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foueficatigwa-wyouji stilt stand : uneonquered r and from * their , commanding heights look disdainfully appetite departingsquadron ,: in the latter case , the first thing naturally sujaeestfti to , u » W whether , it would not be more reasonable for-the Allies to desist from expending the flower of their armies in the Crimea , and to select another sphere of action , wHeregaia-and loss might be balanced" more proportionately , and the object of the war , as well as its ultimate , issue , be . really brought within their grasp ? From this point ,, after an enumeration of disasters arid difficulties , General Klttpka proceeds upon theory . Three lines of attack upon Russia are suggested to fiiia—from the south , through the Crimea , through Asia , and across the * ^ Danube ; . fironx the north-west , through the Baltic , pro vinces ^ ; and from the > west , through Poland . His programme o £ the Polish campaign : is interesting ^ :-- —
Hawing'effected at landing , the first move of the Allies should bein the' direction of Revel ; the < captur » ofiwhichiwould-open a . safe harbour for-the-purpose-of commandingitlteGalfeof Finland ^ , andl of making the Russians tremble for-theirmetropolis . The next objectsvmighfc be-Riga and the mouth of the Dilna . The occupation- of the former wouM , put the ; AUies into the possession of the road to Poland . From thence they oovi& immediately advance * into Lithuania , take Wilna , and call the Poles to arms * Should the Russians commit the imprudence of awaiting the attack of their adversaries-near ? the coast in- isolated detachments , instead of taking up a shorter line of defence-farther back , the Allies would then be enabled to commence the campaign with several successful engagements , which would ; beyond doubt have a favourable Influence on-their subsequent operations .
In the event of the Russians being driven from the Baltic provinces , their line of retreat would diverge in , two directions ,, one upon St . Petersburg , and the other upon Poland . Their old ruse of falling back towards the interior would now rather do ¦ t hem harm than good , inasmuch as the Allies would certainly not be caught , like Napoleon in . 1812 ; b ; ut content themselves with their acquisition , and only follow the « nemy cautiously , till' they reached the boundaries of ancient Poland . " General" Klapka contributes an amount of solid ^ reasoning to the discussion of the Polish question . The vulgar objection to the restoration of Poland is , that it was a distracted state when , the infamous act of partition was effected ^ It may be replied that the Polish feuds were not more bitter than those which have raged in other countries , —certainly not more intense than- those of Italy , nor of longer duration than those of Germany . Had , a- despotic empire like Russia possessed the means of enslaving France , the Eve of St .. Bartholomew or the Revolution would have supplied no justification . The Thirty Tears' War , the decline of Spain under the Ilapsburgs and Bourbons , the long conflict of England , did not-deprive the Germans , the Spaniards ,, or the English , of their national rights . swallowed
Rousseau gave his advice to the Poles : " You cannot help being ¦ up ; . but take care you are not digested . " If they are not digested , it is neither just nor rational to rake in historical dust for their political sins , with which to confirm the usurpations of Russia . Eighty years have not sufficed to blend them with . the conquering race .. They are still suspected ; « tjll watched by immense armies ; in short , they still give every sign of a separate , energetic , and ambitious nationality . Of course the statesmen who preside over the war naturally sought the aid of governments in possession and of organised armies , in preference to that of expectant patriots and unorganised ' nations . This was their policy , inherent in the system-by virtue of which they enjoy the privileges of their class . But if the plans lietd . out hy Liberals would be experimental , and therefore undertaken at znnch risk ,, the hopes , of diplomacy are altogether fallacious . Neither of the . great German p . owees will jonx . the Allies . Austria enjoys her Danubian Tnfluencev Prussia , isv enniched . by the transit of the Russian trade . Why , then ,, should- fchey seek to spread the influence of a storm in which they have' so rauab . to lose , and from which , in a dynastio sense , they have
nothing' to * gmn r ' PinaUyv General Klapka sharpens his argument to a point b ^ r a statement of the only possible results of a statesman ' s war * and by an appeal to the temperate judgment of the English people : — We , therefore ,, say : Either a . real and decisive war against Russia or no war at all . For of . what use are those < wanton devastations along , the shores of the , Baltic , the Euxine , and tha Sea of Azoff ; or . the undermining of the prosperity of millions , for years to come , and the obstnuctiug of the progress of culture ,, industry ,, and commerce , if the whole result to be hoped for is an unsafe peace ? , General Klapka ' si view of the war may be summed up , thus : he advises the recal of the Crimean expedition , an attack across the Danube , an invasion of . ilie Baltic , provinces , a . crusade for Poland , the repudiation of Austrian neutrality , the liberation of Hungary and Italy , the concentration of the ontire : Turkish army inAsia . Here is a vast programme , framed with reference to . the general atate of the civilised world , but the war which General KLapka recommends is not . the war which the Allied Governments undertook to wage *
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DR .. AMOTT ON WARMING AND VENTILATION . 'Oiuiha Smohe&Bs * Fireplaoe , CHimwy . -valves ,. and other means ,. Old and New , of Obtaining HealQtfuLWarmthand , Venttiation . By Neil Araott , M . D ., F . R . S . Longman and Co Jntdiero iftrioner point of British conservatism more difficult of attack than another , among * nuncw matters ^ it is the Fireplace . Not only have , our forefathers andiforomothecs-warmed * themselves * by that extremely clumsy contrivance-, roasting the * face , and : allowing ' back anil feet to * freeze ; not only hns the open grate become an Institution , it has- endeared itself to the British mind as a centre- of " cheerful associations ; " and 1 things cheerful not
But Dr . Arnott is not the man to be beaten . Conservatism may oppose ita immovable bulk of obstruction , and thwart his first efforts , but if he cannot move the obstacle ,, he will get round it . Finding , the " cheerful blaze " the centre of resistance , he tries if he cannot preserve the blaze without its . concomitant evils . He invents an open grate which shall give England her bright firej but shall not at the same time give the- smoke and cold draug hts which make the bright fire objectionable . That invention he has described in the volume now lying before Us ; and any one who has seen the new fireplace in action will at once recognise the simplicity and effectiveness of the invention . Imagine what a boon it is to have a fire which will burn the whole day without fresh coals being thrown on it , and in burning not fill the room with smoke ! Think only of what our London atmosphere is , and mainly owing to the tons of floating coal which darken it in the form of smoke . Why the mere cost of washing our clothes is greater than that for an equal number of families living in the country by two millions and a half sterling a year I To parody Tennyson ' s outburst , one might exclaim—Why prate of the blessings of Coal ? We have made it a curse ! A curse indeed , when we consider not the washing bills merely , but the mortality bills . Moreover , this coal , so precious , is fearfully wasted in smoke : more than five-sixths of the whole heat produced in an ordinary Eno-lish fire goes up the chimney instead of warming the room . So that the lean landlady who charges you sixpence a day for your parlour fire , over which you shiver , might charge you one penny and keep you warm , if her fireplace were constructed according to Arnott ' s principles . It is very easy to burn the coal instead of wasting it : — Common coal is known to consist of carbon and bitumen or pitch , of which , pitch again the chief element is still carbon , joined then with hydrogen , a substance which , when separate , exists as an air or gas . When the coal is heated to a temperature of about 600 degrees Fahrenheit , the bitumen or pitch evaporates as a thick , visible smoke , which , as it afterwards cools , assumes the form of a black dust or f lakes , called blacks , or smut , or soot . If pitchy vapour , however , be heated still more than to 600 degrees , as ift is in the red-hot iron retorts of a gas-work , or while rising through a certain thickness of ignited coal in an ordinary fire , its elements combine in a new way and are resolved in great part into invisible carburetted hydrogen gas , such as we burn in street lamps . Now when fresh coal is . thrown upon the top of a common , fire , pact of it is soon heated to 600 degrees , and the bitumen of that part evaporates as the visible smoke immediately rising . Of such matter the great cloud over London consists . Whatever portion of the pitchy vapour , however , is heated to the temperature of ignition by the contact of f lame or ignited coal , suddenly becomes gas , and itself bums as a flame . This is the phenomenon seen in the f lickering or irregular burning of gas , which takes place on the top of a common fire . But if fresh coal , instead of being placed on the top of a fire , where it must emit a visible pitchy vapour or smoke , be introduced beneath the burning , red-hot coal , so that its pitch , in rising as vapourj must pass through the burning mass , this vapour will be partly resolved into the inflammable coal-gas , and wilt itself burn and inflame whatever else it touches . Persons may amuse themselves by pushing a piece of fresh coal into the centre of the fire in this way , and then observing the blaze of the newlyformed gas . We must refer the enterprising reader to Dr . Arnott ' s volume for a full description of the new fireplace , confident that ( if his wife will permit it ) he will at once erect one in his own house . The volume is important , however , to others . Even the indolent conservative who will not , or who may not , adopt the new grate , will learn much valuable instruction regarding warmth and ventilation , and other matters affecting health ; instruction set forth in that clear , easy style which characterises Dr . Arnott ' s writings , and which makes us wrath with him for still delaying the completion of his invaluable work the Elements of Physics . Before dismissing this volume we must call upon it for an extract , and we choose one which contains the ingenious , comparison between a steamengine and the human body : — James Watt , when devising his first engine , knew well that the rapid combination of the oxygen of atmospheric air with the combustible fuel in the furnace produced the heat and the force of . the engine ; but he did not know that in the living body thoro is going on , only more slowly , a similar combination of the oxygen of the air with the like combustible matter in the food , as this circulates after digestion in the form of blood through the lungs r which combination produces the warmth and force of the living animal . The chief resemblances of the two objects are exhibited strikingly in the following table of comparison , where in two adjoining columns are set forth nearly the same things and actions , with difference in the namos .
foein" superabundant in British life , there can be little hope of a reform which threatens , to deprive us of the few pleasures'we enjoy . Hencoj howovejc , cogent the arguments ,, however palpable the demonstration , that by a ostaye gpeafc , saving ? , is- effected ,, and > great increase of warmth secured , Dr . Arnott s stowe . would , not' nwvka its , way , in , our houses . England has the greatest respect for the name of Neil Arnott , and with cause . England is , grateful to , nan ,, and . will always listen ta-what . he , has tosay ; but , having fis ^ n ad * . having ; aaaonted ,. EnflJand pokes her fires in dogged determination , and . will acaept no stove . » h © accepts the Water-bod ,, she accepts the Chiuau ^~ wlYjet ( wutdi ani occaaionjJL naupmur fto nv cesthetuj al l adies and gentl ^ Mwojrwk » think tocvmuch of " appearances ! ' )* but . the atove she . will nor haraut
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g ^ r TIJ IiliDES . Pfc * 28 ® , Sa-tordat ,
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TABLE OF COMPARISON . The steam-engine in action Thb animal body in mitk Takes : Takes : 1 . FtraL , viz . —Coal and wood , both being 1 . Food , viz . —Recent or frosh vegetable old or dry vegetable matter , and both matter and flesh , both being of kindred combustible .. composition ,, and both combustible . 2 . Watbh . 2- Danrrc ( essentially water ) , 3 . Axu . 8 . Bbba . tk ( common air ) . And Produces .: And Produces : 4 . Stkadtt doiuno meat qv 212 degrees 4 * Steady animal heat of 98 degrees by by quick combustion . slow combustion . 5 . Smoke from the chimney , or air loaded 5 . Foul ijbeath from the windpipe or air with carbonic acid and vapour . loaded with carbonic acid and vapour . 6 . Ashes , part of the fuel which does not 6 . Animal refuse , part of the food which burn . does not burn .
7 . Mottvh foboe , of simple alternate 7 . Motkvtd itokge , of simple alternate conpush and pull in the piston , whiofy traction and relaxation in the muscles , acting througii lovers , joints , bands , which , acting through the lovers , &c ., doe * work of endless variety . joints , tendons , &c , of tho limbs , : does work of ondloss variety . 8 . A DKjnoiBNoir ov . kukl , watjbb , on 8 k , A deficiency oit vood , dbinic , ok M& r uxat disturbs , and , then stops tho ubbath , first disturbs , and then stops motion , tho motion and tho life . 9 . Local damaobj from violence in a ma- 9 . Local , hubt ok disease in a living chlno Is repaired by the maker . body Is . repaired or cured by tho action of internal vital powors . Such are tho surprising resemblances between an inanimate machine , tho device of human ingenuity executed by human hands , and tho living body Itself , yoa , tho bodioa
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 15, 1855, page 894, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse2.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2106/page/18/
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