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&%z coWfe**? ^jB&fcmsnu UXn_nj-inJxrLnjuJ-i-rLi-'.rLJi -"ti -i. - ¦ - m n 11 ¦ L i i, ..__. ¦ i.i ir ¦. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦-i i i 4 . THE yORTHElJN STl j . ' . _^
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THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY, AUGUST 12, 1843. *
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TO THE PEOPLE.
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Co iiUafccrs anu <£Qvve$$QXiUeut#t
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
&%Z Cowfe**? ^Jb&Fcmsnu Uxn_Nj-Injxrlnjuj-I-Rli-'.Rlji -"Ti -I. - ¦ - M N 11 ¦ L I I, ..__. ¦ I.I Ir ¦. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦-I I I 4 . The Yortheljn Stl J . ' . _^
& % z coWfe **? ^ jB&fcmsnu UXn _ nj-inJxrLnjuJ-i-rLi- ' . rLJi - "ti -i . - ¦ - m n 11 ¦ L i i , .. __ . ¦ i . i ir ¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ -i 4 . THE yORTHElJN STl j . ' . _^
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Pbaxwkxo&ze Moob . —Mr . I $ Besley leotnred to ihe pitmen of this colliery , en Saturday la ^ t , and ably demoHstrated thai four men , with the aid of scientific power , conld 3 » w perform as mnch works procobe as much-wealth , as 16 , 000 men could do only one century ago . Winsate-Gkakgb CoixiEB . T . ^ The workmen of Wingate-Grange colliery , most again trouble yon with an account « f soms received from our feflowsbwesLfor bur support , a » d also with- a -statement of fee present ^ dispute . Onr . employer has . published , saoteer pJacarf respecting the agreements w . bjcn he Tranied the workmen to « ome to . A eyeful exaaninaiion- «? those -agreements has shewn ns . that ihey ^ Brere nearly all in Ins favour . In his placard
we find that lie mites mention of two pits at tins colliery- ? ChiB 3 s true . In the l *> rdPit- there is only one rope , which as a hempen one . ' 33 n 3 , he B&ys , isnsedfortherepairs of the shaft only . That statement is false . There lias been a number of coal hewers in the Lord Fit until a few weeks back , and likewise a number of-sinkers ? this rope was used to draw both coals , water , and stones ; and not for the / repair * f the shaft only . There were two wirexo pesBpoathe other pit fora while . One of them sustained a severe strain by negligence , which caused BcmsoFtne wires to break . That rope was taken off and the other left on the pit . The rope which was left-ros taken off about last Christmas , in consequence of a spin of the strands , about fifty
fathoms lone . It was taken away Mid sewed , and brought back again to be nsed atthe colliery ; and that rope is the snbjeei of dispute . In it there are ax wires iroien ont of ninety-six , the number of 'wires constitnnngthe rope ; tfaoxemaining wires according to the employer ' s own account being greatly strained , fie has admitted that had we not seen ihe broken place In the Other rope , be wonldhave concealed it , by bandages of wire , and borne coal tar . "W e hare offered to submit to hare the rope tested with sixteen tons upon the pulley overthB pit , and witb = £ wenty tons at the testing machine . Their own proposal was a test of twenty tons . This offer they have refused . One of the owners of the colliery having proposed to ns to Belect an engineer to
examine the rope , offering to pay nsonr wages if he condemned It . We have made such selection , and the examination has taken place to-day . We had a list of jiine engineers presented to us by the owner , to seleet one ont of ; with an intimation that if we chose any other , we had only to give no . ico when he was coming . We did not choose ont of the list ; bus £ xed npon Mr . Chicken , of Monkwearmouth . The following Is his dedslbns— "August 7 th , 1843 . This is to certify thai the undersigned has examined ihewirexope at the "Wingate Grange Colliery , I think it Is not sufficient to draw coal -work . It is well seen that the rope is damaged , and not fit to irnst $ Tes upon it . ( Signed ) Thomas Chickkh , engineer ; " Account of sums received fince our last
« ommnnicalion : —Collieries , Baswell M 18 * . lOd ., Shottoni 2103 , GroxhoeJ £ 3123 ^ Eainton ^ 3163 . 2 d ^ 2 fewBo * ae ^ £ l 14 a , I > nmley £ 4 7 & % West Auckland IDs . 5 a ., Somh Whn&te £ 1 12 s . " 6 d M Belmoont £ 17 s ^ New Durham ; £ 510 k , Pittington £ 2 ls > 6 d ., iforthHetton £ 2 4 s . 6 d ^ Leazingthorne £ 1 fe . 6 dn jEldon 153 . 6 d ^ Shildon Bank 18 s . 81 , Evenwood 14 s . M ~ Cbvndon 22 s . Id-, Sberbnrn HilJ £ 4 -5 a . fid , Hsffid ^ l OLll d , Shmdiff £ 112 i , Hetton £ 1 9 ^ Ekanore £ 213 a . 6 dL , P « nbertons £ i 2 s ., Spiital T-engues £% Seaton Born 10 s . 1 | 6 U Wallsrad £ 2 t Tyne 34 ain £ l 15 s . 6 d ^ North ElswiekiSl 12 * . 6 d ., Sheriff B 31 £ 2 5 i , a friend j £ l , Onston £ 2 7 s ..
Hebbron ££ 3 a .-6 & , PeltoniEdl £ 1 , Walker £ 213 s , He » ton ^ e 3 12 s . 7 fl . Sonth Pelaw 6 s . 6 d ., Wxlam 43 ., 4 i , Kcnton £ 3 , BaTengworih £ 1 10 v Martin Jnde 5 s ^ Heworth £ 1 8 i ^ two friends Is . 6 d \ , Beamis 193 ^ Edomsley £ 1 , Sacriston £ 2 10 a , a friend £ L , Trimdon £ 15 -fe . 15 d ^ Castle Eden £ 7 , SIhoralefy £ 4 rl 0 s . 4 d ^ Cas 9 op £ 5 B& , Kelibe £ 3 9 ? . 2 $ d ^ Qnarrineton Bill £ 2 Is . Si , Hen ^ h B all £ 2 0 s . Sd ., West Hetton ^ e 3 Is ., Framwellgaus Moor £ 1 18 i 6 d ., Santh Hevton £ 4 93 . M , Darton 12 s ., Wingate Friends £ 1 I 63 . Id ., Norwwood £ 1 ite . 6 d ., Darnbrook £ 1 93 . 6 ± Benwell £ 1 , 6 osfor ; h £ 2 16 s . 3 d , S ^ r H ill £ 3 lls .. Earsdon Dismct £ 5 los . 6 d ^ Bedlin ^ ton DiBtrict £ 11 7 s . 4 d . The sum of 12 s . came to Wingais without an account irom the Delegate Meeting .
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SOIBEE IN HONOUR OF THE KEy WM - HILL , AT EDINBURGH . ' A Sraee in h ^ nonr of theabore named jcenfleman . ^ i ^ ^ ^^ yi ^ aaa Calton Conr ^ iioom , wnicn waB numeronsly and resDectaKiv ^ j tendedi The room was tasifSy S ^ wUh leaTesandbanners . Toadd tothelon ^^^ Se aa « eto& an excellent Orchestral Band waa in attendance .. The ereniDg ' a entertainment was also drrersfied by ^ ongs . Mr . Hfl ^ © n enterins the ball , was greyed wah enflmsiastio plaudits , Mx . CrilbBs was called to the xshair . After the tea and oiher refreshments , furnished in a most excellent manner by Mr . Cranston , were done ample justice to , tne chairmin rose , and in a concise and" appropriate
addregB proposed the first sentiment z The speedy Enfranchisement of ? ffie People / ' ISx . M'Kae , of ieife , i » 8 pondea . ?; TJfo nextsenumeni proposed was , ** A thoroiy ?] b Organization ; and complete Union < sf the CiianiEte of Scotbtnd , England jmd Ireland . W . Camming responded . He dibied at csnEiderable length on ^ eimporiance of tre-organLoag lhe Charnst&at . the present time . itwasthe ^ ueEtionof questions . ' -Upon the prudence aad sagaciry displajed -by ^ ihose ^ wio ysvj be « ntras ^ d wifil the ~ drawi 11 gnpofa . 21 ew . plan of onr organization , depended the - ibsub © f our future moTeineEt . -fie cat do ? rn londly-cheered . The Ghmrman agaiarose , £ nd gaTe * The Gnest of the eTeniiig j ' the Bst . Mr . Hzil , ' whish was teceived -sriib long confcaued cheersag
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and waring of hats . An address conjfratnlaling him on his Tisit to Scotland , and expressing approbation of his public character , was then presented by Mr . M'Leod . Mr . Hill then roBe , and after some introductory remarks , he announced the fact that , his connexioa with- the Star was now dissolved . He read over the correspondence between ^ himself and Mr . O'Connor , whioh explained the Teason for Ms being deprived of his functions as Editor . He had no fault to ind with Mr . O'Connor in acting as he had done . He begged to aasnre them there was no pique or difference ofany kind between him and Mr . O'Connor ; saTe what he had now stated » nd hoped no one woo considered MmBelf his friend would withdraw any support from -the Star he bad formerly giren it :
and that ihwe who had withdrawn their rapport on his account would now Ireturn . * He said in reply to the addres 3 that he could takejno credit to himself for talent . Honesty of purpose and intention were his polar star . His devotedness to principle made him always discharge his public duties without favour 01 affection to any one , regardless whose toes he trampled upon . He then descanted upon the prospects of the cause at present ; ^ ave a lncid , and sneeinct acconnt of iis -views { oa the projected Conference , and intended Organization ; and after touching some other points of interest , he turned to the question of the Land as the only means of salvation for the working classes . He pointed out the impediments that lay in the way of the people
getting at the Land , and the "necessity for political power to get the command of it . He concluded a long , and admirable address , replete with sound reasoning and political wisdom , rapturously applauded . The next sentiment proposed was , " May the oppositions of the factions stimulate the people to increased exertions in the advocacy of the great principle of democracy . * ' Mr . Peddie responded . He made an able and effective speech , tracing and exposing the evil results of the present system , and using , in strong language , the necessity for increased exertion . The fourth Bentiment was ^ " F « argus O'Connor , Esq ., may his indefatigable exertions
in the cause of liberty be crowned with ultimate success . ' It was responded to by Mr . Allan . He extolled Mr . O'Connor for his disinterested labonrs in the people ' s servioe , and said he h » d carred out for himself a monument more valuable than brass or marble , in the affections of the people . The next . sentiment was " the imprisoned and exiled Chartists . " Mr . Tankard responded . "The Star and Democratic press , " was given ! and spoken to by Mr . Peddie , The Esi of sentiments being now exhausted , Mr . M ' - Leod came forward and proposed a resolution , "That the meeting has heard with extreme surprise and regret that Mr . Hill has ceased to condnct the Star ? ' Mr . LrsnniB seconded
the resolution , whiob was put from the . chair , and carried unanimously . A vote of thanks was moved to the Chairman for his excellent conduct in the chair , when they ultimately dispersed .
The Northern Star Saturday, August 12, 1843. *
THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY , AUGUST 12 , 1843 . *
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OUR POSITION . WHERE ARE WE ? WHERE SHALL WE BE 1 So general is the desire of the working classes to return to an agricultural life , that wherever we go , or to whatever publication we turn , we find ibat the one great nostrum for the one great complaint is the Land ; and that not only the system-made surplus population of operatives , but the system-made surplus population of speculators in their ' labour , are
now turning their closest attention to the subject . The delusive and hypocritical sayings and doings of ilt ' -ague have lost their magic . Their parables have been answered by practical illustrations of the failure of their principles ; the modicum of free trade" granted by Sir Robert Peel having tested the truth of their assertions , and having stripped their hobgoblin of that fanciful garb in which the wildnes 3 ef despair and the fervour of imagination had dressed it .
All the anticipations of moving myriads of start * ing paupers ; the theatrical exhibitions ; the midnight bowlings ; thefeastings ; the conferences ; and the daily assemblages of the pinch-bellies have passed swsj ; and are more than compensated for by the election of the Londonderry nominee , Mr . Bbight , for the City of Durham . " One swallow , however , does net make a summer : " and we doubt that the
Member for Durham will add much potency to the legislative character of the League . However the House of Commons may affect to disregard popular opinion , we have little doubt that the ^ supposition that the League did possess popular confidence had a marvellous effect upon the votes of many of the new adherents to the principle , that English workmen should rely upon the foreign grower for his breakfast , Mb dinner , and Ms supper !
The exhibition ^ Cobden and Co . the agricultural districts , where declining shopkeepers by some marvellous process were converted icto Repeal farmers , must nave excited the laughter of those whose places were usurped , and whose adherence to the principles of Fxee Trade has been { thus mani fested by assumed proxy . This angry { swelling is now reduced by the good sense ) of the working -classes , and the disease will doubtless break out in some other form : indeed , we find fresh symptoms already manifesting themselves in the town of Birmingham ; and the first step taken by the new batch
of quacks is in strict accordance with th » practice of their several predecessors . The Miraias and the Attwoods commence as usual by telling the people of their sad and deplorable condition , in the hope ihat by an hypocritical expression of sympathy for the sufferers they may be enabled to convert them into tools for the correction of middle-class grievances . The people of Birmingham however , and especially the Irish portion , will bear in mind Attwood ' s reply to Lovett upon the eve of the presentation of the National Petition . ' It was as
follows : — " That he never would Bnpport Equal Representation , as it would place Ireland upon an -equality with England , thereby destroying that ascendancy which for a thonsand years the latter country had possessed over the former " . Neither will they forget that the labour of nine months coneemrated in that Petition , at the expense of £ 9 , 000 , was lost , in consequence of Mr . Attwood ' s making the National Petition , not the bask of a demand for the Charter , but a mere pretext for urging a letnrn to One Pound Notes , ss a means of destroying the demand for the People ' s Charter .
That such men as Attwoos , Mxjhtz , Cobden , and Bbight look far beyond those limits to which their adherents would go , no one can doubt . Men in their situation of life , however they may profess , —the one party to seek the redress of grievances by a return to One-Pound Notes ; and however the other party may buoj np hope from an " Extension of Trade / ' yet will the leaders look for something more substantial for themselves than would be conferred upon the general body by the accomplishment of their object . Cosdsh has now gone so far , and has succeeded in uniting so large an amount of the confidence of his own party
in his favour , that the question of Free Trade constitutes bat a very small portion indeed of his expectations . Cobden is wise enough to see that the length that Sir Rosebi Peel has gone in forwarding the principles of Free Trade is very likely to lose him that support upon which , and which alone , he holds bis present high office ; while he has doubtless discovered that the substitution of pure Whiggery for unmitigated Toryism wonld be Yery unpalatable to the public at large . Weighing those circum-Etances well , Cobden would v « ry naturally and very fairly expect to find his reward upon the next
breakup , in something that would distinguish-r him 89 the leader of a large portion of the wealthy classes of this country ; and wife him . Free Trade ) would become a secondary consideration , and bis value to his party would be in proportion to iiis fbUiiy and willingness to resist the democratic principle , the want of whioh would enable the few lufiky masters of which he w < ndd be the representative to hold their position , and in the oonc « ssion of which ^ hose masters would see the loss of that domikon which ih pmai-appropriation of capital baa hitherto 1 ensured to them . - ¦ i
Upon the * ext dissolution of Parliament however , the non-elective inflnenceof the country , marshalled as we have no doubt it / waijbg , mAer » S © i » ngnly wise Organization , will present an amountofoonoen . -trated public wisdom wMch wai at once establish its nght to representation , and convince its opponents of fcefoBy ofany attempt longer io withhold it . The resolution ^ ome to by the Trades of Shef-
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field , which we delighted to notice in last week ' s Star , together ' , with tbe wise resolve of the oppressed colliers no ^ a be used as tools by faction , increasis our hope ^ llhe stren gth which through union the people wiU lete long achieve . It would appear that our errorv-rand we are always willing to take our share in any } charge of incomplete ness ,- —have become profitable to the colliers ; and that the rock upon which we split in 1839 serves as a landmark to their bod y * reminding them of pur disaster . We were pushed , nnfairly pushed , unnaturally and ungenerously pushedj by the middle class representatives who found their way into the first Convention , into a position from which there waa no retreat , save through starvation or revolution .
The promoters of the Sacred Holiday had their emissaries abroad , misrepresenting the public feeling , and nrgiagon the people beyond their strength ; until at length a premature strike proved the temporary ruin of ; our oause . It would appear from all the communications coming from the same parties now , that the : ultimate hope of the " coal kings" is based upon the anticipation , not of a genera ] , but a partial strike ; while we rejoice to find that the sagacious leaders of the colliers have resolved upon working for the very lowest pittance , aye , at the mere existence point , until all the machinery , their
own machinery t —by which their body should be governed panding a general strike , should circum-Btanoea render such a step necessary , —has been perfected . Our advice to tho colliers from the commencement has been to be cautious , to be prudent , to be wise and unconfiding t save in their own order . That this advice has been gener&Uy acted upon we are happy to discover in their resolution to employ lecturers from their own trade ; to make their subscriptions generally , instead of locally useful ; while at the same time they concede the right of local treasurership , and allow the expenditure of a portion of the local subscriptions for local purposes . We farther find that they have appointed the proper legal machinery for defending themselves agaioat
those oppressions whioh , for want of legal resistance , the masters may impose upon them under the semblance of law . We feel convinced that a more judicious course could not have been adopted , and that the next step will be , the holding of a short convention , the proceedings to be conducted with open doors , and the object to be , the agreeing upon Buchralea and * regulations in the government of the body as will insure them against surprise , defend them against the machinatioas of their enemies , and above all guard them against any , the slightest , recurrence to ; violence . Should such course be adopted , none but actual working colliers should be elected as delegates ; and to avoid expense , the representation , if the general principle is agreed upon , need not be large .
We have ever counselled the Chartist body against a recurrence to violence , and we &haH here state why we are at the present moment , if possible , more opposed to it than even we were before . Our general reasons for opposing violence are based upon the knowledge that every physical outbreak in a country where ] the dominant party is in posssssion of all the munitions of war and the power of Government , hu invariably been followed by increased despotism . An emute or sadden outbreak , an attack upon monarchy , or a strong manifestation of Republican principles , have been god-sends to the
weakest governments of England . They justify coercion , ahd constitute rallying points for all , who though dissatisfied with their own position , yet prefer it comparatively to that to which they foolishly imagine the ascendancy of democracy would send them . The various dissatisfied classes can only be mustered now under the general cry of" the Chartists are coming " . Let but any act of the people arouse Buch a suspicion , and all the angry sectional feeling wili not only be lulled , as by magic , into quiesence , but would be united in holy brotherhood of Chartist
opposition . Ireland would once more sip the delusive blessings of peace . Repeal would be abandoned as a test of that Irish loyalty with Which we are told that nation abounds ; and our folly would have furnished an escape to the Minister—to the affrighted Landlord—to the querrellous Leaguers—to the complaining Churchmen—to the infuriated Rebeecaiteto the Pining Shopkeeper—and to the Aristocratic portion of the Trades J while the " physical" torch lit at the blaze of democracy would serve to light Chartism to tie tomb ! I
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. . l . 11 .. . 1 - » ~ - « - ^^^»» -s * . - - ¦ - ..-. n . i- j- tr THE LAWYER SOLDIER , AND THE SOLDIER LAWYER .
The debate , upon the presentation of a petition from 5 , 000 disappointed and angry Loyal Protestants of the North of Ireland , by the renowned leader of the defunct party , Lord Roden , furnishes a happy illustration of the lengths to which statesmen may be led under wounded feelings . There we fiud the Marshal-Dukerand the ex-Chancellor changing professions , if not ; sides J the Duke , anticipating how the cunning lawyer , in " his study , ' may be able
to pnt a diametrically different construction upon an Act of Parliament to that intended , not only by both Houses Of Parliament , but to that which its framers , the Cabinet , after frequent consultations , intended it should bear ! while the ex-Chancellor , Brougham , vouohea . as he has often done before , for the " physical" resistance of his pet King , Louis Phiuppe , and all the valuable portion of his French Majesty ' s Cabinet , to " uphold tho integrity of the British empire . "
We have frequently been puzzled in our endeavours to discover the beauty and consecutiveneBS of those peculiar and characteristic speeches for which the Noble Duke of Wellington has been famed . It has been said respecting them that M every word is a teller ; and every sentence an apothegm . *' Lacking genius to comprehend the meaning of the following passage , we give it as we find it . His Grace says;—"Precessions ' for the purpose of celebrating or commemorating any festival or anniversary , or political event relating to or connected with any religions or other distinction or difference between any classes of
her Majesty's subjects ; 'that is the nature of the processions which are prohibited under this act ; and it is a question of law , upon which I do not mean to give aoy opinion ; because my opinion would foe worth nothing . Bnt it is a question of law , which must have been considered ! by thoso whose dnty it is to put the law into execution , whether those other processions to which my Noble Friend has alluded , accompanied by the carrying of banners , and marching with music , or whatever else' may be the evidence of their criminal intentions , fall lander the provisions of the Act ; and that is a question which no epeeob in the House can decide—( hear , hear , bear ) . —and on which no petition
laid on the table of this House can have the least influence—{ hear ) , j These are questions which must be doeided by men in their studies , in the first instance , and which cannot be decided by the occurrence of particular dreamstancea , nor by the delivery of any speeches in this House . The truth is , that both in this and the other House of Parliament these very questions were -fully submitted to Parliament at tbe time this act was passed ; bat it was declared that it -was intended to apply a remedy to tne
difficulties -which at that moment existed , and that the legislature had not in view any other processions — nay , propositions were made , both in this and the other House of ; Parliament , to extend the provisions of the act , bnt ] Parliament refused to do so . Therelore , I beg myinoble friend to recollect that blame onght not to be cast on the Government for not ; having applied-the provisions of this act to those other -proceaionB to which be has alluded , because if he ¦ will examine that act , he -will find that those provisions are not applicable to them . "
We know not what the admirers of his Grace may gather from the above ; but we can deduce from bis words no other meaning than this : — " The law , as it at present stands , is notfappltcableto the processions complained of . The Act was framed for a specific purpose , other than that songht by xdy Noble Friend . The question of extension . Was discussed by both Houses ^ and was rejected . The Ministers of the day endeavoured to extend the provisions in the first instance ; but subsequently abandoned that extension , and ultimately confined the operation of the Act to the suppression of processions , under which denomination those complained of by my Noble Friend do aotin anywise come . " But , " —mind the" BUT , " — " if gentlemen in their studies can give any other in-
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terpretation to the Act than that intended by its framers , both Houses of Parliament , and the Ministers whose special workmanship it was , why , wexl | and good . " We [ ask if meaning can be plainer ; or if other conclusion can be arrived at , than that the forbearance of the strong Government is based ! upon a reliance of the law ' s perversion , rather than a love of clemency ! Irresistible laughter is caused by the compliments hoapeil upon the " handevffed Orangemen" by their leaders , Roden and the Duke . Brougham too , laid it on ! to nausea . Tho ; ' * forbearance" of the
Orangemen reminds one much of tne tranquillity of the' fettered murderer , whose plaintive tone for mercy so iil comports with his savage power , when exercised upon his defenceless victim . " They deserve kll praise for their exemplary forbearance" ! 11 When { i t an || FQK what ? when their bloody deeds of olden times had raited up a host of defenders , whose' union placed fetters upon their hands , and rendered them so weak ; and contemptible as to ¦¦ ¦
r kj - be compelled to seek protection against that power , whioh their bloody deeds had been mainly instrumental in creating ? Who in Ireland , but will ^ aughiat the "forbearance" of the Roden ' s , the Magee's , and the whole hungry tribe who have so long shouted their appeals la " buckle on the sword " and " keep their powder dry" ? If Mr . O'CONNEIX deserves credit for any one act more than another , it is for having raised up a sufficient amount , of Irish moral power to render pointless the Orange bayonet . From the latitude extended by the Noble Duke to the wily " gentlemen in their studies" we look for the most disastrous results , as soon as the Arms' Bill , " with none of those limitted powers
contained in the "Suppression of Party Processions Bill , " ' shall be handed over to the Irish Executive , as their " Warrant of Attorney" to search to insult , to transport , and to shoot ! The proposed meeting of the Orangemen on the 7 th of September , with the Arms' Bill as their authority , and Parliament prorogued j and the King of Hanoter at hand , fills us with evil forebodings . Authority will make a struggle ; and authority being transferred from Parliament to the weeded Orange Magistracy of Ireland , will be exercised in defiance of all law * and T ^ ill be exeroised to " meet tho emergency , " that " emergency" being to exterminate the Irish people . ; '¦
So much for the Duke ; and now a word for the ox-Chancellor . The Noble Lord , Brougham , attaches commercial importance to the present agitation ; and fears that such demonstrations as those now daily exhibited in Ireland , will ; have the effect of intimidating the English Capitalist from entering upon speculation in Ireland . What change has come o'er the dream of the Noble Lord , since thoae times when " public meetings were the inalienableright of every British subject ; " and when the result was to be " the rolling of Kings ' s heads in tbe gutter , for little boys to play foot-ball with" ! We would ask Lord Brouguam ,
has Ireland never been tranquil under English rule ? And whether has the poverty of the Irish people , occasioned by that rule , or the timidity of tho English speculator , for whose enterprise the rest of the Wjorldi is too narrow , been the cause of the nonspeculation of the English capitalist ? The Noble Lord spoke truly , when animadverting upon the efieotSjOf " insult . " But why should he so far prostitute himself to the service of his old and bitter enemies , the Tories , as to make the personal insults that his has received from Mr . O'Conwell a justificationfor his attack upon those privileges which be
formerly upheld as tho dearest right of every British subject 1 Will not every man who has read his spleen see in it the wasp's sting , rather than the Statesman ' s caution ? Wejrely , however , upon the wisdom of the Irish people as a means of resistance to the construction that the " gentlemen in their studies" may put upon the Apt of Parliament ; while we rely upon their glorious demonstrations as a means of intimidation ; which ) will make the " forbearing" and " exemplary " Orange faction pause before they " buckle on the sword ; " or try their •' dry powder" A notion of thejpresent strength of the Repeal party may be best gathered from Mr . O'Connell ' s just
denunciation of Lord John Russell , white at the same time we can claim from his own words our own best defence ; for that course for which he has so often reviled us . He now s » ys " he would rather hate TWENTY Tories than one Loud Johni Russell . For resi ? ting Lord John ' s tyranny and finality we were all called * Tory Chartists ;" and for triumphing over the miserable faction we were called " the bitterest enemies of Ireland . " W © rejoice to find that Mr . O'Co knell has lived to laarn ! and in his declaration we receivo ample apology for his frequent attacks upon us for opposing the Russell policy , the evil effects of which he has at length felt and denounced ; not substantially , as we did ; but by contrast . He prefers twenty
Tories !! Strange alteration from the times , when we were invited to wage deadly war under the Russell standard , for no greater triumph than that Of " KEEPING THB TORIES OUT . "
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Trade , " he is actually taking advantage of the present distress to make a fortune out of the poor man's helplessness 1 / / He is now getting a woollen fabric made in Paisley at 8 s . per piece ; and with very little additional labour he is selling the same pieces at 28 a . and 303 . each ; making at least 16 a .
PROFIT UPON THKj LABOUR AND SAW MATERIAL 07 ONE SINGLE PIECE 1 WHILE AT TBE SAME TIME HE HAS REDUCED THE WAGES OF HIS '" HANDS" FIVEPEICCE IN EVERY SEVENTBENPENCE THEY EARNED J ! He has now got his " pilot engine , " Buckley , out , ! to see how much farther jhe can venture ; or whether the experiment may lead to the more fascinating result of compelling " her Majesty" to call Cobden and Co * to her council , to satisfy the popular requirements !!
Opposed as we are to violence of any sort or kind , we yet fearlessly say let us have Revolution in any shape or form , rather than submit to the perpetual torture to which such bloody rule would subject yslt We have invariably stood forward as the friend of labour ; and we think we best serve the labourers ' cause , by admonishing them against the folly of mixing up any other question with their present " struggle . " We highly approve of the course taken by the Chairman of the Ashton meeting , in inviting the police to the platform : and t as a further protection , we would strongly urge the propriety of each speaker coming to every meeting that he may intend to address with his sentiments briefly
WRITTEN DOWN ; and , when read , let the speaker write his name upon each page , and hand it ' the Chairman to be \ kept , and produced if neces ? sary ; so that his own words , and not those of others may appear in judgment against him . We are seldom Ifalse prophets ; and it will be remembered that we foretold that the capitalists would make another attempt to effect what they
call" hampering the Government . " Let the operatives beware lest by their co-operation they may "hamper" themselves ,, instead of the Government ! Trust to none but wise heads ; and do your own work for your own selves , is the best advioe that we can give those who have been once more thrown into disorder , just at the moment when the poor slaves had a right to expect their share from a " revival of trade" !
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My dear Friends , —The contents of this letter will in all probabi ity surprise some of you . I am no longer Editor of the Northern Star . I have thought i ; my duly , repeatedly , as I saw occasion , to caution you not again to trust your cause and destinies into the hands of parties by whom they have Been before perilled , and all but destroyed . I have given you reasons for my caution ? , as I have gone along ; enough to enable you to form yourjowu opinions ; though not all which tended to the forming and confirming of my opinions . I have told you that certain parties who have heretofore figured prominently in the movement , and by whom the National Charter
Association was destroyed , were not men to be again truated ; that their public acts in connection with that body proved them to be men morally and politically dishonest and unprincipled ; and thas their public acts , since then , have afforded corroborative and confirmatory evidence of the same thing . 1 have told you that ! even if this might not ba so : even giving them credit for tho firmest principle and strictest honesty , th ' eir judgment hasbeei- sufficiently proved to be unfit for leadership , and calculated only to create failure , and retard the progress Of our cause . These were my opinions . I held them honestly ; and I expressed them honestly . I gave
you reasons whereon I founded them : 1 mignt in due time have given you more reasons had tbe opportunity been still permitted to me . You may , perhaps , some of you , have come to conclusions different from those [ to which I came ; with that I have no concern : I should have been a traitor to you , had I withheld my counsel . I did not withhold it . 1 warned you faithfully and then left you to act On your own judgement . I consider you at all times entitled to my opinions upon all matters with which the public cause is or may be identified ; and while I live and retain your confidence , and can find a medium of communication , you shall have them .
You know that Mr . O'Connor has expressed opinions different fijom mine in reference to these parties . He thought them so indispensibl © to the movement that he has deemed it necessary to take tho controul of the pear out of my hands that their influence with youf might not suffer . I make no complaint of thiB . The Star is Mr . O'Connor ' s own property ; and he has a right to say that it shall not be used either for the effecting of purposes which he does not approve , or for the frustration of those which he desires to see accomplished . Observe , then , that I state this to you , not with the purposo of renewing crimination or of exciting you to angry feelings ; but simply that you may know the real fact I of the cause of my removal from the Star ; and ; the full extent to which , as he baa himself told you , the difference between ine and Mr . O'Connor has gone .
No donbt there are those who will be glad to make a mountain o | " this molehill , if you choose to let ihem . I hope y <^ u will uot . Mr . O'Connor has a right to his opinions ; and he has a right to remove me from the | Edrtorghip of his paper , when my expressed opinions run counter to his , on a matter whioh bo may think essential to the success of our movement . Bet no one , therefore , even of my warmest friends , th ' mk that he does me service , or manifests good feeling for me , by withdrawing from tho Star one particle of his support because of this change : the more [ especially as I shall . still commuuicate with you through its columns . Mr . O ' Connor , though h ! e exercises his right in taking from me the coutroul of those columns , has Dromised
still to open them to me , as a medium of access to you . You will stilly therefore , continue to receive through the Slar those weekly < iGunsela , doctrines , aud opinions to which many thousands among you do me tho honour ^ to attach some value and importance . Those counsels and opinions will now come to you in their own proper character . They will appear as the opinions of one man ; carrying with them just as much weight of influence as the reasonings upon which they are founded , and the credit you may } choose to give to my judgment and experience entitle them , and no more / Aud this you will do me the justice to remember is all that I
have , ever claimed [ for them . DreBsed up in so mach authority , they will still meet you in the Star ; while , if you meet also , in its leading or other columns , counsels differing from mine , you have read the Star too long riot to be now able to use your own judgment on the merits of the reasonings on which the respective ] counsels may be founded , and to Bquare your conduct , if by either , by that counsel whioh commends itself best to your cool judgment by its truthful argument . This 19 all the preference I ask from you for any man . It is a preference to which all are alike ] entitled ; and he who requires more is no patriot .
Yon are not bound fe > approve iny opinions j much less to act upon thetbi ; but , while I nave your confidence in general matters , it is my duty , to express my opinions to you , on all things where'in your iakresta are concerned . In so expressing them , and in giving ; you my reasons for them , I have clone my duty , and am guiltless of whatever consequences may atiee from their rejection . You are not children to need tbe same wimg always dinning iu your ears ' .
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Once , therefore , and for all , let me "deliver my soul" upon tbe matter which has caused my ejection from the Editorial stooL I tell you , then , once for all , that any causa committed to the management of men such as I believe these to h ^ fmust fail—must come to destruction—must entail misery and suffering on all connected with it ; I tell you that it is to such leadership we owe all tho disasters to the Chartist oause from the late strike , and the present depressed state , cfour movement ; I tell yon that like consequenbji'Will always follow in the wake of such leadership ^ and I warn you that , if you lore yourselves , your country and your cause d —if you love the democratic principle , and wish to see that principle established , you must get rid , not only of
such leadership but of all leadership ; you mast team to think and determine for yourselves , and make public nien " execnterr-not gaide—the publio will . I tell you that the history of all nations proves that whenever and whereever and as far as ever the people have truated implicitly to leaders ; they have been betrayed j and that it will always be so . Having said this , I have no more to say . I have done my duty . You will now act as you please . I can not warn yon more effectually . I shall never again revert to this matter , unless compelled to it by * other parties . You may now , if you please , make leaders of them tomorrow ; run alter them , to-morrow ; and suffer them to swamp your oause to-morrow ; I have acquitted myself of blame . Others may laud these
parties as very paragons of purity and patnotism , and you may believe them if you like and wait to fiud out your mistake ; the fault will not be mine . Some of you may even now be angry with me for speaking thus plainly , ' I care not . I lire only to serve you and your pause ; and I ? alue your good opinion and applause no further than as I can make it serviceable to this end : beyond that it is of no more Worth to mVthan so much idle Wind . This is a most uupleasing subject for me to write upon : if it may be profitable to you I am satisfied . In any case , I have done with it . We now know our respective positions . I am , as I have ever been , Your faithful friend and servant , William Hill . Hull , Tuesday Night , Aug . 1 , 1843 .
Untitled Article
J . W ., Macclfsfirld . —If he has the rent-look , with all the iums he has paid entered by the landlord ' s agent , and if those several sums , when added up , answer ( 0 ( heamount of rent for the time he has occupied the premises , it is clear that the landlord can have no claim ; though it is equally as clear , if the landlord set up the claim , and distrain for it , . a much larger sum than the amount disputed , 9 s . % » vill be needed to prove thai the . claim is unfounded * We would therefore say to J . W ., ' * keep out of law . " Prfibably he would find mailers turn out to be not so clear as he may now persuade himself to think they are ; and he will assuredly Jind cost at every step he takes , when once the" processing" is begun . The same remr rks apply to the other case he
mentions . Unless there be a good understanding between a rich landlord and a poor tenant ^ the taller has very little chance of winning in any dispute that may arise , especially if they * go to law . " As for the " notice' ' , it will entirely depend on the nature of the take -what notice he ought . to give to be kgal . If there be not a special agreement , SIX months' clear notice is required by law ; and if the tenement be taken at a yearly rent , those six months notice must expire at the end of a year of occupancy . For instance : if a tenant enter on premises at a yearly rent , say on New Years Day , and if , after being in occupation some ten years , he wishes to leave it , it will be needfttl for him , " to satisfy the taw " , to give notice so that the tenancy should expire on the d \ st Decemberfbh , lowing . Notice therefore would have to be given before the end of June ; or it would not be six'dleaf months , as required . All notices , too ,, under all
circumstances , to be legally binding , miist be . tn writing . The best course is , to get a friend to serve the landlord with such written notiee perioria he retaining a copy of it , so as to be dble ^ tg prov service , if required . Where a special agreenie ! for notice is made , it must be . slnttly"observed ; and alt the above detailed formsfejafir \ iiechssaHft except as to time . In the casepitftiyWr qilensty it is certain that hb cannot be distrained vpanfor the defalcations of his father-in-lam Prudence ought , hovKwyi to dictate ^ the necessity of greftt caution in meddling with his father ¦ ih'law * sjf $ edisi for , according to his own Mowing , there ts ° a * defi * ciency of some £ 60 or £ 70 . Nothing can be more certain or just i than thatJhefatherHnld . whjia . bls for the amount deficient ; and his , go 6 a ± , or estate tittle or much , liable to be seized in satisfaction of the claim , should it be treated as a debt . If iVfs ejjbvzzl' ment , his person in prison , can , and may le had . in saihjaction .
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SOIBEE US HONOIIB OF THE RET , WM . HILL , AT LEITfl . There "was -a Soiree given in the Trades' Ball , 'Xeith , on Bnday August 4 th , inlionour of the Bev . William Hill , for the pnrpose of welcoming him on Hub Ms &st visit to Scotland . Tne meeting which was orerjr unmer&ng , elected Alexander Lnndin to the chair . -After the good things of this life had been prefty well discussed , The Chatkhak rose , and in a few brief remarks , introduced the £ rst sentiment— - "The people ; may they soon become enlightened , and united to demand ^ tnttmeasn re of justice , ihrough the People ' s Charier . " : - ~ - This was spoken to in excellent style , by David Dieksou , who ^ ave Timn «» tf » TB both spiritual and temporal , awell-mtTited castigation for their neglf ct of lbs education ef Ae people .
The CnnsMjJi then gave the sentiment of the evening , * 3 he Jiev . William Hill : may he he long spared to conduct Ihe Organ t > f the-Chxrtisi iuotbmeBt , and jstfll connnne to give his advice'and ctr anefl as h © has hitherto done for the welfare of society . * - _ ¦ After ihis ^ Mr . James Ferguson read an address from the ^ members of the Leitn Charter Association , to the 31 ev _ -Gentleman . Mr . Hill , having received iheaddreses , came forward amid great applause , and thanked the meeting for their kindness and warm reception . He stated that in whatever enrcumstances , he wonld always bear inmmd ihe'people aad advocate their caase .
Tbe announcement teat he stood before them not as Editor of the Northern Sldr , l > nl ^ Biaplj as William BUI , seemed to strike the meeting with astonishment . Mt . nEEII went on to shew the reasons of the dissolution of his connection wilh the Northern iStor , which ie ^ aid Tra 3 entirely owing to a difference of opinion between himself and the Proprietor ; and as he { Mr . HOT ) could consent to be no man ' s slave , or lold his tongue when an inflexible difference of opinion existed without either being a knave or afool % the disconnection took pla . ee . Be was exceedingly desirous that his removal might be , as he believed it was intended it shonld be . for the b ^ npfit
of the people ; and he hoped that they would not withdraw any support from the Star , but continue and increase it to the / utmost of their power . Mr , O'Connor hail jgrren Mm lite uppoTttaatj of communing with the people through the columns of the Star . He would take advantage of that offer , as he knew that the giant monster of corruption was not to be beaten down by faction bnt by union . Mr . Em then showed xhe necessity of Organization ; and said his object and aim was to have tbe people Organized so as to know each other ' s minds and avoid the catastrophe of setting np men at the bead of the movementjTflrho although they may have the honesty hare sot the ability to conduct a national movement .
Be concluded by . stating thai tbe people should still have Mb advice and council , and ite trusted that his removal frrom the editing of the Star would become the cause of union . Mr . Hill then eat down amidst great applause . The Chaikhah , in a few remarks , lhen inirodaeed the next sentiment . —** yro 5 t , Williams , Jones , Ellis , ^ nd all the incarcerated victims of claWmade law ; day they soon be returned to tbe bosoms of their families and friends . ** This was responded to in a Tery feeling manner by John Tankard . The CwarRWiTT then gave oat tbe next sentiment , —** Me JeargnsO'Connor ; may he lire to seethe asoprion of the ; wineiples he has so long and ably advocated . " Thin was responded to by that old veteran , Daniel £ errj in an able and effective
manner ; The next sentiment vrae —• "Mr . T . S . Dnncombe and ihe liberal M embers of the House of Commons ; may he , and they , continue to nght the enemies < vf the peopiB in the strong bold of corruption ; and may their nnmbers be speedily increased ;? ' to which itoberVSimpsonjOf Edinburgh , responded in a neat and eTeTOTe speech , » tthe dose of which he expressedjuBpleaBare attheharmonyand cood feel-« £ T ^ rT ^^ t ^^^ K ^^ flnence between the Chartists of Lath and Edinburgh ; and his i ^ r ^^ v ^ . 6 tm & « iler - Tfae meet-2 & ^ £ r - ^? beeD ^^ awa during the evening saaa'&sSiissaas . wiJ
Untitled Article
EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE .-ANOTHER TURNINQ-OUT . Just at tho moment when the Trade reports from Lancashire , published in the several newspapers , were of a nature to justify the anticipation that the boasted increased prosperity wrouid have been in some , way extended to the operative classes—j nst at SHch a moment are we stunned by the threat of danger from a general cessation of labour !!
Our report of the doings of Mr . Buckley , taken from the Manchester Guardian , will be read by every lover of peace and fair play with loathing , with sorrow ,, and with disgust . It would in truth appear as if tho system of " lot-casting to do mischief " had been extended from the " sister country" ; and that a branch of the " black-sheep office" had been established in out manufacturing districts . Else , how dan we reconoile the neutrality and indifference of the many "feeling" and " respect " able" masters , who thus thrust their " Bailets" and " BocitLKYs" forward as ' pilot engines "; lying back themselves until the success of tbeir brutal attempts upon their unprotected hands shall have been tested ! As far as the Employers can furnish features to
this year s bantling , it bears a strict resemblance to last year ' s monster . The anniversary of the very day upon which the work of destruction commenced last yettr , fias been selected as the birth day of this year ' s > ¥ free irade" experiment ! and the same means for driving out the hands have been resorted to ! We are glad tolfind however , that it is deficient in its popular proportions . The turn-outs have wisely resolved upon making theouestion one of herb wages ; and have , afl we rejoice to hear , made good preparations for resisting an attempt to force them into physical resistance against the constituted authorities . They should bear well in mind the law iia laid down by ! the " Just Judge : ' V WoBKlKG MEN HAVE A PEBFECT RIGHT TO ABSTAIN
PROM WORKING FOR A LO WKR BATE OF WAGES THAN THEY AGREE UPON AMONG THEMSELVES ; BUT THEY HAVE VO BIGHT TO COMPEL OTHERS TO ABSTAIN from' work . " Let this advice be made the ruling maxim ; and resolve ! Let ( not tbe scantiness of a military force in the Lancashire district be relied upon as any inducement to violence ; for the operatives may rest assured that violence will not aid them : and that all tho sectional disputes wbioh now rage among the different clasnos would be instantly merged ! into the primary ; necessity of " putting
down the working classes' * -the instant " violence " is attempted . Forget not the lesson of last year / Strike but a blow in Lancashire , and Ireland and Wales ' will become quiet as if by magic J ' and all will rally to the cry of * out * profits are in danger" ! The teague have' expeadisd their £ 50 , 000 in a fling !© campaign for , the relief of the Working classes . } Let us see bow their praotioe squares with tbeir pr ' eaohing . Cobden is treasurer of their fund . He has never travelled a ' mile or an inch , or eaten a meal , that has not been paid for out ef that fund . Apd while he is preaching up the blesbings of" Free
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THE BIRMINGHAM CHARTISTS AND MR . ATT WOOD . We have much pleasure in directing attention to the business-like manner in which the Birmingham Chartists have , in spite of all want of Organization , met the projected Inew move of the "Old Rump p arty . " We bo far approve their prudent course , that we may venture to assert that the return of tne * Prodigal Son , " under the prescribed conditions would be hailed with great pleasure by the whole people . But the BIG CHARTER , auduotthe "little shilling ' must be the plaything of tha " new born babe into righteousness . "
We rejoice to see that our Birmingham friends havo deoided upon ! 'doing honour to the People ' s Champion , Mr . Dun combe , upon the occasion of the Conference meeting ; and if Mr . Attwood desires a manifestation of publio opinion in favour of the Charter , we have ho doubt but he will have a fair opportunity of learning it upou the day of Duncombk ' s entry into Birmingham . - . We shall take care that the grand demonstration shall lose none of its effect through our" Reflector . 'I What can the senseless Scotchman who does the Journal mean , by attempting to force requisitions , that have been rejected , down the throats of the people ! We will embrace Attwood , and hold him tight , if he comes to us fairly . We * shall not need to have him thrust upon us !
To The People.
TO THE PEOPLE .
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Tbe above letter was sent for publication lost week , but from the fact of my being in London , and Mr . Hob 3 < ra very properly thinking it right that I should see it before it was published , that I might accompany it with any explanation necessary , he sent it there for my perusal . I now give it * without , much comment : there being , in fact , only tyvo sentences in the whole requiring particular notice ; the remaining portion being a reiteration of those charges already repeated so often against M'Douall , Leaoh , and others . The first sentence upon which I shall say a word is— " I might , in due time , have given yon more reasons , had the opportunity been permitted to me . " Here I find myself called upon to refer to the particular act which led to the removal of Mr .
Hill from the "Editorial stool , " in order to be fully able to explain the above passage . Perhaps the readers of the Slar will recollect that after the Court of Queen ' s Bench had left the judgment upon tbe fourth count undecided , a strong appeal was made through the columns of the Star to Dr . M'Douall , not to damage the prospects of those whoso case was yet undecided by returning home until the final judgment of the Court should have been known . At least such was the . inferenoe deducible from the manner in which the question was put . So far so good . The attack upon Dr . M'Douall which followed this appeal , and which appeared in . the Star of the 8 ih July last , did I confess stagger me ; and it so happened that I met Mr . Hill at
Manchester upon the very Saturday on which the article alluded to appeared ; and after a lengthy , and , upon my part , a verv warm and even an angry discussion , 1 said to Mr . Hill : — " Why , in God ' s name , recommend the poor fellow to stay away one week for the benefit of others ; and then tell him in the next breath , to starve or hang himself on a treej or practice his profession in a country of whose language he was wholly ignorant ? Why he must be worse than a devil to deserve this . And now , if he or any of the others have been really as criminal as you appear to think , and as you have from time to time promised to prove ; and as I have suffered more than any other person from such criminality , let me know it . You have said you would " bide your time" . I have shown no
over-anxiety to hear it ; but now , come tell me what the charge against M'Doaall js ; and if it can be substantiated upon good and irrefutable evidence , I will go aa far as you in exposing him . To this Mr . Hill replied , ' * / know no more than you do about Dr . M'Douall . I t ¦ , re no more charges to make against him" . ' * Xuc ^ . ' , = < ud I , " aa I know nothing wnatever to his disadvantage ; nothing whatever to disturb my confidence in him ; and inasmuch as I believe his services to have been as honest , as zealous , as able , and as beneficial to our cause as any other person , I will not allow my Paper to be made the means of either starving him abroad , or damaging bis character or influence during his absence " . After a conversation of nearly two hours
upon , this subject , in which , Mr . Hill expressed his determination to use his beet exertions to drive M'Douall , Leach , and others from the movement , he was obliged to start for a Hull train ; promising to meet me at Leeds on the following Monday . We did not , however , meet at Leeds { , and on my departure from Leeds , where I had been all day , I wrote to Mr . Hili expressing my regret at the course he had taken . I explained that I had but the aiterustire of appearing m the character of a consummate hypocrite , by professing my public and private disapprobation of the frequent attacks upon my friends , while I seemed to wink at them in the Star ; or of appearing as a cypher , having lost ail controul over the paper . Tnat inasmuch as he
had expressed his determination to destroy the influence of those men , and as I thought their influence indispensable to the furtherance of the Chartist cause ; and as the Star was the medium through which he hoped to effect his purpose , I deemed it prudent that bis functions as Editor of tbe paper shoald cease . That he should have £ 104 *' hali " pay" during my life , for past services ; or if he preferred earning it , that he should have £ 2 a week for a letter bearing his own name upon political , literary , or scientific subjects . This brings me to tbe second passage , in which Mr . Hill says : "I shall never again revert to this matter , unless compelled by other parties . " I beg to assure Mr . Hill and all other partita , that no party or individual shall ever again revert to the subject in the Northern Star . That
paper ever has been under vigilant popular control . It shall ever remain so ; and Air . Hill's contrioationa , bearing his signature , upou the above subjects , shall have due insertion ; while no parties shall make it necessary for him to revert to matters which have cost me hours , days , weeks , and months of bitterest anguish . Since the 8 th of July last . Mr . Hili is not responsible for any article that has appeared in the columns of ihd Star ; not having written for the paper from that time . Since then it has been edited and managed by those who , from the commencement , have shared the Editorial duties with Mr . Hill ; and under whose management it shall continue to advocate those principles for the furtherance of whioh it was established . Feaegus O'Connor . heeds , Aneasi 10 , 1843 .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 12, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct814/page/4/
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