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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EMIGRATION . tfHERE ' ^ H 0 W T 0 PR 0 CE £ D . _ A TOrBTHROrGH J . POETIOX OF C . A . XA . DA , ? ' ^ ' 3 SETEBAL Of THE STATES OF > ORTH i « EBiCi . PiRUCClAhLT THE S 7 AT £ S OF HiCBVSSriS , BHODE ISLAM ) , > "EW TOEK , Z ^ sTtVAyU . OHIO , MICHIGAN , ILL 1 S 015 . fI sCO ? S 15 » AND >* I / W JEB . 3 ET , ISDXKIAKES V r 5 ' 2 T 1 ZW OF ASCEXTAIXISG THE DE-. ^ EHIIT . OB OTHEE-H-JSE , OF EMIGRATION ; * \ D TO J ^ 0 F THE BEST LOCATION . FOR ^ > GLISH iSIGBAMS , PBOM ACTUAL OBSEK-* rio 5 . -V LiWREyCE PITKETHLT , cf HuddeRfieid . fCoritVii ^^ Jro m ov-7 la * t vcek's paper . J -. nyAl » —DESCRIPTION OF THE SHAKER jvl VILLAGES .
i ^ prEoin ? Bom 9 remarks respecting New York j . Hf av » j-ceri }«'' - * , I arranged niyIneffsge , and p : e-C T to iecoin ^ snj ray friends Charles Earn&haw and ^ bei ; Anderson : o Albany . - i . j ^ jga aUia * t * o p . m .. and Tery soon discovered _ . jjror in c ? i : g ° J the ressel we \ 7 ere ia . It w ^ s a ' ^ V ' kj ? ^ - » 5 ' vith two IuS ¥ a Sf e txwts attached f ^ -c * regniri'l treaty-four hours for the passage , ^• - " i :- qiict basts accomplished the journey in ttn ^ elve h' jcrs . To need the matter , I bn-. l beared / * . ' -. * i « iru befc-r ? I became so nnwcll as 10 be com-V > 3 : j rsnre to bed . rcTttEsDAT 10 b— illness increased chirlcg
• i , :. My iV-Jriit ' tEdi * " WM soon e' " ( ieD - that it was a most "f- ^ a'ack ¦ -- ^ - cholera Tuwaids morning I b _ - ^ Te feeble is to be ssarce able to mount the stdiis f ^ ; is " cabin to the deck ; the cramp shirtsd trom " / " ^ . ' p " ia-e , nnal at length it became sj fixed in my 7 ^ , to ii cspadrate me frein moving about , in l ^ toaecce of the extreme piin it occasioned . I had •^ d ocs cf bed np ; -n the floor , on first feeling the isai ™ '! rii ^ " ^ ? ° can <> l > oltome ( i e&t as S-h ' u if 1 few * ^^ - be ^ ea ^ » ton -weight , -with crfeeton : he Bo ° ; after aoont ten minutes' rubbing , I nwkiarf s P ^ *^ relief and , by the aid of Ctmrifcs , j- ^ red to ctjss the floor . I "was certainly alarmed rr ^ jhe eainp seix-d my intestines , and when I * -as ijted s-irh is ' tsmsJ pain . Though it was excessively ^ T rr ! J had to remain in bed daring a great part of
• k » ay . "" vTe Kitbed Albany in the evening . THrJiDiT IV . h . —I started by railwayjthis morning , ? at s ^> Sasle- Tillage , Xew Lebanon . The railway isKadia 1 Tery e ^^ P inclined plane , such , as there are not - jjjjain . i ^ 653 s ^^ 02 * 1 ? engines and ropes are nsed . . v = 3 « aiJi 23 descent . Here tfcere iPere two locemo-^ TTg-jjaj , fcnt they wars inadequate for the task . E iWra , » ero ^ ii of men came to our aid , and afUr a j ^ a iBdhira straggle , the train attained the summit j . ^ vu , frcm ¦ which » e had a most imposing -ne ^ W of * - *" Hads » and the surroonding country , as also of iasijdty- We soon got to Hancock , a Shaker Yiil&g-. 1 expected to hare been set down at New Lebanon , but I and had do for lime
TS -fcrae miles off , conTeyanw mj ( ; jeif jw : for my lngrsge ; therefore , after TiewL g this Piasat tillaes , and conTersing -with some of the j .-stm , 'ho ^ r « re tstt kisd . I aw no means of travel-Esjbot to wili ; so hariag left my luggage in care of ssbsthren , I croceedtd on my way . With much ££ jaltj . oc » sioti * d by my limenesa , I resched Jfc-w libsnoa , another Shaker Eytabluhment , where I met r : ; h my old frwEd Diniel Fraser , who was at the u f » 3 i 2 y house * He'sras- » erjglad tosesme- Heahook Eg t > y the hand . S £ d actnaliy kissed me in the exubtr-Kue 0 ! his joy . Hs tooi me to the apartments fox the rseeptioa of strata * and Yisitars , and brought me * stei with which I washed myself while dinner vras
jKpirii !? ; bat bafore I waa quite ready , a beU Eaoaaced thst dinner was on ths table . I hastened by the direction of ny friend , to the apartment in the fc £ isalj 2 » asc * wijere the atrangerg dine ; the distance T 3 ! s * c-Bi Sf 7 yards , one part being laid with ron ^ h iizi sad tcs other wi ) h gravel . The building is v « y Urge » ad kfey , and divided into lodgiDg and other joosa . 1 S « " family house" is a spacious building , three csna biffc . On the underioor , or basement , is tos plite tet spat for cooking for the whole " taniily" as it ji ofed , Tbich consists of about 100 males and females , eb orksi ; theseco-d S .- > or is appropriated for faVing tbsr Bath , and the third floor is a place of worship for tig fwsily" oniy .
I ! ocnd dinner very neatly serred up in a small !^ p < i » fTit , set apart for the use of visitors ; none bef iDowed to dine vrith tha " family" until figy jia the community . The " family" had just ksb frwn dinaer . Bshig unwell , my friend had teafcj nss seine medicated Trine , and did every tejjoBM ^ to make me comfortable and give me s wwSire ,- bet still I was very little inclined to cili 1 hearty meal . I had set before me some very
£ k ha , white and brown wheaten bread , pndding ttiic boa Indian earn , fruit pie , potatoes , squashes , b ' Bfrbatas , preserved fruit , two kandi of beets , and I 7 fsihs finest butt-er I had seen in the country , and eqa ; So tsj I h * d ever tasted ( in my life . Nothing ad be lore suited to my tiste than what was before Ee . j& ej state of body was such « s to d § ny me a es ' . 3 ETrrjthing , excepting the rqaasb , which was Wy dsadsas . One of the virgin sisters waited upon a » iniaj my repast .
I aseaed back to my apartment and my friend , to tban I hid w answer the many inquiries he made rekiT : to die old world—be had entered npon the a ?» o »;—and it gratified me to find him less sunken c 3 a the weight of his new views than , from the ass * of bis lettsrs , I had been led to expect Ta , or sepper , at six , consisted of nearly tho same Ti- di as did the dinner . S *» fcfta tea I went to bed , but was very soon JK » d by the most melodious Eiusic , which greatly sSsated me . I arose , and though my apartment to dmdtid from the " family hall" by a court yard rf » ae twenty yards in extent , yet by the ] i § ht ¦* iica laeamed throngh their windows I could disiisKT pateeive ihat the " family -were at worship
ray Bad commenced a quick march , or flanc * , in K 2 ?«>; the brethren first and the sisters following , B ^ r ^ i roand the raom to music ivc > cal ) performed by ^ J « ten persons -who stood in the middle of the ° 3- Tasy soon finished the tune , -whan they bowed » 2 Rood * uIL ¦ RTien the tnne was changed , they Kiaanecd again with tbe earnestBSSS of yosths in a ^ -i ^ a—stimpir . g at en « time asd clapping &t ^ - ^ r , bat both most eiwllently timed to the music j . Bot P ^ publicly ; their opinion being that ptb ^ pnjers are improper , aad that every one , know-^ tii ow n wants , can aLne express them to the ¦^ J- 1 consider tie tori of exercise I witnessed , ^ appa . wta calculated to impart heaiaiaad secure * Ka 1 » . esp .
* J--- ^ ' 12 th- —Rose at five and prepared for the ring a -Jii btl to braifaet , which I understood would be rfeay k ex , the refalsj hour with the rt familr' for a . asaL it nmg p » ei » tly at the appointed time , I £ « r : j unwell , asd made but an indifferent breakfast . ^ - * & BrKher , Rictiud , had brought my lucgagc I ^ J ' ' v- ^ 'J 011 . a distance of three miles * u acci la wir-t of some necssarifcs and immediately ^ -- ^ ay trun ks . Ha vicg various art i cles to dispose ^ . _ - ! J ^ 7 »» d attended by the elder brethren and ---. whom I found to be very pleasant and agreeable Kj . / 'f vj ^ * ot , brethren and sisters aUo came , ^ I -rctased such articl es as they required ; they like"¦/ ' j 3 « » Ee goods of « description whJch they ^ . - - ^• oot ai a ia the co untry . While the elders of to ~ j f ^ f ' Were » 6 : tliiig accounts , the music commenced , r \ l ^ "" PRsed that they should allow busineas to 7 . ^? fr ;> m joining in the woahip .
cC » . T l 13 tt - —After brtakfast , Frazar at my Te-¦ Utv ' ^ t 0 the : E ;( i « i Richard ) and aeked him to * datLf * ba ! ld 80 me hand-vice , which he had much Titt W ° » Pwiou evening . He accepted tLe ^ ^« Rjascd payment for bringing ay luggage from « ib- » rf v H " iCbard ' aeooHipsniisd me to the office , f S . f ^ - ^« - where I also made seme small sales , f » » . y'f-f ?" * e ^ ieaded . I fcxsm " in * d the various + mj » n own a ^ Tifacture , ia the store , -which ** th ^ tl C 0 Bii * iS principally of toys . Fruz-r ^ le ' w . v l for ^ £ beir me through the village ; the 5 kj , * , t ? " * teeps the store , accoaapaniad us to a scfe 'I P : whidl c- ^ tained mscbiaery for sawing pHtt ' 1 2 Uti > erforfenda 8 ' gK » viagaad jointing ttJeii - ' * c ; a taming lathe for wood , with other jv" ^* 7 ' moat ingeniously contrived fer completing ** * na * ZT- 'Si > e kast P 0281016 manual Uboor . All hU -W * ** * od neatest order . A veneraaors ' ^ . , ? " k" 7 at ircrk ' wh 0 2 fonnd to ** b »« .-- , _ * - * C ommunicative th » n the par > eraJitV of the
p :. *^ * " ^ tt nukchinery is propelled by water , 0 ! te ^ ^ J ^^ Prisbd to see a considerabl e number h izti ' ^ ^? i *" " ° or factory , as Celibacy is entet t &PHr , ^^ : > laniMi tr ; but I was told they wer e «! - Jo «" &T ^ Pleats who had " taken np the cross , " V . pj . w '^ 11 * 066 of » be tte r and happier state here ^ . iiatJj ^ Upon them the n&IDB of twotber and ^ y ^ m of bnsi « ad and wife . Of course . fa ¦ J * eor-. r S : VTOa * bt n P ™ ^ e kith , acd habited toa » ba » i ^! . *• ^^ tT- T bey ^ ere all attentive ; S * * i » a S ^ . r ? ? ^ y lreM ^ e ^ y engaged , T * M m ^ v topping twigs for firewood . ' J ^ MaL 11 ai iJ 1 ^^ adi'y aUeaded to thsir r * » diB ^^ T 1 S ih : it ^^ k ^^ of firewood was akaj . p ^ " ^ any other for the purpose ofj ^ 2 k » , ^^ * e msdicin » l gardens of one of the I S ^ in cW \ ^ fonr to ^^ ? Jllage . The ^» «* w !! M ^ " ^ CTer y Portion of them . f ** * S - ^ * aita P *!^ in his manners , 10 » iafe tr ^ nisyaUTe * ad obliging . I was pleued '< S ^^ tafirt ^ fef " With whkh *» ^^ & JB to i w ** ° «« rfwTl ^^ EKne ' and to see and hear ^^ JSS »» S ; rf ^ -p ^
S 3 ^; t ^ silowiE g «• through all his gardens , ?»« «^ S ^ Oa 3 ; bar «* Pe ^ o ^ ^ ere occupied ' * * iffid . ^ - ^ * - a 5 d att ^*^ labels to each ^¦• ^•^ l i Panned with the utmost . Z ^ n : Le-CT ; ,.- r i - Siiducea for pressing the w * *"*" - * * tb ; n fo I ;'" - - ^ ? e ' ilEd for otherwifce « *''' - * iobeK . aiS ; ^ the preparaticDS ^ ere so ; ' - ' " hi ^ ' * " * P ^ 7 « -: ! i-3 , au ^ in tL ,
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In the garden * , the fragrance of which was most de lightful , wa entered an arbour , in which I was invited to sit This arbour was of a curious construction , being supported by some projecting maple trees from a rock which separated the higher and lower gardens , and from which we had a view that , in England , would have gladdened the heart of any lover of scenery , and who would have concluded that this was alone intended for the abode of monarchy . It Is without parallel in farfam = d Britain or Ireland . After dinner all implements of labour were put aside in preparation for their Sabbath , which commences at t > un « t ob Saturday and terminates at the Eauie time on
Sunday . We next visited the family wa * h-house . It is supplied with trater . both good and plentiful Four large bbiltrs were fixed In afquare , w : th communicating pipes for rapplyiEg each with water , and which they could have at any requited temperature . Tbs machinery for washi . g -was moved by water power . When the clothes were wasted they were placed in a press , « nt of which they-were taken , almost dry , and placed in skips , and in two Beconds , were removed isto the attics by machinery , where rails were affixed oa -which they were hung to be thoroughly dried , being kept free from dust cr any soil whatever . In the room below , were tables alon ? the sides ; and ia the middle a kin ^ of
stove or ov ^ n ; purpose of heating the irons . Al thrir works are conducted in tho best possible order ; their machinery being all pnt in Motion by the * snK stream , which descends from a hill , and altht-uih comparatively Email , yet , from thoir having cocs ' r : et-ed suitable resorvoitB , they have generally a sn 3 jc : int supply . The Shakers tan and dress their own leather , and make their own wooden ware . Thtir brooms , of which they TTis . EUf-. ictttre large quantities for sale , and which ire mace of the biooai cera , are very handsome .
Tbv-y have also a Email foundry . Tfcty spin , dye , weave and finish their own fabr . es ; make their own soap r . ml candles , raise and sell , by wholesale , garden and field eetds , also vegetable medicine ? , which tht-y liketriss . compound , and make their own shots and other clothir . g . Thfir butter , as I before observed , is the best . a the country ., and brings about oue-fourtb more than the general price ; their orchards are so extensive and productive as to enable tfeem to preserve and diy large quantities of fruit to serve them during the winter . Indeed , they raise wheat , corn ( Indian ) , oats , and barky , with evs-ry kind of vegeublts in abundance .
They rise , mniHJer , acd winter , at four o ' clock , or very sooner after ; breakfast at six ; dine at twelve ; and s-vip at a little past six . TLey are happy and cheerful with each other . No strife ; but , on the contrary , love and affection , reign throughout their abode and unt quaUed orcer and regularity are witnessed in every department . Their industry is not less systematically carried out than is every other thing . They are like bees in a hive ; and tbongh separate from the rest of the world , thty assured me that th ^ ir temporal duties are not less attended to tbfin are those of a spiritual nature . A ' nd let it be remarked , thst tbongh they have one common interest ai > d one common property , in order thst it may be annually sho ^ n which of them has been mosi ingenious or most industrious during the
year , every family manages their own seeds , medicines , and manufactures ; in fact , though living in " community , " they compete with each other even to an emcess of industry ; for with the 7000 or 8000 acres , owned by this one village , and vrith a constantly increasing mass of wealth , I consider they ought to relax a little in this respect , particularly as the brethren and sisters know that they cannot be Bupplied with either dcthm ? or money , but at the pleasure of the elder brethren , who have both in their own eare and keeping . Tbty are remarkably ready to welcome all visitors , ar . d refuse accommodation to none , whatever be their creed or colour , old or young , married or single . They afford every information as to their tenets and
principle * , and if these are embraced by the inquirers , and all other circumstances are favourable , they are admitted into the " family , " even though they are married , if tfc husband and wife consent to separation , and to change thi appellation of " dear husband " and " loving wlf 3 - frr the terma " brother" and " sister , " and otherwise abide by the rule * of the establishment , which , if they break , they must forthwith leave the soe ' ety . All you possess must be taken into the institution , ana you can have no further control ovet it than these who take nothing ; and should you leave , you can take no property away , however large might have been -the amount you take in on your entrance While there , you are joint proprietor of the whole propefty belonging to the " family . "
I / rbanon Springs are about a mile distant from this village . "The place is a fashionaWe summer resort for the -wealthy of the Southern States of tke "Ucion ; and the visitors to these medicinal waters , actuated more by cariosity than a desire to jofn in their mode of worship , used to attend the Shaker Church on Sundays ; but not acting with the desired decorum , they , amongst other things , besmearing ( as is very common ) the place with saliva , which the Shakers hold in abhorrence and designate " defilement , " it was thought proper by the " family * to close the church during the season , confine themrelves to their family halls for the time . To * how the effect of this regulation , I may here st . te that one hotel-keeper told me that it had been a Iu « s to him of more than l , 00 # dollars , and the season was not then over .
Xsw Lebsrjon is only one village of these strange devotees . Brsides it , there are several otktrs , one of wfcich lies about three miles distant , and is called Hanco ; k Shaker Tillage , in which the brothers and sisters are less numerous . Another settlement is less distant , but quite distinct There is also a settlement , or coloDy , at a place called Watervelette , near Troy . Another is to the Esat , near Boston , in Massachusetts . There are more to the Westward , in Ohio , and many other pL-ces . JSew Lebanon , however , is the centre of the whole sect Here they hold their Congress and arrange all th « ir general business . I did not hear of any appniBted minister of religion amongst them . Persona sustaining office are elected in the following manner : — Tne brethren and aister 3 converse together , and a person ' s name , or mere , aa the requirement may be , ia mentioned , arjd , after reasoning oyer the matter , the appointment is determined upon by common consent , a . id not by vote , as is all but our universal practice .
The three nearest villages are most beautifully situated in the State of New York , bordering upon ' , hat of M&ssichu&etia , in a rather hilly than mountainous distr i ct , partly sloping banks and partly plains . The wood that remains is only sufficient for ornament , firewood , building , and other necessary purposes ; and truly the large , handsome , cle ^ n buildings , with the hill and the dale , and the exactitude and order which throughout- prevail , makes the place look like a very par&dise . Sttndat , 14 th . —Again I was up at five , posted some papers , and r ^ i a portion of the Memoirs of Ann Lee , the founder of the Shakers , who was the daughter of a blacksmith , at Manchester , in Lancashire , and who with her father and other relatives , emiirrated little
more than Sfty years ago . I breakfasted at six , and was sgaiB invited to attend worship . My arm etuir was placed at the end of the b . 3 ll , with a spitoon by its side ; beea&Be , to s > pit upontbe floor -would inevitably c * ll forth a remark from * jiy one who might be near . " Spif-ous are necessary for American visitors ; for the Yankees " have acquired habits of smoking and spitting which renders them reaiarkable to all , and offensive to many , fnis is unfortunate : as it tells much aesucst the people , on the ground of cleaeliness . I hive before stated that the Shakers bold the habit of spitting upon the fioor in abhorrence , designating it " defilement" To prevent this , they invariably place a " spitoon" by the aJe of a visitor , oo that be mav indulge in his habit witbont offence to a mort
cleanly people . I found that their form of worship is seldom , if ever , twice the same . Those who are selected , or whose turn it is to sing , strike cp a tune ; aad then the whole body marches , or shakes , « r dances , according as the tune requires . I was a great deal more struck this morning with their performances tba-i previoasly . After a -quick march they , all at once , begus to form in line from ODe end of tbo feall to the other ; one half with tibcir backs to the wall and windows , while the other half commenced a kind of backward and forward step , and when they got to the extremity of their backward inarch they danoefl a step aad moved forward . As usszl , the sexea kept distinct in dancing as well as in marcking .
Tt « y afterwards formed tfcemBelves into two dose divisions , in the centre of the room , and the Elder Brother ^ Rich ard ) in a very plain manner , explained »< ku = passages « f Scripture . Then several of them expressed rheir inward emotions , in words , while others seticed writhing in agony . They generally kept np a degree of shaking motion ; some of them to an extreme exceedingly painful to witness . The head , in particular , as well as the whole body , was kept in a sort of rolling motion , apparently much more in agony than in joy ; and one sister expressed her affection and gratitute so strongly to the Eider Sister , for the instruction she had imparted , that while she embraced her I certainly felt much affected .
Feeling ill I walked out , and was much disappointed , one of the brothers having come to my room , while I ¦ was out , to invite me to their afternoon exercises . I lost this opportunity and only saw from my room , through the windows , much more of their excessive motion , such as whirling round , tumbling down , &c . Their tunes are most enlivening and are frequently accompanied by the dapping of hands in accordance with the Bound of the feet A noise , somewhat similar to that made by the Irrinites in the * ' nnknown tengue " was made by the Shakers ; and which I could distinctly bear in the building in which I was , at the distance of fifty or sixty yards . The stamping wa * excessive . As fcoon as the sun went down they told me that the sabbath was ended ; and not reflecting that I had as good a right to respect my sabbath a * they had , they commenced talking of business . This day they dined at half-past eleven , an 1 supped at half-past three .
Mo > dat , 15 th . —After breakfast , my friend Fraser , with a spring cart conveyed me and my luggage to New Lebanon village , distant about two miles , to meet a coach vhich passes that village to another part of the railway than that I had stopped at in eoming . Finding it hid passed , I had some difficulty to bin a vehicle , < and osly got to the station , a distance of eight miles , two minntes before the train . The driver said many j bitter things against my friends the Shaken , u be ; drove me alor-g . I soon ? ot to Albany , and , having left my trunk , I hid H Tenured to tho railway , and paid my fare to tVca . I vb . - i >< a on niy vray , but at Schnectady , j fourteen miles u- ' stant , I hsa io wait a fei 7 honrs ; and
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before night came on , I took the opportunity of looking round the plaee . It esnsisto , principally , of one long street of shops and warehouses , with a few hotels . The Erie canal runa through the town . There is a spacious College at a little distance for the education of atddenta in law , physic , and divinity . We left at nightfall and reached Urica at half-past four next morning : I then took my fare to Oriskany , where I staid to see a friend . I then visited the woollen factory , whicb was tolerably filled with good machinery . They manufacture woollen doth , carpets , and eoack lace . They buy no wool , but barter their goods for it ; neither do they pay wagea in money . The workpeople receive what ifl termed " Store Pay , " consisting of provisions and clothing , but no money . The parson even has to preach for " Store Pay . " I met some Ruelisnmen at this place , among whom was a Mr . Butterfleld , from Halifax , who ia the manager and a partner in the factory . He ia a very cocl and cautious man . and withal very civil . I visited the store , in which the stock was very plain .
I again took my departure by railway . They would not take half , or second class fare , for what they call way passengers ; that is , persons going short ctages ; so from Utica to Syracuse—because I had stopped at Oriskany—I had to pay double , or fuli fare at Syracuse . I took half fare to Rochester . Night coming on I could see nothing . We went at the rate of about fourteen miles an hour on this simple single-line railway . At Syracuse , about two and a-hslf millions of bushels of salt is product-d annually , which is sent to all parts of the Uflitn , and a portion of it to other parta of the ¦ world . The city is built upon a plain , through which
the raiiwrvy and the Erie canal pas ? . It is well built , and cun .-idtrrabU trvle is carried on in it I airived at Rochester a little before 5 a . ra , and enquired for Dr . Smylt-s ., when I was told that he resided four miles from the city . After a good deal of enquiry I found my friend Charles Robinson , who was in bed , but be got up and prepared breakfast , and after looking round the city , Mr . Longmuir and Mr . Taylor were kind enough to drive Eie to the residence of Dr . Saiyles , where I remained during the ni ^ bt , and never was poor soul so tormented as I was with an army of blood-suekers , called mosquitos . To-day the State representatives met at Albnny .
Wednesday , 17 th—After breakfast , the Doctor and I each mounted a horse and took a round to visit a patient who had been burnt yesterday by her clothes takiag Sre ; she was an aged woman , and had just been relieved frcm her sufferings by death when we arrived . On our round we were within si ^ ht of Luke Ontario , and the Doctor attributed the vest assemblage of mosqui ' . os , which had nearly devoured me , to his contiguity to a bay or branch of the lake ¦ which was only a mile from his house . He . 'slso said there was some wet bush close by . Oa reaching the city we dined with Mr . John Taylor , dyer aud manufacturer , from Kilm ? jnock , who had lived on a farm in Michigan , hmt tad exchanged it for the premises he now oecupiea . I was introduced to many countrymen , among others to Mr . John Caldwell , who , many years ago , had left PaiBley , with the steeple of St George's Church in hia
pocket , also the goods of several tradesmen , and settled here . The circumstance of his taking the " steeple" is well known in Paisley and its neighbourhood ; the fact being that he was a member of , and treasurer to , the St George's Charch , where the Kev . Dr . BURNS , the famous Corn Law Repealer , now officiates . Caldwell took with him a portion of the fueds that had been raised to build the church , tha body of -. vnlch was about completed , but the ett * ple was not begun . In consequence of his defection , it could not be proceeded with ; and ihe chureh is steepleless to this day . This matter struck me the more forcibly , because of niy having had so many j jkes , on my visits to Paisley , respecting the man who bad fled with the steeple of the said church , the want of it being a common eyesore , and a common reflection on the citizens , and especially on those who worship at the imperfect church .
Caldwell informed me that he had been a magistrate ; that he had been in business , and thit he was one of the jury that tried Mr . John Henderson , the present Provost of Paislt-y , when prosecuted on a charge of pike-making . I also met a few persons from HuddersSeld , whom I knew . I was informed that Mr . John Caldwell bad failed ia tbe amount of 80 , 060 dollars since he went to Rochester ; that he bad set up a splendid drapery store . , and pushed himself into credit , and bad swept the decks , and was now living by money-jobbing , or lending on security at various amounts of interests , and exchanging one sort of money for another . Notwithstanding all this , a number of bU countrymen had had his likeness taken by an eminent artist , a d paid for by subscription , to be hung up in some hall in which they meet on festive occasions . I hope for the honour of the fraternity of saints , that it is not fixed in St Andrew ' hall !
The city of Rochester is beautifully situated on both banks of th « river Genesee , seven miles from Lake Ontario . Within the city the river kas three remarkable falls ; the flrBt twelve , the second ninety-seven , and the third twenty feet ; and at a very short distance from the city boundary its fali is one hundred and five feet These falls must be teen to be sufficiently admired . They give power for propelling machinery equal to 38 , 000 horses , and give motion to above twenty flour mills , eleven saw mills , one cotton mill , three woollen factories , nine large machine shops , one or two planing machines , through which they put flooring boards , which come out smoothed , tongued , and grooved , and in every respect ready for putting down . There are also a bedstfc&d and general turning factory , and many others , all the operations being performed by machinery . To give some idea of the business done , 1 may here observe , that the flour mills turn out annually on the average from 450 , 000 to 500 , OuO bartels of fl > ur , the value amounting to about three milhon dollars .
Within three milfes of the city is the harbour for the steamers coming from Like Ontario , the St Lawrence , and many other paitB of Canada , and also those from the State * . The railway from Albany crosses the rivet immediately above the ninety-seven feet fall by a strong roofed wooden bridge . There are two brides across , aDd the new aqueduct on the Erie canal , which is tke greatest , most substantial , and costly piece of public work in the State . p I had not an opportunity of visiting Mount Pleasant , a new burial ground , one or two miles distant from the city . It is famed for elegance of design , natural beauty , and situation , in which respects it is said to stand unequalled . Everything was pleasing to me here ,
excepting the infernal mosquitos , froiu the effects of whose attacks my head aDd face were f nuriuously swollen . Before I retired to rest » r . e night we killed all v »« could meet with ; and the Doctor was sure that the room was so close as to prevent their entering . I went to bed in con 2 deace ; but , lo . ' in two minutes they were humming abmt my head in as strong force as ever . I struck about me in all directions , but to brnall purpose I then get cut of bed , and lighted a candle- The Duetor heard me from above , and cam » to express his regret I told him I was mere sorry on his than on my own account ; that I had struck about me right and left , and must have murdered a- h » st of the infarnals .
but that they still seemed increased in force . We again , as we thought , cleared the room , and went to bed a second iiuio , but soon foand the tormentors were there . I had not closed my eyes before * ht-y fell a ? on me , piercing my fltsh with their lancets in all expesed parts , not excepting my poor lame leg , which I was compelled to keep fr « m beneath the clothes . Striking about me I found to have no effect whatever , I therefore covered myself , and put up every possible defence , and with impatience awaited the dawn of day , when I arose and walked ia the fields , where I inhaled the refreshing bretz ; , wh > ch communicated the most delightful sensations , contrasted with tbetorteres I had experienced during the night .
THrjiSDAY , 18 th . —My kind friend Dr . Siayles was in some degree diBConcertied conteqwent upoa my not having succeeded in effecting arrangements bo as that he might accompany me to the Far West , and which I regretted exceedingly , knewing , as I did , the delight I should feel in communing with bis intellectual mind , and how in the " back woods" his cheerful disposition and inexhaustible and highly interesting stores of information would have charmed me in my course , and his research added real interest to my narrative . I was , however , compelled to forego the pleasure of hia company and do the best within my power . So after much conversation on the subject of Emigration in particular , which would be out of place to narrate here , after dinner I prepared for my journey to Buffalo , and
was advised by my friends to go by tbe canal packet I bad again to travel by night through a most interest ing country . By the light of the moon I could perceive that it was pretty well cleared and cultivated . We par eed Albion , Holly , Albeston , Medina , Middleport , snd L » ckport At this latter place , I observed that one part of the town hy upon a low flat , while the tab ** portion was npon a high bauk , the scenery being most picturesque . The five Iock 3 at Lockport by which the boats ascend to the level of Like Erie , are of a most BubstHitial anel ingenious construction , with a novel contrivance fur letting in the water , of which they have an unlimited supply , and by which the boats are lifted up with unparalleled rapidity . I was informed
thitt vessels could be taken upwards in ten and down in seven minutes . These locks are quite new , the old ones being in part removed ; they are composed of large blocks of granite , cut in most ingenious forms so as to bind the whole as one solid rock ; there are steps on each side by which to ascend , and arches over each lock by which to cross on the top . Tbe top of the upper lock is on a level with the great Like Erie ; and here is tbe commencement of a cutting which extends over tw « miles , of great width and depth , through granite , and is said to have cost more than the Thames tunnel . The workmanship of the locks is not surpassed by any work of the kind I have ever seen .
After proceeding from twelve to sixteen miles throagh a fine country , tolerably well cleared , we approached ' the banks of the great Niagara river , opposite to Grand Island , of which we have recently heard so much connected with the late struggles between tho Canadian patriots and the British hirelings . Above Grand Island , the river appears to be not more than half a mile across . I could read tbe signs in front of the stores on the Canadian shore with the naked eye . At Lockport there is a fine elevation from which to view the plains below ; my enjoymeat , beyond a _ glimpse , of the view was prevented by our conflnsnfent in the deep cutting , aa mentioned above , after passing which , 1 , for the fir ^ t tin . e since my landing in the country , c ; zed upou &n t-xttncled an > l delightful landscape , meeting the eye ia the direction of L-fee
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Erie . On the left , rose a beautiful and gently sloping amphitheatre clothed with groves , which , combined ^ l *® ^ 11111 ?* ^ r e . the river , the lake , the city of Buffalo , the villas and other buildings , the rich foliage , ! f * 1 0 lul BIaok Rock , presented a scene sublimely grand and imposing . Opposite the lower and tho upper Black Rock is a remarkable breakwater , for the purpose of keeping the , water at a proper level , and also to keep the water of the canal from the current of the Niagara ; Upon this breakwater are several flour mills and warehouses , also a foundry at its extremity . Here a train of railway carriages passed us from the falls .
We reached Buffalo about six o ' clock . The waves of Lake Erie beat high upon the beach , at the verge ot the city , the wind blowing strong from the west . At the point of the pier stood an elegant light-house , and in the natbour a number of well-rieged ships , of various classes were moored , and higher up the river was crowded with large and elegant steamers and smaller craft , which gave the place » n air of grandeur with all the appearance of a sea-port , tho sight being enriched by the novelty of the glittering domes of several hotels and principal buildings . Damea are rather common in the country , and are covered with tin , which the rarity of the air preserves in perfect brightness . found
I soon the residence of my old friend , Mr . James Spencer , who would not , on any account , permit me to stay at any other place . I was received into hi 3 house by Mrs . S . and the family with all the cordiality of a brother , and was informed that some friends , who had accompanied me . from home , hdd called en passant on the previous day , and had left a pressing invitation for me to visit them in Illinois , to where they were j j urneying . Saturday , 20 th . —After dinner , I went to view the city , and to make inquiry respecting the rules of the Dutch settlements ; but I could meat with no one able to furnish me with the required particulars . I was much plaased with the city , in which I met with many kind and communicative gentlemen . Mr . Spencer purchased a fine leg of lBmb , weight ; ibout nine pounds , for twenty-eight cents , or fourteen pence . ( To be continued . )
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strong powerful body of men capable of explaining in a practical manner the views and objects of tbe society , they may speedily produce a current of public opinion , sufficiently powerful to accomplish everything desired . The third mode and tbe last to which I can on this occasion refer , Is , to the calling of public meetings , throughout the length and breadth of the land , for the purpose of addresoing her Majesty , memorializing tbe Government , and petitioning the two Houses of Parliament , that the Charter so set forth may be adopted- I would take this step , not so much with the hope of their immediate assistance , aa to exhibit to them the
power , energy , and resolution of the people , > n the business in which they shall have engaged ; and if they be suifiuiently imbued with true first principles , and . thereby acquire the moral force to act disinterestedly , and for the general welfare , they may foon produce such conviction on the minds of the parties addresaed as shall make them desirous of assisting In every manner possible in forvranUng the object to be accomplished . I will proceed with the farther consideration of ibis subject in my next letter . I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , William Galpin . Harmony Hall , near Slockbridge , Hants , May 1 , 1843 .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NOUTUERN STAR . Dear Sir , —According to Mr . O'Connor ' s request . I have sent you a correct statement of the averas ; o produce of my experiment on the land for the Uat four years . I have 4 . 021 square yards of land , divided into four partu , with crops as follows : — No . 1—825 square yards , first crap potatoes , second crop Swedish tnrnips . No . 2—923 . square yards , first crop cabbages , second crop potatoes . No . 3—923 square yards , first crop cabbages , second crop Swedish turnips . No . 4—1 , 350 squaro yards in grass . Total , 4 , 021 square y ^ rds .
I get the crops every year from Numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and Number 4 always remain sward . The above is tba order of the crops for this year . Ntxt year tho crops on Number 1 will tafee the place of Number 2 , and Number 2 will tafee the place of Number 3 , and Number 3 will take the place of Number 1 , and so on every year alternately ; go that I have a regular rotation of crops , always having that portion of land laid up in rffiges in November tb . afc I shall want for potatoes in the following spring , and each portion of land has in its turn wh . it I term a winter fallow . The following are the particulars of each crop , and what I have found from practice to be the average produce of quantity and value for one year : —
£ s . d . No . 1 and 2 contains 1 . 748 square yards ; pro- duce 140 bushels of potatoes , at Is . per bushel ... ... ... ... 7 0 0 Noe . 1 and 3 contains 1 , 748 tquare yards planted with Swedish turnips , at tbe rate of six in the square yard , the averages each total wtight 41 bs . each , total weight , 18 tons , 15 cwt , at 15 s . per ton ... 14 1 3 Nos . 2 and 3 contains 1 . 846 square yards , planted w . tb cabbages , at the rate ot four in tbe square yard , the average weight 4 lb . to e&eh ; total weight , 13 tons 4 cwt . sold at 28 cabbages for Is . 13 3 S
£ 34 5 » I give this statement as the selling price that it may be compared with the value when tbe produce is consumed by cattle . I have had two cows supplied with food the last two years from tbe produce of this land , with the exception of a little oat straw . The total weight of turnips and cabbages , the produce of one year , is 31 tons 15 cwt ., or 15 cwt . per week for fortytwo weeks . The other ten weeks they are fed on grass by mowing it aa it becomes fit . I find the average quantity of milk prsduced from tke two cows to bo twenty quarts per day for forty-six weeks , allowing each cow to remain dry for six weeks every year . £ a . d-Twenty quarts of milk per day for forty-six weeks at twopence per qusrt ... 53 13 4 Two calves , the produce of each cow , ... 2 0 0 140 bushels of potatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0
Total of produce for one year ... ... 62 13 4 Cost of production for one year— , £ s . d . Rent of land ... ... 4 0 0 Taxes ... ... ... 0 10 0 47 days' labour at 3 s . per day 7 10 S' jed ... 0 10 0 Three tons of oat straw , or if deducted from the selling . price of manure ... ... BOO Wear aud tear of implements 0 10 0 £ 17 11 0 Net profit ... £ 45 2 4 I have a boar pig , a breeding sow , and several other pigs , that live cbkfly from the refuse during the summer . Mr . Editor , I rtm very glad to see from Mr . O'Connor ' s letters ttutt he is determined to combine the plan of cottage farms with national organisation . } am quite convinced that tbe People ' s Charter will be sooner obtained by such a combination than by any other means that I am yet acquainted with . I shall be very happy to render every assistance that is in my power to obtain so desireable an object I am , dear Sir , Your's truly , John Linton . Selby , April 26 tb , 1843 .
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TO THE CHARTISTS OF EDINBURGH AND ARBROATH . Lovers of Democracy , —In course of some remarks addressed to a few friends assembled in WhitfMd Chapel , Edinburgh , to do honour to our persecuted brother , Robert Peddie , I undertook to prove , iu public discussion , that Messrs . Robert Lowery and Afcnm Duncan were politically dishonest I have received letters from these gentlemen of the most scurrilous description , stating terms upon which they will meet me , that no man of Chartist integrity could tccede to . An opinion , therefore , seems to have gone abroad that I have shrunk from tke contest-, 1 beg most distinctly to state that such is not the fact . On the following terms I am their man ; and I presume noBe will say tbey are unfair : —
Ffratf—That they accept vuy challenge by writing direct to me , stating the time and place they wish the discussions to come off . : Second—That the largest possible place of meeting fee secured , and that there be no money cba : gei for admission . Third—That they appoint individuals to act with the undermentioned who will see fair play given on all dde « . Fourth—That I will furnish them with my charges gainst them in writing within four days after the receipt of their letters accepting my challenge , and ten days before the nights appointed for tbe discussions . Fifth—That the Chairman , at the close of the discussion each night , do take the united judgment of the audience as to whetker or not tbe charges have been proven .
Now , my friends , I trust these Gentlemen are possessed of a sufficient share of moral courage , to meet me openly , and defend their public acts , and their private stabs , aimed at the people ' s best and most disinterested friends . Their shuffling will , not do for me ; if they do not come forward I will draw them out by a complete exposure of their treacherous attempts to sell the party from whose pence * hey have lived for several years past I am prepared to meet them in any town on this side the Tweed , a : id although not over rich to defray coach and railway expences , I have a good pair of Irish legs that never yet refused to perform their office , and I am no way loath to use them in tbe cause of truth and justice . Ycu will also observe , that according to « iy conditions , tbey cannot expect any cash from the proposed , discuesionB .
I will appoint , as my friends , at Edinburgh , Messrs . M'Leod , Alan , Lamjn , Watson . M Donald , M ' Alistcc , and Cumming . In Arbroathi Mr . Robert Haggins , and others whom , he may select With a hope that yon will not permit any undue advantage to be taken , and thanking those who have apprised me of the secret workings of my wily opponents , I have the honour to remain , Your Brother on the common level of Political Equality , Con Murray . 139 , Salt Market-street , Glasgow . TO THE COUNCIL OF THE ARBROATH
CHARTIST ASSOCIATION . Gentlemen , — Your advertising puff in last week ' s Star is answered in my letter of this day , addressed to the Chartists of Edinburgh and Arbroath . I remain , Gentlemen , A Scourge to Political Traffickers , Con Murray .
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Tke Marquis of Exeter on Saturday lasfc reduced by ten per cent , the wages of all the workmen and labourers in his employ at Burghley and the other estates of his Lordship . The plea is , that tha reduction is to meet the > income-tax on the ona hand , and the reduced price of provisions on tha olJ-. eY . The saving to Lord Exeter , it is stated , will op £ 500 a-year . —Stamford Mercury . Ox Monday morning w « ek , at Winthorpe , in the county of Lincoln , a pnor woman named Jes .-op , in a moment of frenzy , nearly cnt off the head of her child , four months old , and then cut her own throat ia such a imamer as to lender medical aid unavailing . The mo 3 t complete destitution is said to be the cause of this sad act . At the time of her recent confinement , straw was hor bed , and one blanket her covering , while the house did not contain a single particle of food for her and her five children .
Cunious Case . —A curious case occupied the attention of the magistrates at the Lambeth Policeoffice on Monday . The following application waa made by Mia . Harriet Campbell , a midwife , residing at 17 , Umberstonestreet , Commercial-road East : —She stated , that on the evening of the 10 th of August last , at dusk , an elderly gentleman , enveloped in a large travelling cloak , brought to her house a young and delegate female , and entreated shelter and assistance for the latter , who was very ill at the time , and in fact in labour pains . Tha gentleman added , that they had been on the river together in a eteam-boat , and the lady having witnessed a colli ; it > n between the boat which they were in and a wherry , by which the latter waa
upset , and three or four persons placed in great jeopardy , prematnre labour ha 4 been brought o « , which rendered it impossible for him to take her to her residence at tha west end of the town . Applicant , from motives of humanity , and observing that the young woman was momentarily about to become a mother , took her into het house , and had scarcely time to prepare the necessary aocommodation before the lady was safely delivereo of a daughter . The gentleman who accompanied her evinced and expressed the greatest po ? sib ] e anxiety for the safety of both mother and iufnut , and entreated that a suitable nurs ^ should be provided for the Matter , rhe mother not bein < j able , from its premature birth , to suckle it ; and witness engaged tha
wife of a mechanic in the neighbourhood to take charge of it , tho gentleman agrpei » g to pay 73 . a week for its carer The lady remained at her house for three we-. ) : s , during which time she was cons ' andy visited by the gentleman in the cloak , whom she reprosf uted to be her uncle , and paid his name was Williams , and that he was a grocer in a very extensive way of business . Sho also said thafc her name was Catharine Mills , that her mother kept the Union Inn , at Carnarvon , of which place her UBoie was the clergyman , and that she had a third uncle . the cap ' ain and owner of a vessel . When the lady left her ( tho applicant ' s ) house the gentleman gave her . £ 2 for her trouble , and 14 s . a fortnight had beeii sent her for the nurse until the 27 th of November , when it ceased , and from that period to the present she had not been able to learn anything whatever about them . About a month after the payment ceased a lady of dashing appearance called , and told her
to continue to pay the weekly amount , for she httle thought what rank of life the young lady moved in . She Batd she was a lady of fortune , « "lM when coming of age , to a property of £ 3 , U 00 a year ; that she was then only sixteen years ef age , and had unfortunately become pregnant by her mother ' s foot boy . The mother had managed to get the servant sent on board the hulks , and had given the gentleman , ia the eloa £ ' £ 200 to procure her daughter a safe asylum daring her confinement . Tim statement , from a person of such an appearance as the l . idy , satisfied Mrs . Campbell for some time , and many months she continued to pay for the support of the infant . She could not now continue to do so , and applied to the m « gistrate for advice , the pariah of Sv , George having refused to relieve her of the child . Sho had wade every inquiry at Carnarvon , but nothing couM be ascertained of the mother or hor ro- > -ex ^ o ¦¦ . $ . The cj * was (' e ' - 'iTid forthe atteii Cunco o . i ihj pan-eh efficerv .
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HARMONY HALL . LETTER VIII . TO THE EDITOR OF THE N 0 HTHEHN STAR . Sin , —I have in this letter to show some of the practical steps necessary to be taken for the formation of a universal association for the relief of tbe human race from the ooverty , vice , and crime which now everywhere so frightfully abound . The nret practical step is to lay down the principles upon which tbe union shall be formed ; for unless these shall be clearly understood , and can be easily referred to in cases of difficulty , it * ill be useless to attempt anything like a universal association , and not only must this be the case , but the principles must be capable ot exhibiting to the minds of all , such manifest proof of tbeir truth and ; utility , as shall make all desire to embrace them .
Up to this period no principles have been acted upon , systematically , in any age or country , which could by possibility produce that universal charity and kindness which is necessary to give the stimulus to human action , to produce sueh a change as is now required throughout society . It has been reserved for this , our day , when tbe facto of by-gone ages have been sufficiently numerous and extensive ; and have been collected and arranged by Mr . Owen , in such a manner as to form clear and distinct sciences , namely , the science of human nature and of society , for man to be enabled for the first time to meet bis fellow-man on a broad and comprehensive plan , with an equal desire to promote the happiness of others , that he haa to forward his own . This association , then , can only fee fermed on three great and everlasting truths , tho opposites of the three errors named in my last letter , which truths
are—1 st That man does not form his own character , either physically , mentally , or morally , but is made to be vrhat we call healthy or unhealthy , learned or ignorant , good or bad , in proportion to the original organisation received at birth from bis parents , without his knowledge or consent ; and to tbe circumstances which arc made to act upon this organisation from birth through life , which circumstances ate equally forced upon him . 2 nd . That be has not tbe ppwer of himself te believe or disbelieve any particular thing or creed , but must do so according to the impressions made upon his mind ; and in early infancy , it is very easy either to impress true or false ideas upon the mind . 3 rd . That he has not power over hia feelings to love or hate , but is compelled to love or to hate according as external objects produce impressions upon him .
These three truths continually kept before us , as the guiding principles of the society , will rumove the causes of all anger , hatred , ill-will , and jealousy , and will give that spirit of charity and kindness for the feelings and actions of others , that will continually stimulate us to persevere in rendering thorn every kindness , as we shall be convinced that we are thereby , ia the most effectual manner , promoting our own -well-being and happiness . Having clearly before ns the principles on which we associate , and the ultimate object to bo obUined , the next step will be to form tbe organ iz it ion of the society , and decide tbe order in which tbe advance shall be made towards the object contemplated . This step must be taken by the selection of the person the most
highly qualitled to act as President , ^ ho should be invented with sufficient power to decide in all crises of difficulty , whether the principles of the association had been acted upon or not . Anu this President should immediately choose a council capable of acting vjith him , in order that there may be at all times perfect and entire unity throughout the operations of the society ; and this Council , with an active and tfficient Secretary , will be sufficient to set in inutiou and carry forward all the measures I have enumerated , however vast and extensive they may become . The earliest business of the President ami Council will be to collect and register the names of the central contributors to the land fund ,- and to grant charters for the establishment of branches or classes
in proportion to the members , for the purpose of local contributions ; and the parties so contributing must also be registered , with their ages , numbers of their families , state of general health , occupations in lifo , the manner in which they can advance the interests of the society , either pecuniarily or otherwise , if drafted on the land , and such other particulars as it may be desirable to ascertain , They should also , if possible , be immediately locnted on the land , and call to their assistance the best minds they ca , n procure to cany on the agricultural and gardening operations in the most superior manner that the present knowledge acquired In
these sciences will admit ; and they should employ upon the land the greatest quantity of manual labour that the means afforded them wili allo ^ . They should , at tbe ea me time , make provision for a sound practical education : not in mere book-1 . arning , but by realities in tbe actual business of life , —being given not only to the children who may be placed in tbe Erst establishment , but it should become a Noimal School for training both children and udulta in such broad and comprehensive views of tbe benefits to ba derived from association on uaivere&l principles , with one general interest , as shall render thbin fit , in tb « rr turns , to become tbe teachers and instructors of others .
As soon as the reg istration was rendered tolerably effective , the President and Council should issue a manifesto or preliminary Charter , setting forth the objects which , in tbeir opinion , < jould be imraediately obtained by a s ± re : ig and united agitation ; and the whole force of society in fact of tiie millions—should be directed to tbe attainment of these objects by the enly truly legal power or force that tan ever accomplish any great work , namely , the power or force of an enlightened public opinion . Tbia preliminary Charter should not be confined to any misor or petty orjeets ; or % o the obtaining of the objects sought tbrongb any favour or assistance from individuals , parties , sects , or classes . Let the benefits to be derived be clearly and distinctly seen , let them be shown to be universal , and of sufficient magnitude and importance , and let the means of procuring them be made evident , and it is not in the nature of man to resist what shall once be proved to him to be his own interest .
A great mistake has hitherto been made in all public agitations , by the parties acting as though men could be led forward faster than their convictions were obtained , and this must be avoided . The sore , the safe , the steady , and the speedy course will be to give time fur the public to weigh well : he measures pat forth , and whilst there should be no supineness or inaction on the one band , neither on the other should there be any hasty rushing forward to grasp at things beyonu our reach , thereby losing in a shadow those benefits which are obtainable , and preventing , or rather delaying , the accomplishment of the ulterior design .
Tbe practical reformer will always be distinguished by a calm , sober , philosophic beating , under any circumstances that insy occur . He may be reviled , vituperated , and calumniated ; those even with whom he is associated , and whom he most devotedly desires to serve , may array themselves against him , and for a time overpower him ; but if he bo acquainted with the sciences of human nature , and of society , or with the three great truths or principles on which alone this association could be founded , he will soon rise beyond all party or personal considerations , and proceed with energy on the course before him .
The first step towards producing tha required conviction will be gained by securing as large a portion of the pnblic press as will open their columns to the advocacy of universal objects , and taking care they are from time to time well supplied with information regarding the progress of the society . The day has arrived when the public mind demands better food than it has hitherto been supplied with , and if well arranged measures are devised , and are calmly treated on , there is no doubt but they will readily receive insertions in many quarters .
Another mode of assisting to accomplish the same object , will be by sending forth talented practical missionaries , capable of shewing' clearly and forcibly the importance of the measures contemplated , and the manner ib which they are to be obtained ; and these parties must act in unity , directing the minds of ' . he ptoylo to one focus , ar ! not a . a hiibevto , ec » ch oue recommending his own peculiar views , it' tiioio bo a
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. . r— —— :. Mm . A DOUBLE IMURDKR . Bridgend , Saturday , April 2 yTii . —Thi . i umss ! iboarhood baa been for tbe Jsit few days ver / much agitated by the sudden dea'h of a respecable farnior . a Mr . Howall , of Laleston , as was affirniort of A -i ; ilic eholera , Lilowed immediately afterwards by the c qn \ Uy sn Iden duathof a p <* br woman name > i Jmo H , vcy , who had wsshlefl in laying ont the bodyof > lr Hi- *' -.-U . As may , naturally be supposed , the utmost terror pervaded tba whole neighbourhood a ^ tha supp-rs ^ arrival of that'deadly scoursre , cholera , among f . hrin . Further circumstances , however , kweatcd the u-. sa with Vfci-y extraordinary and mysterious appearances , aacl an investigation was resolved or .. The deceased Howell was , it appears , a bachelor
posseajed of property to the aim uni of about £ - ^ 0 per aunum , and ww about to be marriad to a v < ry respestable widov 7 , % Mra . Le . vis . To this ma ' cii , it appear e , the sister of the deceased farmer , a Mrs . Thomas , -strougly objected , as it would be tho mii ^ s of alienating frum lit ! thz property to which , if hi- < 1 ie !<• ¦ Ho ^ vell hi i occasion to . s * a < 1 for Sitne beer to he house of his is't « P < i « d brMt i ^ ho resi r her &nd leave the jar tbure durinsr hia r . b 8 < = nc ? . The boy < 1 U sj . and on kis return took the jar , and having
procaedad with it to Mrs . Levis , it was filled with beer , and he returned with it to > jr . Howell ' 3 bands . Shortly aftbr , the servant girl was take-u i ' -l ¦ with voni . t :: S nntj diari-hcci , and Mr . Howell , having drunk aplaw of tae buer , was . at about a quarter af : « r four o'clock , a ^ so taken ill with , vomiting ; vnd diirilKEd . Hit * iiin « ss increasing , be was put to bed and attended by the larf ' a mother , and hia sister , Mrs . Thomas , sent for , who cama ami apDearedto be particularly attentive to him . A ^ Ir . Pritcuard , the snrgecn of the village , was also sent for , aacl pronounced the disease to be Asiatic cholera , and treated it accordingly . In tha course of this treatment it becoming nec
Asiatic cholera was returned , and beyond the terror which spread through tho neighbourhood at thif circumstance no apprehensions or suspicions wer entertained . Tfte poor woman , Jane Harvey , wr called in to assist in ) ayi » g out the deceased , and ha Ing druak some of the beer she was taken ill in a sir / Iar manner , and treated by Mr . Piitchard for Asi > ^ ' cholera , having at the time no suspicion of poison . ^^ pooT ~ oman , however , continued to get worse , and si . . ly after she also died . The servant girl recovered . „ " Priieb . mi , it should be remarked , lodged in tha ' ' of Mra . Lewis , and being in tbe dai / y habit of dn ahfag the ale and pronouncing it excellent , he eiU > rtair ^ * idea of the iJlneas having been produced by it . Stme circumstances having , howevar , afterwards arioen which led him to suspect whether the beer h ' itwtkw& « twu as ^ u * ii
. „ YVlJUfU i . OU Ut . lU WU eu ^^ f ^ w v « - , j nnv thing mixed with it , he pourtd some into bottles " which , together with the jar that had contaiue ( j ^ ^ ' sealed up and delivered to Mrs . Thomas , the sifter of the deceased Howell , with directions for her t' > forward them to his reaidence . It appears , however , jjQt - stead of doing so sba broke the bottles and deeiroye * the jar . These things , and the fact of a 1 t ' which Lad licked up some of tbe contents of M ; . _ g 0 Wen < 8 stomach having also died , excited the uttnos . t ' suspicion . The bodies wera exhumed and the stomach ! ( aj > ^ \ nfe ^ tinea having been extracted , were proper' - sealtsd uo and transmitted to Mr . Herapath , of Bviai Jj ^ ceJ £ brated chemist , whose fame in tho testii ^ ' £ 7 arj ou j poisons , and particularly arsenic , is nc fc ccm g ned to
England , but is well known to the sc . stifle world Mrs . Thomas and her husband were take : J iiit 0 cn 3 to ( jy and tbo inquest adjourned to yesterday , at yj ^^ t : , ^ two investigations went on at the as mp t } the one at the Union-house , Bridgend , be' ; ore th 9 c ,. jnnty magistrates , the Rt > v . Mr . Knigb { amJ Kr j Franklin , who examined into the , death of " ^ former , Howell , the Corontr being precluded from going iuto that inquiry from t ae drcaln 8 tRnoe of the jury hr . ving given a verdict tlia , t he died by the visitation of God ; and the other hefon th& coron ££ at Laleston , Mr . Herapath being ex am , ; ned > 8 tated thafc he had carefully exsmined the atom ? ^ i integtinea of the deceased woman , Harvey ; bnfc , although there were traces of active inflammation thro nghout > he had nofc tbe tests whi
been able by any of . , h fle bad applled to discover the existence of poison . Thj 9 j however it ma 3 be remarked , did not prove that polgon bad nofc bem administered , as it frequently ha ppened t ^ !„„< , quan tities of arsenic might be taken withont its being discovered in either the stomach or intestines . We understand , however , that Mr . Hew path faaa requeBteA to ^ allowed to examine the liver of tke de ( Was 6 d W 0 Ulan In the case of tho man ( Howe , hfl BUted thafc he foun ( J distinct evidence of araemc ^^ been ^ ^ which he produced before the r ^ gtratas in the form of metallic arsenic It apper ^ lfJ 0 that ^ . rf that when he returned fro m the errand 0 Q which ^ had been sent by the pnar / Der 0 ( lt i Mra Tn 0 Hia 8 with s white paper packet in he f hand > ^ hich she banded ^ her husband .
The two prisoners , a > ter j ^ g rfu , y caatjon € d ( eacb made a statement , w » jch i it wiil be seeDj WflS y contradictory . Mrs . Thomas said , ine M 6 b 4 r husband to break the bottles and destroy the contents , because she feared there might be some . thing ^ tbtm which would injure
some one . Mr . Thomas , on ths contrary , states that he destroyed them without his life's knowledge , and wfcen fee told her of it she sai d 0 e ought not to have doue it . Mr . Herayatb ., on his arrival , caused the prisoner's house to be sea arched , and has taken away the fragments of the j ^ . t > && ., fot furthei examination . The icquivy was then adjourned for a week , and the prisoners remanded .
Untitled Article
Flight op Mb . Finn , the Dublin Corporation Tkeasubeb . —A great sensation has been created in this oity by the absconding of Mr . Finn , Treasurer to the Corporation . It appears that he Bailed ia the half-past five o ' clock mail packet , from Kingstovrn , on Friday , for Liverposl , and soiled on Saturday morning in the Great Western , from Liverpool , for New York , accompanied , by his family . It is not possible to state accurately at present to what amount he is a defaulter , but the gum named is about £ 5 , 000 or £ 6 , 000 . His seca ' lues , of ourso , ave responsible in their rrspootive aiaouiits . —Dublin Monitor .
Untitled Article
__ . _ THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 6, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct932/page/7/
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