their snowy crests , » The best view of the Crescent Fall is from the Table Bock and bank above it A most interesting and imposing view , however , may be bad from Goat Island . TbTTerrap in bridge , 300 ft . from tbe iBland , projects 10 ft . over the falls , and affords a sight requiring some tension of the nerves , fully and leisurely to enjoy . Here we behold the vast flood and the deep abyss into wnich it is poured ; but the thick spray and mist perpetually * r > r ^ 2 cv » r them prevents the eye fxcm penetrating toe dWtb ; and fancy , until corrected by a glance nt ffie hurrying tide below , apprehends it to be innneastiraole . Bnt tids mist , in sonny we&tosr is the source « f aew
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surprise and pleasure . The Iris changing forms , as the sun and spray shift , dances fairy lite upon it . Sure , also , may frequently be seen the phenomenon of the Lunar bow . : " Nearthe end of Terrapin bridga , in the water and on the verge of the precipice , stands a stone tower foriy-five feet high , having winding steps in tbe interior , buflt In 1833 . From its summit , an admirable view of tbe whole scene ! is obtained . " The fliod does not descend from the ledge , perpendicularly , but forms an area 20 ft thick , -whoas semicord , at the base , may be from 40 to 50 ft The quantity of water discharged here , has been variously estimated ; at 670 , 250 tons the minute ; at 85 millions 0 / tons the hour ; and at 102 . 093 Top tons tbe hour . The depth of tho abyss into which this incredible mass is perpetually pouring exceeds 250 feet ; at least , such is the depth of tbe riverbelow the Falls . But -what line has sounded the depth immediate beneath the incessant avalanche ?
" The banks from the ravine below tho Falls rise perpendicularly , above the river , 180 ft ; requiring extraordinary means fot descindiDg to the water ' s edge . These have been supplied in the form of staircases at three points . The passage of the river below tbe Fall , is appalling from the rapidity of tho currsul , the numerous eddfes and the turbulence of the water ; yet it is entirely safe ; and row boats are , constantly , crossing tise stream . The scenery around the Falls , beautiful as it is in summer , is most splendid in winter . The trees and shrubs are then covered with transparent sleet , & 5 U * . glitter as if clothea with diamonds : and the spray is decorated in the dazzHng coJoura of the rainbows which arch the river from many points .
^ Sometimes , the ice isdriven by the winds from Lake Erie , and poured over the Fails in such masses as to fill tbe ravine , for a mile cr more , to the depth of from 30 to 50 ft . so that iE may be crossed , on foot , for ¦ wet-is together . " Doubts have been expressed as to the causes which have worked thB position , of this miglity cataract . But no -where has nature written her mode of operation more legibly ; and weBee in the continued wearing away of the rocky strata over which tho current is precipitated the means by which the fall has receded , fiill seven miles , from the mountain ridge , at Luwiston . Yet this elaboration is very slow ! since , from the published accounts of the Falls v * hich reach back nearly two hundred years , the recession has been inconsiderable dnring that period . " ;
As a sort of retaliation for the cutting away of the Caroliae by the British , a Canadian vessel had been procured sometime ago by tbe Americans , wfco advertisd that it would go over tbe FaHs at > an appointed time . Ati immense concourse of psrsons assembled from the British as well es from the States side of the liver to witness so great a novelty . At tbe specified hour the Ebip was set adrift and speedily got into tho current ; bnt bounding ; by > one grand leap over a ridge with which the rapids , or inclined plane , cornmenceB , rived so deeply ' into a sand bank ( the wasts going overboard ) as to stick fast ; and there she now remains amid the mighty rush of -irateM , beyond any conceivable means of humaa reaeh . The disappointment experienced by the spectators , at her not goi Q 5 over the Falls , was excessive .
From the tower already described , on Goat Island , travellers by paying a small sum of nsoney may view the river above and the boilirg abyss belew . In front of the rock is a covered winding stair by which , for the payment of a similar sum , persons may descend to Ujq bottom of tbe rock ; and : a third sum will enable the curiou 3 to cover themselves with skins , for tbe pu ; pose of being kept tolerably dry while they proceed underneath the Falls , or between the perpendicular surface of the rock and the falling water ; where , I am told , some beautiful and peculiar colours axe displayed , especially whOe the morning sun 8 hine 3 forth . Herb the bridge from the States side to Goat Island , which is perfectly flat and lestiiyj upon props , and supported by Bath Island , about midway , has been carried over : how such props could be fixed in the current of such an immense body of water , at such a ^ velocity , I can not conjecture , ner had I an opportunity to ascertain it
On the States side , and npan the brink of the ri-v ^ r , stands a very small but pretty village named Manchester , in -which there ia some thriving manufacivjres . On the summit of tbe opposite back and just above the Falls stands thB village of Drummo'DS'ville , which consists cf a few dwelling houses and more hotels than can be supported as such ; one of which , a very large one , was being fitted up for barracks , in which to lodge a portion of poor Johnny Ball's " dead weight . " 1 had scarcely reached -the Table Rock , wben I was waited upon by a person of respectable appearance and demeanour , who asked me if 1 wished to go under the
Falls , ( meaning between tbe waterfall and the rock ) , adoing , that if I did , he was ready to supply mo with the necessary skins to iee : ^ me diy . I begged to be excused as I was vtry lame , and consequently unable to undergo the fatigue . He told me his charge for the skins and attendance was a quarter of a dollar ; and that he paid 1000 dollars rent for bis house and tbe privilege of showing the wonders to strangers . Near to this px-rson ' s small but neat houBe -was one of the winding stairs by which to descend . Thia , as all the others , is enclosed with wood , through which are holes to admit the light .
while in conversation upon tbe took , my companion pointed out to me several humming bir £ a sporting iu the shrubs at a few yards' distance from us . I bad never seen any of the species alive before . They were an interesting object : All forms which descend this chasm lose their identity in t&e vortex . Not onlydid the Caroline 3 teamer lese her form , but not a log , a beam , nor a spar could be afterwards found . No conception ean be formed of the proc 3 sa to which every -atom is subjected that falls into this incessantly agitated canldron . No one can imagine the depth to which they sick , nor the quantity of rocks which are constantly in motion , commixing with , and grinding to atomB every vestige of solid matter that enters this aquatic vortex . It is clear that the jriver is a continuation of whirlpools constantly rolling and boiling for the distance of at least twelve miles below the Falls .
Drujijioxdsyille is situated upon the battle-field ol that same . Tbe place extends back from the river , snd ib pretty well cleared ef wood to a considerable distance ; it being the site of the intended city of the Falls . After admiring those magnificent scenes , I proceeded towards the Clifton Betel , by the River ' s edge , on the summit of the perpendicular rocks , passicg tbe Museum , the Camera Obscura , and the Baths on mj way . On reaching tbe hotel , I found that neither my friend nor luggage had arrived there . I immediately proceeded by Lundy ' s Lane to the Railway Station at which the passengers alight to be taken to the Clifton House , a distance of nearly two miles . On reaching tbe station , I was informed that in consequence of the delay
occasioned by the accident on the Railway , the carriage from the Clifton House had proceeded with the pas-Bengers to Queenston ; but I could not learn whether my baggage had been taken forward or not . Having left b > small bag at the Clifton House , 1 had to return tbither again . On reaching the hotel , I found that neither a horse nor a venicle of any description could be hired ; they all having been engaged by visitors between my leaving and returning . 1 had , therefore , to proceed on foot by tbe same route I had come ; that is , by the river side and the Falls to the place where the carriage had broken dotfn on the railway . A portion of the wreck of the carriage had been removed , and tbe remainder thrown aside ; but no one was near to jfive me the least information , or render
me any assistance . I went round among tbe few dwellings and hotels in the neighbourhood , anxious to learn what had become of the luggage ; not knowing whether it had been taken back to Chipptwa , or forwarded to Qneenston , I could however obtain no information whatever . While in this dilemma I met two men in a cottage , from Thornbill , in the immediate neighbourhood of Huddexaficld . One of them , whose name was Bedford , was quite beyond the hope of recovery , in consequence of having elept in a damp bed . His friend and companion , who said he would not leave him while alive , knew me from having seen me , along with " my Lord Morpeth , " in the capacity of a candidate on tbs hustings at Wakefleld at the last election . The landlord of the house was ill of fever and ague , a disorder which the doctors said waB hbtlj
known in that place , in a single instance before . While engaged in conversation , a train came up from QueensrON , the conductor of which informed me , that in consequence of no carriage being waiting at the station from Clifton house , the whole had been taken on to QUEESSTON ; a ? : d that no train would go to that place till next morning . This was most galling , as 1 b . 8 d intended to be in ROCHESTER by that time . Very soon after I had tbe good fortune to meet with a spring van which been from Quek . ^ ston to CfliPFEWA , along with othin .. v , ith .-. Kins . They drove at at fine speed to the flrat public-house : in the village , and there staid to refresh themselves , leaving tbeir fine horses neglected . While there , they commenced a sort of gamblin ? , from which I kad considerable difficulty to break them iff- I was afraid they would get intoxicated , and that we siould Lave another accident
While btra I learned there were about 400 British troops in the neighbourhood ; and I observed some of their wives enter the bouse and take their threehalfpenny glass , and others carrying away " fire-water " in their bottles , bought with the proceeds of British industry . I said to myself—" Poor tax-ridden John Bull . ' Great Gull , thou pays for all !" When we moved off we did so with a vengeance ; t wo of the waggoners contended for the lead , and a regu \ &T race was the consequence . ; I had cause to be alarmed lest my lameness should be cured by my neck being broken . The horses were very fine one 3 , of light make , and they dragged the light carriages along vsith much greater velocity than I had ever witnessed . We were thus conveyed at nearly railway speed to the handsome village of Ssamford , where ' standB a neat church , upon tbe front ot which is inscribed" Built by General Sir William Johnson . "
The houses here , as at Drnmmondsville , are neat and dean , Tbe fields well enclosed , and pretty well cultivated , and are free from the unseemly stumps which klmobt , feverywhere meet the eye Here resides a Dr . Newborn , a moat obnoxious magistrate , who having had kis bam burst dawn charged it upon a respectable landlord 01 the place . The land'ord brought an action against Lim , and obtained considerable damages . Tho hoase kept by the said lasdlord is called th ^ Wbirlpuol ,
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from an extraordinary pool of tfaat name in the river Niagara close by . I regret that I had not an opportumty to visit the place . The soil here is by no means rich , and the surface ia iM . I was spprised to observe that at and from omnnaondsvillef tbs orchards were numerous and the crop of fruit most abundant . We soon reached the extent of Queenston Heights , and the scene of ; the battle of that name , where stands the monument of General Brock , on or near the spot where ha fell . a >« Tankeea are charged with having taken the liberfcyrto cross the river , and after placing a quantity of gunpowder and lighting a train , retired to the opposite bask to witness its destruction ; and while the Canadian Loyalists curse tha " fiends , " they have constantly before their eyes the shattered remains of the monumental tower * Near the monument we had a turn of the road , and at ones a most delightful and extsmve
view struck the eye . The whole extent of toe river Niagara to the Lake , wittr Youngster and ForUNiagara on the rigbt ; and Fort St . George on the left bank at its mouth ; with Lake Oatario and aa immense- forest as far as the eye could reach , presented themselves on a jBUdden and struck one with indiscribal > le &we . I hatl imagined that here the country was cleared and cultivated ; and although the appearance bespoke a solid' forest , yet I soon learned that many farina with extensive clearances were spread throughout this apparently endless track of trees . At the bottom of this , the steepest bank I had witnessed , pscept the precipice at the Falls , lay the town of QfEEnsiON . It is situate on a plain to the left , aud on the right stanfis the town of Lewiston . The scene that lay before ma was perfectly unique , and produced the mo 3 t pleating seusationa . Had not the afternoon been hazy , the ecene would have been more extensive end interesting .
My driver to 3 k me over a precipice such as I had never seen a vehicle of the kind taken over . This be did to gtt a nearer way to tbe terminus : of the railway , which was about mWway down the bank . A very small building was all that was to be : seen , in which wern only two females , who had uo knowledge of my luggage , or of any other . We therefore proceeded to the town , on entering which we made a second er . quiry for my imnk ; that being the sole object for which I imd come . The ^ agent wns not at home , and during that evening it could not be ascertained whether it had
corny town or not . I took up my abode at the house cf the father of my driver , who kept a neat tavern . His name was Wadsworth . He was a very plain man in appearance , and in conversation he entered into his circumstance" ! and domestic affairs with considerable niiimtia . He likewise chatted upon many matters cannected with th « place , yet I found his knowledge was confined ydtiiin a very contracted circle . ¦ , ' ' ' ( To be continued )
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of not securing efficient officers j the great reason why tbe people are governed as they are s « contrary to tbeir inclination and will , is , that those In power take care aa rapidly aa possible to secure ail tha talent , zeal , and energy of the country , by ] holding forth sucb inducements as shall make it their personal and immediate interest , to act contrary to those impulses which would dictate a more 'noble bat lesa practical course . To those unused to business j proceedings the mere question of saving so much per ! week , is of considerble importance , wheieas a liberal but judicous expenditure would , in bo great a cause aa the one I am treating of , amply repay itself a hundred br a thousand fold . To effectually aud rapidly overcome all the combined powers of error , every description of talent must be
secured at whatever cost it has to be obtained . After selecting bis secretary ! the President should proceed forthwith , to select the faost efficient council hs can procure to act eordfally with him . In doing this each President should choose persons of the largest and moat capacious minds he can find , without reference to class , sect , Bex , or party . It will be perfectly immaterial whether they be Whigs , Tories , Radicals , Chartists , Catn-LawRepealers , or Repealers of any other kind ; whether Churchmen , Dissenters , ) Infidels , or any other denomination of thinkers . The knowledge that they cannot be made to believe otherwise than they are compelled to do by the impressions made upon their minds , will soon prod ace that universal ( charity that will enable ail , cordially and truly to co-operate with each other in our gre : it , noble , and godlike cause . With regard to sex , I would observe , that talented
and intelligent women wiil give a moral power , force , and dignity , to the Association which it can never acquire until they join it ; and jthe work « f human regeneration will be accelerated more by the full and entire enlistment of the sympathies of woman , in its progress , than by any other single cause . Nothing must be heard of class distinctions , iu the society to which I refer . All must , of necessity belong to the working class , for the ] business to be done , is the the greatest work ever yet performed by man ; but provided they give cordial assistance we must most readily weleome all , whatever may be their rank , title , profession , or occupation in present society . The great , the wise , and the good may be fonnd among all ranks and classes of the present confused and chaotic jumble culled society , and it is these alone who will have to take the initiative in ] producing the change frotu all that is erroneous and false to all that is true
and just . J With a good President , Secretary and Council , carefully watching both the instructions from the central office , and the peculiar matters relating to the locality ; diligently carrying out instructions received and giving suggestions for further advance whenever they present themselves ; each city , town , and village throughout tho empire may speedily become the centre of one general mind that shall , as rapidly as knowledge ean be obtained , take the necessary steps to ensure to all , every requisite for their progressive advancement , in the path of union , virtu * , peace , [ and happiness .
Having now pTetty well disposed , I fear at a somewhat tedious length , of the question of organising a society , I shall proceed in my next to point out further practical steps that will require to ba token . I am , s ) r , Your obedient Bervant . [ William Galpin . Harmony Ha ll , June 6 th , 1843 .
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*~ -r TIIE NATIONAL BENEFIT SOCIETY . THE " DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE" VerstlS " DESPOTIC A . UXUORIT ^ . " TO THE CHARTIST PUBLIC . Brothers , —It is evident , from the tenor of Mr . Galpin ' s observations upon thej power to be vested in the President , that it is unity of purpose and unity oi action he desired to effect , as the ! only means of arriving at the goal of our aspiration—universal happiness . I agreo with him , that it is only by such a course of action that any association canjweil expect to be successful in its undertaking !) be they what they may ; but we differ upon the means to obtain that unity cf purpose and of action . } Mr . G . ' s plan is by putting the whole of the society under the controul of a single [ head , —a plan that I deny will effect the object , seeing that authority is not influence ; and that it is more likely to beget oppositioo than obedience : and here I sltall take advantage of Mr . G . ' s own illustration , viz ., the present repeal movement . 1
I think , if Mr . G . and out readers look well into the reports of that movement , they will see that Mr . O'Connell ' s leadership is one of admission not commission . ; that it is assumed by common consent ; and obtained by the confidence bis countrymen jplace in him , from a belief that he is their true friend , sincerely seeking to obtain for them all they hold dear , —a confidence won by his appeals to the best feelings and passions of the Irish people ; and not by any authority vested in him by any party : hence the unity of purpose and of action that now characterises the repeal movement—the common bond of priest and peasant—Dissenter and Catholic—their country ' s weal : therefore , this repeal illustration will , I think , serveroy side better than Mr . G . ' a For this is how I would proposi to effect unity of purpose and of action , that is , by ] the icfluerca of
principles of truth , justice , and humanity on the minds of our fellewa , and to carry thej objects desired into effect , that they should elect servants , who should deliberate together upon the necessary steps to be taken , publish the result of their deliberations to their constituents , and urge the necessity of the plans being acted upon . . Thus may we obtain a thorough co-operation ; then would they follow tlpeir officers aa leaders in the course laid down with j a pleasure that the authority of one man -would fail to produce . In letter xi ., fourth paragraph , Mr . G . says , speaking of Mr . O'Connell , " Supposing that he had to debate , discuss , and explain every proposition be had to make , or even that he had to work with a council , any single member of which might be disposed to thwart him 3 could any one btlieve that he would then be enabled to arouse the
spirit which he bow excites ? Now , for my own part , I cannot see how any council jcould affect the caso otherwise than beneficially j b ^ each supplying his opinion they would probably arrive at the best course to be pursued ; snd so long as Daniel can speak ( for he is one of the speech makers ) to his countrymen , he will be able to excite them by ib . e tale of their many wrongs , and rouse their spirit forj " Ould Ireland . ' And then to debate and discass , is surely tho way to elicit truth ; bnt if Daniel had to explain ? well , there are a great many in the Chartist ranks who will agree with Mr . G . that it would ! be very ineonvoniant for Daniel to explain a great many of his sayings ami doings , and pquare them with the principles of truth and justice ; bu& we have agreed , at least I hope so , 1 I mean the Chartist body , witbj a becoming magnanimity , to drop the curtain for [ the present over his faults , ia the hope that by his present and future conduct , he will weave himself each a veil of goodness ,
that the prying eye of after generations will not be able to penetrate , and , therefor © , apeak oniy ef his worthy deeds . Now for the contrast Tbe fifth paragraph is as follows : — " Let ns take the contrast between ths agitation fo | the R-psal asul that of the People's Cbirter . Many miuds , individually as po-werful as Mr . O'Conncll ' s , have been engaged in prosecuting the latter , and the bbjecta sought to be obtained are certainly far more attractive ana valuable ; yet hy adopting what your corr » sponrtent Gracchus would designate as the democratic principle , vre may observe the different rate of progress of the one and the other . " Hure we perceive that Mr . Gal pin assumes that . ours has been the inferior rate of progress , a conclusion which I can by no means admit of , acd one that
I think our Social fiiend must have come to without giving the subject sufficient consideration . I verily believe that Mr . G > must have been so enveloped in Socialism during our agitation of jl-839 , as to he unable to estimate the power we had then in tbe field ; suffice it to state , that tb . 9 reform government of that day where as much alarmed at it , as tho Tories aio now -with the Repeal agitation . Proclamations of various sorts against meetings of all sorts , were plentifully posted about our towna ; soldiers were called oat of Ireland , and moved here and there . Several of our speakers where arrested under the charge of sedition ; th-jy were tried and imprisoned . These tjtanuical acts excited the people still more , and collisions with the troops
followed ; the sequel is toe wyll ifcunwn to all . The whole press , before almost silent , | teemed with frightful tales of torches , daggers , pikes , and Chartists ; the Government struck a desperate blow , bnt could not conquer ns , their trumpeter declared ns dead , but our meetings and petitions shortly answered the boast of ' Plain John , " with our million shouts for the Charter . Tbe House of Commons even answered our jail for tbe return of Lord Joha Russell's victims , our noble virtuocs Frost and his co-convicts , with a division that was lost only by ths Speaker ' s vote- Amidst all this the Governmeut was dying—we had stuck a tborn in thair sides that brought them to their end , and struck the blow that brought them from their high places of iniquity to our feet . They begged our help , our reply was "theC&arter , ""Fro 8 t , Williams , and Joneh . " Thaelection came , we overbalanced tbe sc | ale against them , and time hath proved the policy wise and good . TheTories got
into power again , and under thejdarling Whig R form Bill , proving the inefficiency of that measar © , tot either what itsconcocters Intended it— --Whig ascendancy ^ -or what the peopld where taught to expect—repressntation of the people . Our next step was our Great National Petition , wherein three million and a half of EngliahmeR demanded tbo Chatter andj Repeal of the Union . Next came the factory lords' attempt to revolutionize Eagland for tha paltry measure of Repeal of the Corn Lawa . and the whole of the Nortb ! was said to bo fall of Chartists . Numbers of good and tine Chartists , by taking advantage of this wage strike to turn the people ' s attention to the Charter , contrary ) to tho advice of out Chieftan , O'Connor ; for none in the best ef a moment stitch aa that , couid controul the enthusiastic advocates of principles such as ours , that may bo to materially advanced , by taking advantage of tAiues of exsiting on a question of wrorgs . Numbers hazarded tBfcir liberties , and it inay be , lives in tho
struggle , and have been sacrifictd as the Scape-goats of League men . No * all thesa UcXk « a evirtcnoo that we have k « ia aud cSo bold a p ? outi \ jci ' . tii > u in the political world ; and-, as far aa agitation and pv . biia meeting ] a&d .
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union , and zsal go . I think that onr movementof 1839 will vie with the Repeal movement of the present day . We have not had so many of the rich with us ; nor have we had eur priests of tbo establishment or dissent ; nor do we expect these latter ; nor have we had the press with U 3—none save our own Northern Star ; but oar principles are rapidly progressing— -the middle class are moving towards us , and some portion of the press is speaking more respectfully of ua , aye even the Attorney-General and the joster pertion of the Judges have acknowledged us as a party who have a right to preach oar opinions . One Judge has , from tbe judgment seat , complimented our leaders for theif ability and intelligence , which , with the compliments of Mr . G . in this same paragraph , the Chartist will be duly proud of ; but must not 1 st their feelings of pride overcome their judgment ; bat seek by every act of iho ' r lives to earn the esteem of all good men .
One thing I would particularly call your attention to , is , that we have displayed something like unity of purpose and unity of action under , what we term , the de .-mocratic principles ; and -when I view the caso in all Its bearings—the union we so rapidly efFeeiet ! wi&hsuch small means at our disposal—the much we bave done towards enlightening our fellowmen upon true principles -i-the amount of persecution we have endured anri passed , and the numerons privations our' fellows have endured—the sacrifices so many of them have made for the cause , I cannot h « lp but thick that snch a bedy is invincible , and by staady perseverance must succeed if they keep strictly and consistently to the democratic principle ^ but perhaps Mr . G . ' s observation upply enly to the cavils and renegadisui that hava occurred in our
ranks , the lamentable errors ( to bo mikij of the late Executive ; if so , I'must inform him that these disorders have occurred through violation of the democratic principle , for according to that principle , ia tho words of Robespiere , " tho rights of every man are bound by tbe rights of others , and if we paaaour ow . i boundary , we invade the rights of others . " Under this , the talebearer , the buisy-body is condemned , and if all men abided' by this precept , bow much ill-will and cavil would be avoided according to the democratic principle AH officers of the people should fee servants of the people and : render an account of their acts of office , to tbe pesple as often a . i reguired , or at statbd times , explaining clearly , of course . Now , were this tl ^ aya done , how -much hubbub and confusion wo might be spared " .
Senators too , should be paid for tbeir services , what is fairly agreed upon , but no mote . Last , but greatest pointof tho de ^ n&cra tic principle is that " tho people ' s will is law , " the best guarantee for its being obeyed . Now , when the democratic principle b ^ cfmes well known , und strictly acted on , insU-ad of the cavil and diseord , heartbarniDv , ill-will , injuries ant' r ; 7 eng 63 , that pervades ali nations , and as a matter of coura , all the soc i eties established within them , we shall have love and joy , aud harmony . Hoping fur this day , I remain , you * s in fairh , Gracchus .
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ADDRESS OF THE CONGRESS OF THE RATIONAL SOCIEIY TO THE CHARTISTS . Friends and Fallow-men , —The Congress of the National Society being deeply intarested in the fallen stite of the industrious classes , and greatly dissatisfied with the present condition of all classes , having met in their Annual Session at their Hall , in Hampshire , desire to address yon on the false position &rM dangerous state of all parties throughout the empire . It is now admitted by the highest authorities in tfea country , that among the working classes there is much ignorance , poverty , destitution , crime , and extreme suffering ; and these evils evidently arise from the neglect and oppression of the wealthy—to the deep and lasting injury of all ranks from the highest to the lowest .
It is equally evident , now—to those who can reflect , and trace effects to their causes—th&t it ia not necessary that this wretched state of society should longer remain , in an empire abounding with all the materials to ensure immediate general prosperity to tho whole population . But theso who govern , however much they may desire to alter and improve tins lamentable state of tba population , do not know hovr to effect it , and will not attempt it on right pric . ci ^ les for fear of danger to some of its present artificial cHviaiuns . Nor caa this change be t fleeted , without dans : « r to the peace of the country , witr . out & full knowledge and good understanding , among all pnrties , of the principles on which alone is caa ba made , and of tbe mode of applying those principles to practice . It is now of the last importance to you to know thesa principles , and how , wisely , to apply them to practice .
The "principles oa which society has been hitherto based , governed , and educated will never produce virtue , permanent prosperity , or happiness ; ths 3 e erroneous principles must bo gradually abandoned , with the character which they necessarily produce throughout the population . Aud you may , immediately , and mast beneficially for all classes , commence this change by your own meanB and well-directed industry . No sane mind any Icngsr doubts that mau is , to a very great ext $ nt , the creature of theciicumstauces by which he is surrounded , and chiefly of those which society creates , end with which it surrounds individuals from their births , bo as ta make poor or rich , ignorant , or intelligent , we ll or ill disposed , all of the hamsa race , yet retaining the natural individual differences by which one shall be
alwiya distinguished from every elhor . Also the very ignorant or very ill informed alone nov ? imagine that man has bt ^ a made with faculties to enable him to believe except in accordance with tbe strongest impressions which are made on his miud ; or to love , except that which is agrseabie to his iudividaal nature , or to form any of his faculties or powers , ao aa to be rationally responsible for their qualities , no : caa any one well informed now doubt of ttte puperabundance of materiel immediately at tba disposal of society , if they were properly applied , to ensure permanent wealth to all , and to surround all wich cireumstancss greatly more to be desired , and far superior to any which have been formed at any time , iu any parti of tha world .
Now , upon these data , without disturbing the prssent position of any partisa , you wi ' . l possess the power , whenever you can acquire the knowledge , to gradually and most beneficially , and peaceably , commence a chang ' e in your condition , by which you will spe 9 dily remove the hitherto permanent causes of ignorance , poverty , division , and uncharifcablenesg , first from your own ranks , and by yonr example , soon afterwards , from all above and below you . It ia vajn , at first , to look to any other party to effect tb . 8 change for you '; tbe upper classes do aofc know how to do it even for themselves ; but when you commence in good earnest , and show them a successful begianing , then those now above yon will coma forward and , ere Ion ; , cordially assist in carrying forward ths change throughout suciety .
Yea bavs a superabundance of industry ; yon may have among yourselves a weekly subscription Bnffljient to commence aud continue tho practical measures to well educate and employ , in a raasonable time , all your unemployed , i-ulf employtd , or uselessly employed members , and to well educate them and their children so as to mikb a < ooil beginning , and lay a solid f junriationfor the continuance ot the same measures , until all the industrious classes shall be well educated physically , mentally , inoiaily , and practically , and ali permanently -we " : ! employed in producing , in ' the best mannc-r , the greatest arnouat of the mo 9 t valuable wealth , moat
beneficially for the producers and consumers ; and tlsus Would y-eir , in a peaceable anil the bast manner , enaaacipate yours tires aarf your children , aud exhibit ua example to all claisjs , in all countr . es , which all uii ;; ht now lulvantagcously adopt . The members of the Rational Society , without desiring in any manner to interfere with your funds or the- government of your society , or an / of your proceedings , will b 9 mo 3 ready to render you , or any other party or society , whatever assistance it may be in their power to giv » to forward any practical measures calculated to perman utly well educate and employ any portion nf the industrious classes .
Trnt you may succeed in tnus peaceably and permanently emancipating yourselves , in assisting otners to effast the s . ; me now most necessary objact , is tixo siucera wish of ; ill the Ddleg ^ tes of the Ritionil Society ass mMs-t in their Annual Consrrass , in May , 1843 . Sijjued by order , aad on behalf o f tha said Congress . Kobert Owes , President of the Rational Society , aud Chairmin of Congress . BLrmony Hall , Hants , } iay 25 , 1843 .
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« - ^ == THE NORTHERN STAR . 1 7 ) 1 ¦ - — —r ;— i i -. * -
==== T?Ti;Rtrrd Amri-Wr Emigration.
==== T ? Ti ; rTrrD Amri-wr EMIGRATION .
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HARMONY HALL . LETTER XIII . TO THE EDITOR OP THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —As tbe subject of organization is an all important one connected with tbe escape of all classes from tha victi , crlaie , and misery , "which everywhere now so frightfully abound , I intend to devote this letter to the organizing of branches for such a society as I have alluded to in my former letters . Bsfore ' doing so , however , I must make some remarks on the letter of your correspondent Gracchus , that appears in this day ' a paper , which letter is written in a spirit that makes it pleasant to have such an opponent to point out Any error , or supposed errors , that I may advance . ' , _
First—I contend that the principle of unity contained in' my letters is strictly democratic , by its placing in tbe hands of the people the election of the president , treasurer , and auditors of accounts , and by thei * retaining tho power of dismissing them ' at any time it may be found advisable . Second—With ; regard to the Repeal question , I fully agree , with ( Jracchus , that tho importance ef that measure depends upon tho appeal made to the better passions f tbe Irish people . But this appeal could not be so made if every , or even any person possessed the right to dissect or modify what Mr . O'Connell thought would be mest effective for hia purpose . With
regard to Mr . O'Connell personally , I can urge nothing ; my objects are universal , and n .. > t limited to individual ^ class , sect , party , or country ; and I referred to Mr . O'Cooneil , not with tbu view of approving , or othevwise , of the coarse he was taking , but simply to point out tbe manner in which an em . ir « body of people may be roused aud keptjn united and peaceful , but firm and determined agitation , by being under the direction of one Individual mind of strong power . My dependence is not on any person who may be selected to preside over the society , but on the truth of the principles on which it is to be based , and on the daily increasing knowledge that will be gained of the sciences of human nature and of society .
Yonr Correspondent must bear in mind that I propose to found this Society on what I contend ta be three great and eternal truths , which are opposed to every institution of society aa at present formed—First : That the character of man is formed for him , and not by him ; and that it is entirely dependent upon his original organization and tbe circumstances by which he ismade to be surroon ' led . Second : That he has not the power to believe or disbelieve at pleasure , but must do so In accordance wltb the strongest conviction that shall be made upon his mind . ' Third : That he has not the power to love or hate at his will , but must love or bate according to the feelings created within him by each subject , which feelings he can in no manner be responsible for .
These three truths placed as the basis of action for any bo » ly of men , ! if clearly understood by them , must of necessity lead to an entirely different course to any yet exhibited to the world . There could be no anger , no ill will , no envy , or jealousy among such persona . Each ana would most strenuously endteavour to promote the general happiness , knowing that it contributed in the highest degree to bia own personal welfare . It is to the deep impression which these truths are capable of making upon every individual mind that I rely foi speedy success ; and I am well aware that until this point is gained my proposal will be open to all the objections which Gracchus makes in the election of the central or local presidents .
The immediate \ advantage to be gained by the nnity form of proceeding is that the responsibility will be fixed in such a manner that the individual chosen will always feel bound to the strongest and most vigourous action , knowing that all eyes ate ct > ntre < i on him , and that his succcbs or failure cannot be attributed to thoso with whom he is associated being obstructive to his measures . He will , of course , have no power to compel his council to act blindly , or contrary to . their own conviction , nor will they be obliged to go with him further than they consider right ; but he may , on the other hand , act in any manner that , under all the circumst-iBces , be shall deem most advisable .
This responsibility , joined to the great publicity which the proceedings of ;• . well organized society must have from its comiuencenjeni , will be a avf&cient guarantee that tbe members will know how their cause is progressing;—and I wcuH take care that the publicity was as extensive as it could be made , so that they at all times may know if a change of presidents be required . The chief objections which I have to urge against the election ot tbe Council I have already , given in my letter inserted in this weeks Star , and I leave your readers to judge howfar they appear cogent or otherwise . AUI would further desire to observe is , that however strongly I may write on these subjects , I assure Gracchus that I only wish my opinions to be considered as those of an individual keenly alive to the miserable state in which all are now placed .
With respect to the remarks on Mr . Owen or Mr . O'Connor , 1 say of them , as I have on all occasions when speaking of persons ^ I trust the association to be form ed will draw forth the best feelings and qualities of every friend of humanity ; and if this be done , it will be of little importance who shall have been placed here or thure , seeing there could be no merit or demerit in tbe .-iividnsls for actions which are strictly and rigidly necessitated . With tins rather extensive digression from tbe subject I proposed to treat of , I now revert to the organizing ; of Branches for tho society .
In every tewn throughout England , Ireland , Wales , and Scotland , & branch of the society should be formed , consisting of members ready to pay seine . fixed Bum , aay one shilling , quarterly , to the land fand , besides any local expences that may be necessary . These membere should , in the first instance , elect the most businesslike and trustworthy person they know , without any refarence to his being a debater or discusser of any kind , as their president ; one whom they know to be deeply interested in the welfare of hia fellow-barngs . The bisher bis position in society , prbvi < 3 e < l he baa within himself the jnecesBary qualifications for the situation ( which must never be lost sight of ) the better , as this position will of itself render the objects of the socibty the more easily attainable , and give confidence to tho 9 a to those who compose the branch . A Treasurer anditwo auditors should also be chosen for each branch , and the accounts should be published of t * m , so as to give full confidence to all patties .
The President should , immediately 011 his election , ch oase the most fitting individual he can provide as a secretary who aho&ld be an active basiness-like man , well versed in accounts , and of such general habits , manners , temper , and disposition , as should give him free access among all ranks and classes , ' and secure to him the confidence of all , and he should make it hiB especial duty diligently to watch the instructions that will have to appear from time to time from the central office , and to see that they are vigorously carried into effect . The Secretary must also attend to any local publications that may be required and see generally t « the diffusion of the principles , views , and objects within his district .
Much , very much , will depend upon the efficiency of the local secretaries , and they will require to be active , intelligent men ; persons in whom the public will have full confidence , lii choosing a secretary or any other officer whose time will be chit fly engaged in the affairs of the society , wbJere ' vet it is itqoiied , this Bervice should be paid for , and provided a fitting person be procured , ha should be . paid liberally . , Nn greater oi woi « e mistake : can possibly be made than that
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1841 1842 £ . s . d . £ b d . White , CornhiU ... 4 . 435 16 6 ... 7 , 640 12 6 Reid , Chartag-cross 2 . 63 '» 10 2 ... 3 , 5 u 7 7 6 Kelly , Vigo-kae ... 2 , 357 12 6 ... 3 , 377 7 0 From this return i *« will be sesn that the increase of tho year 1842 nearly doubled that of tho preceding , that Mr . White aioue , in the two y-carc , disposed . of stamps to tho amount of £ 12 , 076 9 s ,, wb / eh raftlOod into single labels , gives tnt extraWdiiiary number of 2 , 898 , 348 . The Post-office alloivaacespi- 'poat as 8 stamps to r ^< j 8 \ ving houses is one . \ kx tFtifrrzffiht Magazine , K ? . ? :
Letters from Bosnia confirm the intelligence given of an insurrection there . It is said that the insurgents have called for tha interference of Austria . In the neighbourhood of Onndle , the fine crops of ^ rasd have been under water for a fortnight , and , it is feared , will bs quite spoiled . The Lyrg RAIN 3 have been so favourable to tbe grass and corn crops in tha valo of Luns as almost to ensure a superabundant harvest . Accounts from New Orleans speak of heavy rains having fallen towards the close of Ap « i , and swelled the Mississippi to a considerable height . Ir is expected that a first dividend of Ss . in fche pound on tha estate of Messrs . Parker and Shore , bankers , of Sheffield , will be paid aoout the ead of June . Postagb Stamps . —We are enabled to place before our readers the following statement of xhe annunt received for postage stamps , sold at three of the leading po 3 t receiving houses in London , during the past two years : —
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct805/page/7/
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