On this page
-
Text (6)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
gfrfay ^ pw * . Then with nine ships he forced the passage of the Dardanelles , lanced on the coast , andtb-us proved to the Turks the necessity of fortifying that passage more effectually ; which the Baron de Tott , an Austrian engineer , was InunecS&teXy'Commissioned to accomplish . The ^ Tartars of the Crimea , ill-sustained by tlie furkg , and defeated by the Russians , separated from , the Porte . The victories of Roumianzof * and of Souvorof annihilated the Turkish army , and the new Sultan , Abdul Hamid , concluded the peace of Kutchus . - TTAyv ^ TfcTknj in Bulgaria , on the 21 st of July , 1774 . AM anterior treaties were declared 4 o be abolished .
If ever the protectors of the Poxte should succeed in reducing Russia , no doubt they will not fail to imitate ibis precedent , and to abolish the treaty of Kalnardji , whid . was fatal to the power of Turker . It opened the Dardanelles to Russia . ( This condition , indeed -was subsequently extended to , the commerce of all European nations . ) It confirmed ! the independence of the Crimea , allotted the ; two Jtabardis ( in the Caucasus ) to Russia , as well as Azof and its territory . Art . XIV . permitted Russia to construct a church at
Constanti-* There were then about 2000 Russian pilgrims to the Holy Places ammally .
to Russia the sum of 11 , 500 , 000 ducats . Two pachaliks In Asia passed into the hands of Russia . A separate convention debarred Turkey from building any fort . on the left bank of the Danube . After the rebellion of the Pacha of Egypt , Russia concluded with Turkey , at Unkiar Skelessi , on June 2 @ , 1833 , * a defensive treaty , a secret article of which bound Turkey to close the Dardanelles to the other Powers in case of their being at war with Russia . This was to be in lieu of all material succour afforded by the Porte .
On July 15 , 1840 , Russia concluded in London a treaty mth England , to the exclusion of France , a treaty which contributed not a little to the discredit and consequent downfall of Louis Philippe , while it increased Russian influence in the East . The treaty of July 13 , 1841 , re-established the inviolability of the Dardanelles , and thus annulled the secret article of the treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi . The Convention of Balta-Limariy of April 19 , 1849 , stipulated the mode of election of the Hospodars , and the joint right of occupation in the Danubian Principalities .
nople ( in thestreet of Bey-Oglou , Galata quarter ) beside * the chapel of the Embassy-. This was contrary to the Mussulman lair , which specially forbids non-Mussulmans to build new places of worship , or to change the site of the old in cities where the external practices of Islamism afre ohaerved . Art . Vll . bound Turkey to protect
1 ^ -Chxistian religion , and gave to Russian Ambassadors authority to , make representations on the , subject to the ^ oUume Porte . Art . VIII . coafirnied the rights of the Russian , pilgrims . * Taek&j avenged herself for this tBeajgiy ^ rhich reduced her to a state of the second order , on England . She prohibited British imports by a firman ? of 1774 r of which the preamble runs as fbllbwsi —•
( rBkUorians . tea ^ h as that the Christians , an artfcil and enter I / rising sect ,, liave , &om the earliest ages , made use of treacfierv and violence to accomplisb their ambitions deugp * *'; ; : ; •; ' : Bjr'lhe eacpltmatory Convention of 1779 , signed at the demand of liarice , the protectorate of the I > toubian Principaulities devolved upon ^ Russia . ? Tlie Treatu of Constantinople , of June 10 , i 783 » conduced iaisti under the mediation of Eranee ,. confirmed the rights of neutral flags , and thjC fireedom < 5 r * tire seas . ' " Thgj was directed , against the prehensions of EngriancI to naval supremacv .
; Stej » c ^ y w ' aii thas treaty of" commerce signed ere the ' annexation : of the Crimea to Russia was made jra&Kc . The good understanding then existing 'between Austria and Russia inducedFramce to content herself-with the declaration that she was opposed to the entry of a Russian fleet into the Mediterranean . Till the year 1780 French vessels entered" the Black Sea under the Russian flag , while England had hot even this concession from Russia . In that yfedr , at ' tn ^ emand of Russia , the Divan opened tlie Black Sea to the French flaff . Austria
had obtained that right in 1784 . At the instigation of England Turkey look up arms again , hut her fleet was destroyed at the mouth of the Dniester . Souvorof defeated the Turks at Rimnick , a . nd took Ismail in spite of the boast that the Danube should flow back to its source , and Heaven fall down to earth before the Muscovites should enter Ismail . England , then , in Consternation at the revolution which had broken out in France , persuaded the Porte to peace , which was * concluded , January 9 , 1792 , at Jassy . Russia onlj kept the town of Oczakow , Austria having separated from her .
The Treaty of Bucharest , of May 28 , 1832 , gave to Russia Bes sarabia , fixed the Pruth as the bounding of the two empires , and accorded to Russia the right of intervention in the affairs of Servia . The Convention of Akebman , of September 25 , 1826 , determined in ore itrictly the protectorate of Russia in the Principalities . The Treaty of London , of July 6 , 1827 , between Russia , France , and England , assured the independence of Greece , and laid the first stone cf the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire . The Treaty of Adrianople , of September 14 , 1829 , assigned to Bussia the coast of the Black Sea , from the moutli of the Kouban to the Fort St . Nicholas . Turkey acknowledged the independence of the Hellenes , and undertook to pay
Untitled Article
O SI S 3 KH OMNES ! An immense assemblage was held in the city of Umritsir in the middle of November ; twenty thousand were there , besides the inhabitants ; and they were assembled for another purpose besides that of the annual feast . All the old Sikh generals and rulers mustered in the day to receive a message from the Governor-General , on an important : subject ; the message was received as a national blessing . In the evening , the official party on a lme oi twelve elephants , with housings of scarlet and gold , were conducted in p rocession through
the long - streets , in whieh the tall irregular houses blazed with rows of lamps ; and in the great square of the golden temple , where the people formed a solid mass , the illumination was so universal , that the very waters seemed on fire , and fireworks bursting upwards from the whole field , filling the heaven with falling stars . What was the ceremony which gave to that day of festival so peculiarly solemn and beneficent a character ? It was the message of the Governor-General , delivered l ) y an English gentleman in Hindustani , denouncing the Punjaub custom of
female infanticide , urging the natives to sign a solemn agreement to stop the practice , and putting a limit to the enormous endowments which were the indirect motives to the crime . The natives received the new law as a blessing , and adopted it without opposition . In this country we shall regard their doing so v as only an act of common sense and duty ; but are we so extremely obedient to sense and duty , that at the suggestion of another better informed nation we could at once " assemble and resolve to discontinue
any proved abuse ? Can we obey even the dictates of our own conscience ? Could we muster whole bodies of Englishmen and induce them to listen to a statement on the enormity of our worst practices , and resolve at once to do better henceforward ? Suppose , for example , the representative of some great country , at present more vigorous Sind powerful than our own—the United States for instance—vere to assemble a meeting of Englishmen on Penenden Heath , or Bolton Moor , and _ were to point out the enormity of prostitution , vith the indirect causes that lead to it ,
or the infamy of corrupt Parliamentary representation—are we to suppose that Englishmen of all classes would at once acquiesce , and decide upon a remedy ? We know better . We do not retain the- vital activity which we observe in the Sikh people ; and we should probably answer the missionary by some tu quoque reproach which would prove our self-sufficiency , and our bigotry in vice . Still it is useful to observe that it is not impossible , even at the present day , for nations to adopt nev views , and to carry out conviction in immediate application . Englishmen do not retain the faculty , but Sikhs do .
Untitled Article
FAREWELL TO MR . JAMES WATSON . Thekk are always many men in political life whose exertions are entirely concealed from the public , or forgotten by a new generation ; a noble class of men who axe content to work out of the sunshine of popular applause , l ) ut who find their reward in the triumph of the cause they have served . One of those men is about to bid us farewell . At the pi ^ esetit moment we have perfect liberty of Opinion . Any man may say what he will , and
Untitled Article
OTER HOME CIECtE . Lokdon has been scared from its propriety-during the past week "by a terrific blood-red placard calling Engt-jshmjcn to arms , to prevent " The Czar of all the Russias" becoming " the Czar of all Europe . " This majestic appeal terminates in a recommendation to Englishmen to
take in the " Home Circle , " to be had of all booksellers , and containing the best account of Russia and Turkey . How , we do not for a moment question the claims of our vivacious and domestic contemporary upon the British public ; but we think ; it has unconsciously enforced a striking moral .
Is not this placard a type of England— -the * new Carthage—and of that truly British , patriotism of the till which Napoleon aseribei to the nation of shopkeepers ? But there is yet another moral to be drawn from this portentous " poster , " which " comes in like a lion , and goes out like a lamb . " Is not the whole foreign , policy of England on this Russian question degenerating into a back-stairs whimper of a Home Circle of Cohurgs ?
Untitled Article
THE GERMAN POWERS . I . ALLIANCE OF ENTGXAUX ) WITH A . " COSBTrTPTTOUAI . PBUSSIA . " Ik the gigantic struggle about to take the field between Russia , the incarnation of barbarian absolutism , and the peoples of the West , the defenders of civilised freedom , "we shall do well to examine closely the different powers whose influence weighs in the political balance . If we mean to fight , it is of the highest importance to make a . prudent choice of allies . So much depends on the forethought exercised in the selection , in order , on the one hand , not
to admit into our camp false brothers , traitors , masked enemies ; and , on the other , not to reject reliable aids , combinations worthy of our confidence , and forces deserving to be accepted as our friendv . " The Governments of England , France , Austria , and Prussia have united to resist the aggressions of Russia . " Up to this moment it is in this form that optimists generally , and those interested in the defeat of Turkey in particular , have sought to present the question of the day . ' " As to that Austrian dynasty whose crown , rolling down to ruin , was plucked from the precipice by
Russian bayonets , its worth and character are beginning to be understood even by the most shortsighted . The Imperial and Royal House of Hapsburg is nt length almost universally branded ast the tool of the Czar ; as a secret agent in the service of Russia , and employed by her to sound the intentions and to warp the policy of the Governments of tari » and London ; as a veiled adversary , . which by diplomatic negotiations labours to blunt , to enervate , and to paralyse the heroic efforts of Turkey . To aucli as tnay still have doubted the position of Austria , the Cabinet of Vienna has taken care to make a declaration in its own unofficial journal * , " that Austria
Untitled Article
62 THE LEAD EH . [ Saturday ,
Untitled Article
• Old stylo , as we find it in the text of Russian treaty . ~
¦ write what he wiE , within the "bounds of decency . The most thorough analysis of our social system , the most penetrating research in to the groundB of lelief ; declarations of principles the most extreme , may now be made -frith safety . A free press is one of our most cherished ri ghts . It was not always so . Men tad to struggle and resist , to suffer fine and hear imprisonment , and endure obloquy for doing these things in times gone by . The martyrs for free thought and free
speech are too often forgotten in our admiration and exercise of tne rights they won for us . Not first , perhaps , but certainly not last among these men is James Watson , bookseller , now about to retire from active business and to enjoy , let us hope , the leisure he has so nobly earned . On the 23 rd instant , his friends , mindful of his services , and anxious to show their esteem and -affection , intend to give a farewell entertainment in his honour at the Literary Institution , John-street .
We also are desirous , so far as we may , to add our tribute . Mr . Watson carries with him into his retirement a conscience unstained by contact with the world ; uprightness which no temptations ever infringed ; integrity unimpeachable , and steadfastness through good report and evil report to the cause which he has followed and served
with chivalrous fidelity . Let us all duly and thankfully recogiiise the fact that we can print what we choose in these days ; at is because gallant journalists , like Leigh Hunt and James Montgomery ; scholars , like Gilbert Wakefidd ; fierce partisans , like William Cobbett ; And sterling ; men of the people , like Carlile , BEetherington , and Watson , knew fcow , not onl y to fight s bnt to suffer for the liberty of the British press .
-
-
Citation
-
Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 21, 1854, page 62, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2022/page/14/
-